DOCSLIB.ORG

Eastern Enlargement: the Sooner, the Better?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eastern Enlargement: the Sooner, the Better? Munich Personal RePEc Archive Eastern enlargement: the sooner, the better? Arndt, Sven and Handler, Heinz and Salvatore, Dominick Austrian Ministry for Economic Affairs and Labour July 2000 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44943/ MPRA Paper No. 44943, posted 11 Mar 2013 09:29 UTC AUSTRIAN MINISTRY FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS AND LABOUR ECONOMIC POLICY SECTION EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF EXCELLENCE Eastern Enlargement: The Sooner, the Better? EDITED BY SVEN ARNDT, HEINZ HANDLER AND DOMINICK SALVATORE Vienna, July 2000 ISBN 3-901676-26-0 Owned and published by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Labour, Economic Policy Section A-1010 Vienna, Stubenring 1, Phone: ++43-1-71100-0 Project supervisor: Heinz Handler Editorial work: Christina Burger Cover: Claudia Goll Layout: Waltraud Schuster Printed by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Labour Reprint only in extracts and with explicit reference. Contents I CONTENTS Preface 1 European Academy of Excellence 2000 Eastern Enlargement: The Sooner the Better? 4 1. Background and aim 4 2. Issues for discussion 5 2.1. Session 1a: Narrowing the structural gap 5 2.2. Session 1b: In search of the optimal exchange rate regime 7 2.3. Session 2: The effects of fragmentation on employment 8 What will Eastern Enlargement do to Accession Countries? Christina Burger, Heinz Handler 10 1. Introduction 10 2. Income differences and their role for the adjustment process 10 3. Macroeconomic and exchange-rate stability as the basis for gaining competitiveness 13 4. Implementing the acquis communautaire 18 5. How to gain competitiveness in accession countries? 20 6. Eastern Enlargement: The sooner the better? 23 7. References 26 II Contents Narrowing the Structural Gap Narrowing the Structural Gap in Transition Economies Dominick Salvatore 30 1. Introduction 30 2. Economic conditions in transition economies 31 3. Transition process and progress 37 3.1. A model of transition 37 3.2. Transition progress 40 4. Relative structure and international competitiveness of transition economies 41 5. International trade theory, trade restructuring and the revealed comparative advantage of transaction economies 44 5.1. A model of trade restructuring during transition 44 6. Exchange rate arrangements 51 7. Conclusions 53 8. References 55 Narrowing the Structural Gap: Structural Change in the Transition Economies, 1989 to 1999 Michael Landesmann 58 Introduction 58 1. Broad patterns of structural change: Deindustrialization – tertiarization – de-(and re-)agrarization 60 2. Employment, participation rates and unemployment 63 3. Patterns of industrial restructuring 66 4. Convergence in structures? 74 5. Trade specialization 78 5.1. Patterns of trade specialization with the EU: inter- industry specialization 78 Contents III 5.2. Patterns of trade specialization with the EU: vertical product differentiation and product quality catching-up 82 6. Some conjectures on the dynamics of comparative advantage 84 6.1. Productivity and wage catching-up 86 6.2. Product quality catching-up by CEE producers in EU markets 89 7. FDI involvement by branch 93 8. Structural change in central and eastern Europe, EU accession and the further course of east-west European integration: concluding remarks 97 9. References 101 Which Reforms will be Necessary Following Eastern Enlargement? Alfred Steinherr 104 1. Introduction 104 2. The particular features of Eastern Enlargement 104 3. Integration goals and tasks 106 4. Allocation of tasks 112 5. Decision-making and organisational structure 113 6. The ideal extension of the EU 114 7. Conclusion 115 8. References 117 The Role of Time in EU Enlargement Fritz Breuss 118 1. Introduction 118 2. A simple model of EU enlargement 119 3. Who gains and who loses from a rapid enlargement? 123 IV Contents 4. Conclusions 129 5. References 129 6. Appendix: A simple model of EU enlargement 130 Trade Protection in Five EU Member Candidate Countries by Exchange Rate Adjustment, Customs Tariffs and Non-Tariff Measures Gerhard Fink 133 1. Introduction 133 2. Exchange rate policy 135 3. Customs tariffs 138 4. Non tariff barriers in the five EU member candidate countries 139 5. Technical barriers to trade 140 6. Labeling requirements 143 7. Breakdown by industry and country 146 8. Summary and conclusions 146 9. References 148 The EIB's possibilities to participate in infrastructural investments Ewald Nowotny 150 1. What is the EIB? 150 2. EIB and infrastructure investment 151 3. EIB and the northern