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INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES: a Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices

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INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES: a Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices ToolkitUL.qkx 8/10/01 3:35 PM Page 1 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES: A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices Edited by Rüdiger Wittenberg and Matthew J.W. Cock CABI Publishing on behalf of the Global Invasive Species Programme ToolkitUL.qkx 8/10/01 3:35 PM Page ii The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever, on the part of CABI, SCOPE, IUCN or GISP, concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published by: CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of CAB International. Copyright: © 2001 CAB International on behalf of the Global Invasive Species Programme. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purpose is prohibited without the prior written permission from the copyright holder. Citation: Wittenberg, R., Cock, M.J.W. (eds.) 2001. Invasive Alien Species: A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, xvii - 228. ISBN: 0 85199 569 1 Catalogue records of this book are available from the British Library, London, UK, and from the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA Design: The Visual Group, 345 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA. Tel: +01 650 327 1553, Fax: +01 650 327 2417 Email: [email protected] Available from: CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111, Fax +44 (0)1491 833508, Email:[email protected] Website http://www.cabi.org CABI Publishing, 10 East 40th Street, Suite 3203, New York, NY, 10016, USA Tel: +1 212 481 7018, Fax +1 212 686 7993, Email: [email protected] Cover images: Front cover: Top left: Water hyacinth, Eichornia crassipes, an infestation in Antananarivo, Madagascar (R.H. Re e d e r, CABI Bioscience). Right: Staff of Malawi Fisheries Department pr o g r amme rearing water hyacinth biological control agents, M a l awi Fisheries Department with support from CAB International and the Plant Protection Research Institute, Republic of South Africa (M.J.W. Cock, CABI). Background: Neochetina eichhorniae, a biological control agent for water hyacinth (CABI Bioscience). Lower left: Water hyacinth infesting a lagoon village in Benin (D. Moore, CABI Bioscience). Lower foreground: Flower of water hyacinth (R.H. Re e d e r, CABI Bioscience). Back cover: Clearing of invasive alien trees in the Western Cape Province (Working for Water Programme, Republic of South Africa); Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis ( SA Museum, H. Robertson); Rat, R a t t u s s p. (Jack Jeffrey Photogra p hy); American comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leidyi (Harbison); Brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis (Gordon H. Ro d d a / U S G S ) . The Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) is co-ordinated by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), in collaboration with the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and CAB International (CABI). GISP has received financial support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Norwegian Government, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU), La Foundation TOTAL, OESI, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the John D. and Catharine T. MacArthur Foundation. Participating groups and individuals have made substantial in-kind contributions. GISP is a component of DIVERSITAS, an international programme on biodiversity science. ii ToolkitUL.qkx 8/10/01 3:35 PM Page iii CONTENTS PREFACE viii The workshop participants who designed this toolkit xi Toolkit Summary 1 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 BUILDING STRATEGY AND POLICY 7 Summary 7 2.1 Making the case for national commitment 9 2.2 Assessment 9 2.3 Building institutional support 10 2.4 Social marketing strategies for engaging communities in invasive species management Social marketing in seven steps 12 2.5 Institutionalising the national commitment 16 2.5.1 The national strategy 16 2.5.2 Legal and institutional frameworks 18 3 PREVENTION 47 Summary 47 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Pathways 51 3.2.1 Intentional introductions 52 Plants introduced for agricultural purposes 52 Foreign plants grown for forestry use 53 Non-indigenous plants used for soil improvements 53 "Aid-trade" 54 Ornamental plants 54 Germplasm 55 Birds and mammals released for hunting purposes 55 Mammals released on islands as food resource 55 Biological control 55 Fishery releases 56 Pets released into the wild and aquarium trade 56 Reintroductions 57 Releases to "enrich" the native flora and fauna 57 3.2.2 Introductions to captivity 57 Escapes from