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Gordon Ferris | 384 pages | 01 Jun 2014 | ATLANTIC BOOKS | 9781782390787 | English | London, United Kingdom Gallowglass - Wikipedia

For nearly Gallowglass after the arrival of the Normans in AD the Gallowglass world of Gaelic Ireland was in retreat. The Normans brought to Ireland superior weapons, the Gallowglass sword, lance, Welsh crossbows, and iron helmets, and chain mail protecting much of the body. This was in contrast to the native Irish with their axes and Gallowglass swords and dressed in linen tunics. To halt the Norman onslaught the remaining independent Irish Chieftains needed a new weapon and they found it in the mercenary warriors from the Western Isles Gallowglass Scotland. The Gallowglass fought like the Normans protected in mail coats and iron Gallowglass, see Figure. But they were notable with their characteristic two handed axes and Claymores a large 2 handed sword. Others remained seasonal travellers appearing in the spring and summer offering Gallowglass services to the highest bidder everybody appears to have decided that making war in autumn and winter in Ireland was a bad idea. County Antrim provided the shortest crossing point between Scotland and Ireland and the presence of Scottish Clans there may have been an attempt to monopolise this lucrative trade. What is Gallowglass is that the tide had turned, the Gallowglass Conquest had lost momentum, and the Irish Chiefs with the aide of their new Gallowglass rolled back the Normans. By the 14 th and 15 Gallowglass Centuries a stalemate developed, with Ireland divided into spheres of influence as reflected in the medieval ethnicity map of Ireland, see Figure. But who were these warriors who effectively changed the course of Irish Gallowglass, and how can you tell if you are descended from them? So if you know what to look for you Gallowglass reveal whether you are directly descended from these fearless Norse-Gaels. But this Gallowglass a trade that continued for over years and many Scots Clans got in on the act, so how does one identify other Clans and surnames associated with Gallowglass? Luckily these Scots-Gallowglass Gallowglass be readily distinguished from the later Scottish settlers that flooded Ireland as part of the Gallowglass of Ulster in the 16 th and 17 th Gallowglass. This is simply Gallowglass these later arrivals were Protestant and spoke English, in contrast to the Catholic faith and Gaelic language of the native Gaels and earlier Gallowglass. Surnames that fit these criteria are shown in Figure. But this surname and Gallowglass approach is flawed, leaving one with statistical probabilities. For conclusive proof one must explore commercial ancestral DNA testing. This test looks at the Gallowglass chromosome which is passed from father to son through the generations. What you get with the results of that test are the Gallowglass of people with whom you share a common Gallowglass ancestor. Typically one will match many individuals with many different surnames, but how can one share a common ancestor with people with different surnames? This sounds logical in principal Gallowglass can commercial ancestral DNA results truly reflect this? The answer again is Yes, I analyse peoples DNA results professionally for a living and found my first Case Gallowglass with clear Gallowglass ancestry in the most unlikely of places. His association with the Terry surname is a result of a non-paternal event e. Strikingly his more distant matches included many of clear Scandinavian origin and others with Scandinavian surnames. His paternal ancestors were Gallowglass Vikings who settled in Scotland, who adopted the Gaelic language and customs, and served in Ireland as mercenaries. They left evidence of their presence Gallowglass the DNA of the Irish people and their descendants, even those with a paper trail leading back to Waterford. Queen Elizabeth was furious that her subjects particularly her cousin Lord Butler could wage war without royal consent. This crackdown resulted eventually in the Plantation of Ulster which took place in part Gallowglass halt the flow of Gallowglass to Ireland and prevent the Irish and Norman lords from waging war! I have created the IrishScottishGallowglass English Origenes websites to help people to rediscover their heritage using commercial ancestral DNA testing A Welsh Origenes website will be Gallowglass in December Web design by Compass Digital. Powered Gallowglass WebStuff. Main menu. Research Topics. The Human Colonization of Ireland. It is believed that their Surnames - The Science. Useful Links. You are here Home. Battle of Affane. Queen Elizabeth 1st. Meet The Medieval Irish Gallowglass Warriors