dimension 152 Contents V Exchange Rate Regime in Central and Eastern Europe Exchange Rate Arrangements in Central and Eastern Europe Robert A. Mundell 158 What Monetary Regime for Accession Countries? Jürgen von Hagen 166 Exchange Rate Arrangements in Central and Eastern Europe – Comments Laszlo Halpern 169 The Costs and Benefits of Euro-Isolation in Central-Eastern Europe before or instead of EMU Membership D. Mario Nuti 171 1. Introduction 171 2. Euroisation to date 173 3. Advantages of euroisation 175 4. Possible disadvantages: differences from EMU membership 177 5. Possible disadvantages: unsuitability of any peg to the euro 180 6. Costs and benefits for ECB and the EMU members 182 7. Convergence? 188 8. Improved trade access versus monetary integration 190 9. Conclusions 191 10. References 192 VI Contents Exchange rate systems and financial stability: Some general considerations Wolfgang Filc 195 1. The role of financial markets in ensuring stable macroeconomic development 195 2. Requirements for financial market stability 197 2.1. Microeconomic requirements 197 2.2. Macroeconomic requirements 198 3. The contribution of the international monetary system to a stable international financial architecture 201 3.1. The role of exchange rates for aggregate economic stability 201 3.2. The system of "managed exchange rate flexibility" 202 4. References 209 The Experience with Exchange Rate Adjustments during Transformation: The Case of the Czech Republic Marie Vavrejnova 211 Fragmentation of the Value Added Chain Eastern Enlargement and the Evolving Global Economy Sven W. Arndt 216 1. Introduction 216 2. Recent developments 217 3. The gains from component specialisation and production sharing 220 4. Concluding remarks 225 5. References 226 Contents VII International Fragmentation: A Policy Perspective Wilhelm Kohler 227 1. Introduction 227 2. Is there a clear and useful meaning of "globalization"? 228 3. Fragmentation: A new form of globalization 230 4. Outsourcing: A trade off between cost savings and loss of employment? 232 5. Gain and pain: Overall welfare and redistribution 237 6. Fragmentation barriers: The role of preferential trading agreements 241 7. Conclusions 245 8. References 247 Outsourcing of Austrian Manufacturing to Eastern Countries: Effects on Productivity and the Labor Market Rene Dell'mour, Peter Egger, Klaus Gugler, Michael Pfaffermayr, Yvonne Wolfmayr-Schnitzer 249 1. Introduction 249 2. The main stylized facts for Austrian manufacturing 251 2.1. Magnitude of international outsourcing 252 2.2. Magnitude and development of intrafirm trade 261 2.3. Evidence on employment of direct investing firms at the firm level 265 2.4. Outsourcing and total factor productivity growth 271 2.5. Outsourcing and the labor market 272 3. Econometric estimates of the impact of outsourcing for Austrian manufacturing 277 3.1. Productivity effects 277 3.2. Outsourcing and the effects on skill-specific employment 280 3.3. Induced mandated wage changes 285 4. Conclusions and policy implications 291 5. References 293 VIII Contents 6. Appendix 296 6.1. Measuring international outsourcing by imports of intermediates 296 6.2. Estimating the impact of fragmentation on total factor productivity 297 6.3. Measuring the effects of outsourcing on wage inequality − mandated factor price changes. 299 6.4. Variables and data sources 301 Foreign Direct Investment of Austrian Firms in the CEECs Christina Burger 303 Conference Participants 309 Index 313 Publications 323 Preface 1 PREFACE The first European Academy of Excellence has been organised during the Austrian Presidency of the EU in 1998. The idea was to have a high level forum on European policy issues – gathering a selected number of outstanding politicians, businessmen, university professors and other renowned experts to discuss relevant topics which seemed important in European policy making. The first Academy of November 1998, devoted to the "Future Competitiveness of Europe", turned out a quite successful event which helped shape the discussion of various Council meetings of the EU. Since then Eastern Enlargement has turned out to be the most important single issue that economists in the EU have become engaged with. Future competitiveness of Europe will be strongly dependent on an early perception of the adjustment needs due to Eastern Enlargement – in the countries of transition as well as in the European Union. In order to put more emphasis on this topic, it was a pleasure for me to be the host of the second European Academy of Excellence devoted to "Eastern Enlargement: The Sooner, the Better?". It was held in Vienna on 16-17 June 2000. After completion of the internal market and the introduction of the Euro, Eastern