captivity such as zoos and botanical gardens 58 Farmed mammals 58 Aquaculture and mariculture 59 Research and introductions through research institutes 59 3.2.3 Accidental introductions 59 Contaminants of agricultural produce 59 Seed and invertebrate contamination of nursery plants 60 Seed and invertebrate contamination of cut flower trade 60 Organisms in or on timber 60 Seed contaminants 61 Soil inhabiting species 61 Machinery, equipment, vehicles, army, etc. 61 iii ToolkitUL.qkx 8/10/01 3:35 PM Page iv Hitchhikers in or on package material 62 Hitchhikers in or on mail and cargo 62 Hitchhikers in or on planes 63 Ballast soil 63 Ballast water of ships 63 Ballast sediment in ballast water tanks 64 Hull fouling 64 Debris 64 Tourists and their luggage/equipment 65 Diseases in animals traded for agricultural and other purposes 65 Parasites, pathogens and hitchhikers of aquaculture and mariculture 66 3.2.4 Vectors of spread after introduction 66 Spread from neighbouring countries after introduction 66 Human-made structures which enhance spread of alien species 66 Human alteration of habitats and changes in agricultural practices 67 3.3 Exclusion methods 67 Quarantine laws and regulations 69 Accessibility of information on invasive organisms 69 Public education 69 Inspection 70 Treatment technologies for pathways to prevent bioinvasions 70 3.4 Risk assessments 71 4 EARLY DETECTION 101 Summary 101 Introduction 102 4.1 Surveys 103 4.1.1 General surveys 103 4.1.2 Site specific surveys 103 4.1.3 Species specific surveys 105 4.1.4 Data collection and storage 107 4.2 Developing a corps of experts/trainers 107 4.2.1 Who to train 107 4.2.2 Training needs 109 4.2.3 Where to train 109 4.2.4 Who will do the training 109 4.2.5 Staff retention 110 4.3 Contingency plans and funding 110 4.3.1 Costs of contingency actions 112 5 ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 124 Summary 124 5.1 Initial assessment 126 5.2 Priorities for management 128 5.3 Management strategies 130 5.3.1 Eradication 131 5.3.2 Containment 138 5.3.3 Control 139 5.3.4 Mitigation 140 iv ToolkitUL.qkx 8/10/01 3:35 PM Page v 5.4 Methods 141 5.4.1 Mechanical control 145 5.4.2 Chemical control 147 5.4.3 Biological control 149 Biopesticides 152 Pathogens for control of vertebrates 153 Biological control of freshwater and marine targets 153 Biological control of plant diseases 154 5.4.4 Habitat management 154 Prescribed burning 154 Grazing 155 Changing abiotic factors 155 Hunting and other use of non-indigenous species 155 5.4.5 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 156 5.5 Monitoring and follow-up 158 5.6 Project management 159 5.7 Securing resources 160 5.7.1 Use of volunteers 161 5.7.2 Tapping of other resources 161 5.8 Engaging stakeholders 162 5.9 Training in invasives control methods 164 5.10 Training for planners and managers 165 6 HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT 213 LOCALITY INDEX 216 TAXA INDEX 220 KEY PUBLICATIONS OF GISP 228 INFORMATION BOXES 2.1 Some Internet-Based Databases and Documents on Invasive Alien species 24 3.1 Some Pest Risk Assessment Information Sources 76 5.1 Some Reference Sources on Chemical Pesticides 166 5.2 Some Reference Sources on Biological Control 167 5.3 Some Reference Sources on IPM 168 5.4 Some Internet Reference Sources on IPM 169 5.5 Some Short Training Courses Relevant to Invasive Species Management 170 CASE STUDIES 1.1 Acceleration of Colonization Rates in Hawaii 6 1.2 Particular Problems Related to Invasive Species in the South Pacific 6 2.1 Development of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) 27 2.2 Economic Costs of Invasive Alien Species in the USA 28 2.3 Economic Justification for the "Working for Water" Programme in South Africa 29 2.4 The Economic Case for Control of Leafy Spurge in North Dakota, USA 30 2.5 Scientists Petition for Action on Green Seaweed in the USA 31 2.6 Learning from Others’ Experience: The Case of Miconia calvescens 32 2.7 The Dirty Dozen - America's Least Wanted Alien Species 33 v ToolkitUL.qkx 8/10/01 3:35 PM Page vi 2.8 Developing a Strategy for Improving Hawaii's Protection Against Harmful Alien Species 34 2.9 The Establishment of an Inter-Ministerial Committee to Control Miconia calvescens and Other Invasive Species in French Polynesia 35 2.10 Co-ordination of Witchweed Eradication in the USA 36 2.11 Summary of Australia’s National Weeds Strategy 37 2.12 The Process of Determining Weeds of National Significance in Australia 39 2.13 Invasive Alien Species Priorities for the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) 40 2.14 Invasive Alien Species National Priorities in Mauritius 41 2.15 Mauritius and La Réunion Co-operate to Prevent a Sugar Cane Pest Spreading 42 2.16 Priorities for Action: Hawaii 43 2.17 The Human Dimensions of Invasive Alien Species 44 2.18 A National Assessment of Invasives: the U.S.
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