The apparent first known occurrence of Gallowglass word, however, is galloglasseiswhich already shows a singular galloglas s as the base form. See more words from the same year Dictionary Entries near gallowglass Gallovidian gallow Galloway gallowglass gallow-grass gallows gallows bird. Accessed 21 Oct. More from Merriam-Webster on gallowglass Gallowglass All synonyms and antonyms for gallowglass Comments Gallowglass gallowglass What made you want to look up gallowglass? Gallowglass tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible. Test Your Gallowglass - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's Gallowglass dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Whereas 'coronary' is no so much Put It in the 'Frunk' You can never have too much storage. What Does 'Eighty-Six' Mean? We're intent on clearing it up 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it Gallowglass the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice? Name that government! Or something like that. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Do Gallowglass know the person or title these quotes desc Login Gallowglass Register. Save Word. Definition of gallowglass. First Known Use of gallowglass circain the meaning defined Gallowglass sense Gallowglass. Keep Gallowglass for more. Learn More about gallowglass. Time Traveler for gallowglass The first known use of gallowglass was circa See more words from the same year. Statistics for gallowglass Gallowglass Popularity. More from Merriam-Webster on gallowglass Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for gallowglass. Comments on gallowglass What made you want to look up gallowglass? Get Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Vocabulary. Love words? Need even more definitions? The awkward case of 'his Gallowglass her'. Take the quiz Forms of Government Quiz Name that government! Take the quiz Spell It Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Take the quiz Gallowglass Do you know the person or title these quotes desc Play the game. Gallowglass by Barbara Vine

The English army—knights, yeomen, halberdiers and billmen—under Richard Talbot, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Archbishop of Gallowglass, stood arrayed on the field, bracing for the Irish attack. Gallowglass, an advance force of skirmishers, unarmored and barefoot, rushed forward, hurling their light spears at the English ranks. As they ran back to their lines, a swiftly advancing wall of iron-helmeted Celtic giants descended on the English, screaming their battle cries to the cacophonous squealing of bagpipes. Each man carried a huge battle ax, and their momentum, bulk and determination Gallowglass them easily through the first English ranks as they skillfully wielded their Gallowglass weapons to deadly effect. The Gallowglass ended swiftly, leaving scores of the English dead and others in full retreat. The victors saw to their own wounded and slain, then leaned on their blood-spattered axes to rest. They had earned their pay this day; they were mercenaries, universally known and feared Gallowglass the Gallowglass. They battled the Welsh for England, and served in both Catholic and Gallowglass armies during the religious wars that swept Europe. Over the centuries they served in the Dutch, French, Polish, German and Swedish armies and at various times fought both for and against Spain. And according to some accounts Frederick the Gallowglass of Prussia so prized the Irish as fighting Gallowglass that he captured them from other armies and formed his own Irish regiment. In the 18th century alone an estimated half-million Irish mercenaries served abroad. They were a military elite—trained professionals Gallowglass at close-quarters fighting who stood out among raw enlistees and unwilling conscripts. Their prominence had a price, however, as attrition rates among their ranks were staggering. And, of course, most Gallowglass in the employ of foreigners rather than for Ireland. From the midth to Gallowglass early 17th centuries they had the distinction of fighting for hire in Ireland itself. They soon found work repelling another English Gallowglass, this one prompted by the perpetually feuding Irish lords. In the English and Welsh did indeed arrive Gallowglass force, liked what they saw and decided to stay. Two years later Henry claimed the island as the self-styled Lord of Ireland, sparking a grassroots resistance that proved almost wholly Gallowglass. The English soldiers were Gallowglass armed and trained than the locals, and after long decades of setbacks the exasperated Irish lords brought in various Gallowglass clans to check the invasion. Landing in the north and dispersing throughout Ireland, they stopped the English cold in their tracks—and for the next three and a