Enlargement has become the most important challenge for the European Union. At the outset of the next millennium, the process of deepening and widening integration put substantial adjustment pressure on the economies involved. Since the opening up of the East, the EU, and especially Austria, have gained a lot from this process. The prospects for further development of the economies involved are even more positive. Started in Luxembourg in December 1997, the enlargement process aims at the stability and prosperity for the entire European continent. In March 1998 the EU entered negotiations with five Central and Eastern European Countries, the Helsinki Summit in December 1999 opened the door to another five Eastern applicants. Adjustments are needed on both sides: The enlargement process, on the one hand, enhances European institutional reform. On the other hand, the envisaged integration into the Single Market, and eventually into EMU, mark important milestones in the reform efforts of the transition countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SOCIAL DIALOGUE and the EXPANDING WORLD the Decade
    Lajos Héthy SOCIAL DIALOGUE AND THE EXPANDING WORLD The decade of tripartism in Hungary and in Central and Eastern Europe 1988-99 European Trade Union Institute Bruxelles, 2001 The author: Lajos Héthy is one of the architects of social dialogue in Hungary. He holds degrees as an economist and sociologist, academic doctor of sociology and h. professor (Faculty of Economics, Janus Pannonius University, Pecs). As director of the Labour Research Institute, Budapest (1980-99) he headed the government’s Wage Reform Expert Group (1987-88), paving the way for the establishment of the tripartite Interest Reconciliation Council. In 1990-91 he was deputy secretary of state, and in 1994-98 political secretary of state of the Ministry of Labour and the government’s chief negotiator in the tripartite institutions. He has been working as an expert for the International Labour Organization since 1978. In 1994-98 he was Hungary’s government delegate to the ILO’s Governing Body. In 1996-97 he participated in the ILO’s exercise in developing tripartism in Albania. He was the founder and first president of the Hungarian Industrial Relations Association (1991-99). He has published widely on labour relations and labour administration issues in Hungary and abroad. At present he is director for labour and employment, UN Civil Administration, Kosovo. Acknowledgements The author expresses his thanks to his colleagues – Mr. György Kaucsek, Ms. Zsófia Fried and Ms. Edit Lakatos – who helped him in researching and in putting together this book. He extends his thanks to those colleagues and friends who contributed to the improvement of the manuscript by reading it and commenting on it – to Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Metromedia International Group Inc
    METROMEDIA INTERNATIONAL GROUP INC Filing Type: 10-Q Description: Quarterly Report Filing Date: Nov 13, 2000 Period End: Sep 30, 2000 Primary Exchange: American Stock Exchange Ticker: MMG Data provided by EDGAR Online, Inc. (http://www.edgar-online.com) METROMEDIA INTERNATIONAL GROUP INC ? 10-Q ? Quarterly Report Date Filed: 11/13/2000 Table of Contents To jump to a section, double-click on the section name. 10-Q OTHERDOC Part I ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Item 1....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Income Statement ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Balance Sheet...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Cash Flow Statement............................................................................................................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • European Enlargement: Structural Change, Outlook, and Chances for Foreign Investment
    研究レポート No.202 July 2004 European Enlargement: Structural Change, Outlook, and Chances for Foreign Investment Senior Economist Martin Schulz 富士通総研（FRI）経済研究所 European Enlargement: Structural Change, Outlook, and Chances for Foreign Investment Summary The EU has become the world’s foremost FDI location, and its enlargement causes significant changes not only in the accession countries but also for the “old” member countries and the union’s structure as a whole. First, for the accession countries the fast adoption of EU regulations provides a sound basis for further growth, but the dynamics will change considerably between sectors and regions. Second, for the “old” EU increasing political diversity, economic imbalances, and price competition will likely slow or end the union’s current phase of harmonization and economic policy integration, or “ever closer union.” Third, the enlarged EU will most likely continue to grow – to the East and to the South. Together, these developments should increase the attractiveness of the European market for international investors by pushing it into the direction of a more flexible and competitive common market. Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN EUROPE: JAPAN’S FDI 4 3. TRANSFORMATION IN THE CEECS 10 4. EU ENLARGEMENT 17 5. MARKET POTENTIAL AND FUTURE INVESTMENT IN THE CEECS 31 6. CONSEQUENCES OF EU ENLARGEMENT FOR THE “OLD” EU 48 7. CONCLUSION 61 8. REFERENCES 66 Figure 1: Europe’s FDI Performance 4 Figure 2: Japan’s Regional FDI 5 Figure 2: EU 15 Bilateral FDI Net Assets Ratio (2001) 6 Figure 3: International FDI Stocks and Flows to Poland (2001) 7 Figure 4: Japan’s Potential FDI Gap in Poland (2001) 8 Figure 6: Europe’s GDP per Capita Change (PPP; 1995-1999) 11 Figure 7: FDI in Poland by Sector (2002) 12 Figure 8: Banking Sector Reform (2001) 13 Figure 9: GDP per Capita Change after Accession to the EU 18 Figure 10: Real GDP Growth and Inflation in Cohesion Countries 19 Figure 11: Real GDP Growth, Income Gaps, and Years to Cohesion 20 Figure 12: Accession Negotiations: State of Play (Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Policy Making and Parliamentary Accountability in Hungary
    Economic Policy Making and Parliamentary Accountability in Hungary Attila Ágh, Gabriella Ilonszki and András Lánczi Democracy, Governance and Human Rights United Nations Programme Paper Number 19 Research Institute November 2005 for Social Development This United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Programme Paper has been produced with the support of UNRISD core funds. UNRISD thanks the governments of Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom for this funding. Copyright © UNRISD. Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. The designations employed in UNRISD publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISD con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), and publication does not constitute endorse- ment by UNRISD. ISSN 1020-8186 Contents Acronyms iii Acknowledgements iii Summary/Résumé/Resumen v Summary v Résumé v Resumen vi Part I: The Framework of Economic Policy Making in Hungary: The International and Domestic Constraints
    [Show full text]
  • European Integration and Regional Specialisation
    THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON ADJUSTMENT PATTERN OF REGIONAL WAGES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES: TESTING COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY MODELS Jože P. Damijan Črt Kostevc WORKING PAPER No. 18, 2003 E-mail address of the authors: [email protected] [email protected] Editor of the WP series: Peter Stanovnik © 2003 Institute for Economic Research Ljubljana, March 2003 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON ADJUSTMENT PATTERN OF REGIONAL WAGES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES: TESTING COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY MODELS Jože P. Damijan University of Ljubljana and Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana e-mail: [email protected] Črt Kostevc University of Ljubljana e-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgments: This research was undertaken with support from the European Community's PHARE ACE Programme 1998. The content of the publication is the sole responsibility of the authors and it in no way represents the views of the Commission or its services. We are grateful to Mary Redei, Julia Spiridonova, Carmen Pauna, Laura Resmini and Grigory Fainsthein for sharing their data with us. We are much obliged to the participants of the Phare ACE workshop in Bohinj, Slovenia, and to the participants of the IEFS conference in Crete, Greece, for stimulating discussion. Special thanks go to Arjana Brezigar, William Hutchinson, Boris Majcen, Igor Masten, Sašo Polanec and Iulia Traistaru for their helpful comments and suggestions to earlier drafts of this paper. 1 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON ADJUSTMENT PATTERN OF REGIONAL WAGES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES: TESTING COMPETITIVE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY MODELS Jože P. Damijan University of Ljubljana and Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana e-mail: [email protected] Črt Kostevc University of Ljubljana e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In the present paper, we augment the Fujita-Krugman-Venables (FKV) economic geography model by breaking the implied regional symmetry and by introducing a second factor of production, capital, in order to study the within-country regional effects of trade liberalization.
    [Show full text]
  • Numbers and Distribution of Wintering Waterbirds in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1997, 1998 and 1999 Results from the International Waterbird Census
    Numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1997, 1998 and 1999 Results from the International Waterbird Census Niels Gilissen, Lieuwe Haanstra, Simon Delany, Gerard Boere and Ward Hagemeijer Global Series 11 Numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1997, 1998 and 1999 Results from the International Waterbird Census Niels Gilissen 1, Lieuwe Haanstra2, Simon Delany 1, Gerard Boere 1 and Ward Hagemeijer 1 1. Wetlands International, Droevendaalsesteeg 3A, PO Box 471 6700 AL Wageningen, The Netherlands 2. Alterra Green World Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, PO Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Wetlands International Global Series No. 11 2002 Copyright 2002 Wetlands International ISBN 90 5882 011 4 This publication should be cited as follows: Gilissen, N., Haanstra, L., Delany, S., Boere, G. and Hagemeijer, W. 2002. Numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Results from the International Waterbird Census. Wetlands International Global Series No. 11, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Published by Wetlands International www.wetlands.org Available from Natural History Book Service 2–3 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon, TQ9 5XN, United Kingdom www.nhbs.co.uk Cover illustration by Mark Hulme. All rights reserved. Design by Naturebureau International 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury Berkshire RG14 5SJ, United Kingdom www.naturebureau.co.uk Printed by H. Charlesworth & Co Ltd., Huddersfield, United Kingdom. Printed on 100gsm Chromomat Club. The presentation of material in this report and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Wetlands International concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory, or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographics, Labour Market, and Pension Sustainability in Hungary1
    Society and Economy DOI: 10.1556/204.2019.015 DEMOGRAPHICS, LABOUR MARKET, AND PENSION SUSTAINABILITY IN HUNGARY1 ANDRÁS OLIVÉR NÉMETH – PETRA NÉMETH – PÉTER VÉKÁS Department of Economic Policy, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Email: [email protected] Department of Macroeconomics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Email: [email protected] Department of Operations Research and Actuarial Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Email: [email protected] The sustainability of an unfunded pension system depends highly on demographic and labour market trends, i.e. how fertility, mortality, and employment rates change. In this paper we provide a brief summary of recent developments in these fi elds in Hungary and draw up a picture of the current situation. Then, we forecast the path of the economic old-age dependency ratio, i.e. the ratio of the elderly and employed populations. We make different alternative assumptions about fertility, mortality, and employment rates. According to our baseline scenario the dependency ratio is expect- ed to rise from 40.6% to 77% by 2050. Such a sharp increase makes policy intervention inevitable. Based on our sensitivity analysis, the only viable remedy is increasing the retirement age. Keywords: pensions, sustainability, demography, employment, dependency ratio JEL codes: H55, J11, J18, J21 1 This research has been supported by the European Union and Hungary and co-financed by the European Social Fund through the project EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00017, titled ”Sustainable, intelligent and inclusive regional and city models”. 1588-9726 © 2019 The Author(s) Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 07:51 PM UTC 147 ANDRÁS OLIVÉR NÉMETH et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of European Integration on Adjustment Pattern of Regional Wages in Transition Countries: Testing Competitive Economic Geography Models
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Damijan, Joze P.; Kostevc, Crt Working Paper The Impact of European Integration on Adjustment Pattern of Regional Wages in Transition Countries: Testing Competitive Economic Geography Models LICOS Discussion Paper, No. 118 Provided in Cooperation with: LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven Suggested Citation: Damijan, Joze P.; Kostevc, Crt (2002) : The Impact of European Integration on Adjustment Pattern of Regional Wages in Transition Countries: Testing Competitive Economic Geography Models, LICOS Discussion Paper, No. 118, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LICOS Centre for Transition Economics, Leuven This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/74838 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • National Report
    Ministry of Youth, Family, Social Affairs, and Equal Opportunities Ministry of Employment and Labour National Report Fourth Report on the Implementation of the European Social Charter Submitted by the Government of the Republic of Hungary (for the period of 1 January to 31 December 2004) Budapest, March 2006 In accordance with Article 21 of the European Social Charter, the measures taken to give effect to the accepted provisions of the European Social Charter should be reported. Therefore, this National Report will address the application of the following articles, which are not part of the Charter’s hard core: Articles 2., 3., 7.(1), 8., 9., 10., 11., 14., 15., and 17. In addition, this National Report includes the Government’s responses to the European Commit- tee of Social Rights’ comments and questions on the execution of the aforementioned articles, included in its Conclusions XVII-2 released in March 2005. In accordance with Article 23 of the Charter, copies of this Report have been communicated to: - The Employee Side of the National Interest-Reconciliation Council, - The Employer Side of the National Interest-Reconciliation Council. 2 CONTENTS PAGE Article 2: The right to just conditions of work.................................................................................4 Article 3: The right to safe and healthy working conditions..........................................................38 Article 7: The right of children and young persons to protection ..................................................74 Article 8: The right
    [Show full text]
  • Labor Market Dynamics in Romania and the Social Safety Net∗
    Labor Market Dynamics in Romania and the Social Safety Net¤ Benoit Dostieyand David Sahnz January 10th 2005 Abstract In this paper, we estimate a model of labor market dynamics for Ro- mania using a three years panel of individuals from 1994 to 1996. This period was marked by the continued slow pace of economic liberaliza- tion and transformation that began in 1990. Our model of labor market transitions examines changing movements in and out in and out of em- ployment, unemployment and self-employment, and incorporates speci¯c features of the Romanian labor market, such as the social safety net. We take into account demographic characteristics, state dependence and indi- vidual unobserved heterogeneity by modeling the employment transitions with a dynamic mixed multinomial logit. THEME : Labour markets in transition economies KEY WORDS: Labor dynamics; transition; Romania; mixed multino- mial logit. JEL-Code: P2, P3 ¤PRELIMINARY. DO NOT QUOTE. For copies of the questionnaire, interviewer manual and information on how to obtain copies of the data sets used in this paper, please see: http://www.worldbank.org/lsms/country/romania/rm94docs.html yCorresponding author. Adress : Institute of Applied Economics, HEC Montr¶eal,3000, chemin de la C^ote-Sainte-Catherine, Montr¶eal,H3T 2A7; IZA, CIRPEE¶ and CIRANO; e-mail : [email protected]; fax : 514-340-6469; phone : 514-340-6453. zCornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853. [email protected] 1 1 Introduction Since the end of the 1980s Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been experiencing a fundamental restructuring of their economic system toward a market economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 the Transition Economies
    ________________________________________________________________________________________________41 CHAPTER 3 THE TRANSITION ECONOMIES 3.1 Introduction conflict; in contrast, the average rate of growth in the central European transition economies (3.1 per cent) (i) Expectations and outcomes remained almost unchanged from that in 1998 (3.2 per cent). Aggregate GDP in the ECE transition economies increased by some 2¼ per cent in 1999, the highest The growth of GDP in the Russian Federation in average annual rate of growth for the transition 1999 (3.2 per cent) was not only the highest achieved economies as a group during the first decade of their during the past decade but was also much higher than all economic and political transformation. However, the the forecasts, including the official ones (table 3.1.1). average figure for 1999 masks an unusual degree of As discussed below, in sections 3.2 and 3.3, it would be volatility during the year as well as considerable premature to draw general conclusions about Russia’s differences between the individual economies. growth prospects on the basis of one year’s outcome, Performance was very weak in the first half of the year, which reflects to a large extent a cyclical upturn after and especially the first quarter when more than half of the output collapse of 1998. At the same time the the transition economies plunged into recession; in performance in 1999 marks a notable departure from contrast, there was a marked recovery of output in most Russia’s past record in several important respects: apart of these countries in the second part of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Statistical Review
    HUNGARIAN STATISTICAL REVIEW JOURNAL OF THE HUNGARIAN CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE EDITING COMMITTEE: DR. PÁL BELYÓ, ÖDÖN ÉLTETŐ, DR. ISTVÁN HARCSA, DR. LÁSZLÓ HUNYADI (editor-in-chief), DR. ANTÓNIA HÜTTL, DR. GÁBOR KŐRÖSI, DR. LÁSZLÓ MÁTYÁS, DR. TAMÁS MELLÁR (head of the editing committee), DR. VERA NYITRAI, IVÁN OROS, DR. GÁBOR RAPPAI, DR. BÉLA SIPOS, DR. GYÖRGY SZILÁGYI, ISTVÁN GYÖRGY TÓTH, DR. LÁSZLÓ VITA, DR. GABRIELLA VUKOVICH 78. VOLUME 2000. SPECIAL NUMBER 5 CONTENTS The Hungarian agriculture and its output in the 20th century. – Iván Oros ............................................................................................... 3 Agricultural censuses in Hungary, 1895–2000. – Éva Laczka ............ 24 The Hungarian agricultural sector and statistics in the pre-accession phase. – Sándor Tassy – László Vajda .......................................... 33 Components of the agricultural information system in the light of EU-harmonisation. – István Kapronczai ...................................... 49 The farming system of agriculture in the context of the agricultural policy of Hungary and the EU. – Erzsébet Tóth – Gyula Varga... 60 Definition of farm in the agricultural statistics of Hungary and the EU. – Éva Laczka – Péter Szabó .......................................................... 76 The antecedents of Finnish accession to the EU and the agricultural issue. – Iván Benet ........................................................................ 90 Cost and revenue of farm products: Polish and Hungarian compari- son. – Tibor
    [Show full text]