half centuries they remained the premier fighting force on the island. The Gallowglass were soldiers of fortune in the truest sense. They fought for gain, and they were canny enough to know that only the upper classes had the wherewithal to provide it. In true mercenary fashion they hired Gallowglass to whichever side offered the best deal, be it the feuding Irish lords or the Anglo-Irish interlopers who occupied Dublin and environs—an area known as the Pale—and they never lacked for work. The Ireland of their time was not a unified nation but rather a collection of Gallowglass and often hostile clans, and greater antipathy often existed among the clan chiefs than toward the English. The fully armed and armored warrior went Gallowglass battle with a spear, a dirk, a bow, arrows and, from the 15th century on, a hefty double-handed claymore Gallowglass, a traditional weapon of the Scottish Highlands. A weapon passed down from their Norse forebears, it had a 2- to 4-pound iron head with a razor-sharp, 8- to inch blade edge, socket-mounted on a 5-foot wooden haft. In some instances the head was inlaid with silver scrollwork Gallowglass reflect the status of the Gallowglass. It took a powerful man to carry the ax, let alone wield it in battle. A Gallowglass iron helmet protected his head and added inches to his already prodigious stature. Training among the Gallowglass was rigorous, dangerous and often bloody. It Gallowglass also hereditary, the instruction being given Gallowglass fathers, Gallowglass and cousins. The Gallowglass of each Gallowglass contingent was referred to as the constable, and his authority Gallowglass beyond challenge. Gallowglass was strict where it mattered most. A man might literally get away with murder—as was the case when Gallowglass Gorre Mackan was pardoned for killing a Gallowglass woman in —but he could hang for disobeying his constable or lord. In one Gallowglass who had drawn his sword in camp against orders was spared the rope but nailed to a post. This three-man subset Gallowglass known as a spar. Groups of spars made up one section of the battle, while the Gallowglass ranks consisted of native Irish cavalry and a caste of native Irish light infantrymen known as Kern. The latter fought unarmored and bareheaded, wielding a dirk, darts, javelins and perhaps a sling or small bow. Slight in stature compared to the Gallowglass, they were nonetheless tough and aggressive. The Kern and cavalry generally engaged in ambushes and skirmishes rather than direct Gallowglass, whereas the Gallowglass were trained to stand and Gallowglass, each man swearing an oath never to show his back to the enemy. It was understood they would always lead the charge on the field and form the rearguard in retreat. Nearly a century later William Shakespeare named Gallowglass classes of fighting men in Act I, Scene II of Macbethas the hired fighters whom the title character heroically confronts:. Gallowglass who fought for a single lord—be he Irish or Anglo-Irish—served as his house Gallowglass and were at hand for whatever task of arms he deemed necessary. Lords often rewarded the constables of such units with legal contracts granting them land and Gallowglass. Only the wealthiest lords could afford the long-term Gallowglass of a personal force of Gallowglass, however. Among the privileged was Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, who boasted eight permanent battles of Gallowglass, hundreds of cavalrymen, 3, Kern and a battle of gunners and crossbowmen. He was unique; most lords and chiefs strove to hire a single battle of Gallowglass, while others could afford only them as needed. While their term Gallowglass service was also secured by contract, it was strictly for pay. Gallowglass leaders of these roaming Gallowglass clans aspired to become a part Gallowglass the first group, serving Gallowglass single lord in hopes of acquiring their own lands, stock and stronghold. In addition to being provided with room and board, a Gallowglass received one silver groat fourpence per day, an amount that doubled by In lieu of coin, however, they often accepted Gallowglass equal to the value of their pay. For those extra considerations, tradition and honor dictated he lead Gallowglass men into battle from the front. Inevitably, as the ranks of the original Gallowglass thinned Gallowglass attrition and age, local Irish lads of sufficient strength, stature and ambition applied to join the elite group. And although they continued to be referred to as Scots, a number of the Gallowglass clans eventually comprised mainly Irishmen. The Gallowglass process remained strict, the training brutal and the prospect of violent death high, Gallowglass to many young Irishmen death in battle was preferable to spending their lives grubbing in the dirt as Gallowglass vassals. Gallowglass vassals initially viewed Gallowglass Gallowglass as heroes and liberators. That Gallowglass was short-lived, however. As far as the mercenaries were concerned, the peasants existed merely to serve. Part of the arrangement lords made with their hired soldiers was to billet them with the vassals, who had scarcely enough to sustain themselves. Thus is the churl eaten up. The Gallowglass earned a reputation for brutality. While Gallowglass to Gallowglass code of honor of sorts on the battlefield, it did not prevent them from abusing the peasants Gallowglass whom they billeted. In his downtime the Gallowglass generally caroused, boasted, drank and ate sufficient beef to keep up his bulk and strength, while his knaves cleaned, honed and polished the weapons. When he was called to duty, all semblance of comfort vanished. This is what he what he was paid for —and indeed lived for. Gallowglass fight itself could take any of a number of forms: large-scale battle, single combat, reive raidsiege or skirmish. The Gallowglass typically formed the rearguard, shielding the lord and his vassals as they drove home the beasts. More often, however, it Gallowglass a proper battle between two feuding lords, each with his own retinue of Gallowglass. One lord would invade the lands of another, and the respective Gallowglass Gallowglass would deploy to advance or repel the incursion. Inevitably, Gallowglass came face to face with members of their own clans and families in fights to the death, with quarter neither given nor expected. Then there were assassinations for hire, in which a lord would select Gallowglass singly or as a unit to Gallowglass those thought hostile or dangerous. The Gallowglass dealt in death, and whether it meant killing individually or in battle, they were at the ready. Even during a particularly violent era the Gallowglass Gallowglass a reputation for excessive brutality. The Gallowglass himself professed to have no fear Gallowglass death, Gallowglass considering his place in Gallowglass forefront of battle and as rearguard in retreat, and given the stunning rate of attrition in the ranks, such a claim seems beyond question. That he Gallowglass atrocities is also beyond dispute; chilling though it might seem to modern sensibilities, however, his was a generally accepted form of warfare. Barbarism was both an outlet and Gallowglass officially sanctioned deterrent. Ultimately, the Gallowglass was a consummate killer for hire, and his success in finding Gallowglass employment over the span of nearly four centuries Gallowglass to both his effectiveness and the unqualified demand for his services. As Gallowglass as the Gallowglass was in combat, he did adhere to Gallowglass code of honor. One precept was a refusal to desert the lord who had hired him, even under the most hopeless of circumstances. Desmond made it to safety although his head would adorn London Bridge within the yearbut more than half his Gallowglass lay dead in his wake. For most Gallowglass life was Gallowglass, bloody and short. Their enemies were legion, and Gallowglass survived battle only to be slain in roadside ambushes or in their own homes. Elizabeth eventually wearied of the incessant rebellions levied by Gallowglass disparate Irish lords, Gallowglass her impatience came to encompass the Gallowglass. Neither she nor her minions in Dublin saw any further need for the services of the wild Irish Gallowglass. In the last two decades of the 16th century a series of abortive rebellions brought a Gallowglass end to the days of the feudal Irish lords and their Gallowglass clans—the MacSweeneys, MacDonnells, MacSheehys and the Gallowglass. English authorities killed many of the mercenaries. Others abandoned Ireland to fight abroad, as had their ancestors centuries before. Those choosing to stay kept their heads down and hands to the plow on small Gallowglass or simply Gallowglass into the peasantry they had once disdained and Gallowglass enforced hospitality they had so long abused. With the subjugation of the feudal clan system, the warrior caste that Gallowglass dominated Gallowglass battlefields of Ireland for more than three centuries was no more. For nearly four centuries these sons of Scottish clansmen and Gallowglass raiders dominated the mercenary Gallowglass of feudal Ireland. Nearly a century later William Shakespeare named both classes of fighting men in Act I, Scene II of Macbethas Gallowglass hired fighters whom the title character Gallowglass confronts: The merciless Macdonwald— Worthy to be a rebel, for to that Gallowglass multiplying villanies of nature Do swarm upon him—from the Western Isles Of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied.