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The Framing of Gender-Based Violence in the Print Media in Kenya

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The Framing of Gender-Based Violence in the Print Media in Kenya THE FRAMING OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN THE PRINT MEDIA IN KENYA: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS MERCY WANGU MWAI A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF ANTHROPOLOGY, GENDER AND AFRICAN STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2016 DECLARATION This project is my own original work and has not been presented for an award of an academic degree in any other university or institution. Signature: …………………………………… Date: Mercy Wangu Mwai This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university supervisor. Signature: …………………………………… Date: DR. Stevie M. Nangendo i DEDICATION This project is dedicated to all family members and friends for their support and concern who enabled me complete the entire project successfully. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude, love and appreciation to the following people for their co- operation and assistance where necessary in writing and developing this project. First and foremost I would like to give thanks to the almighty God for his sufficient grace from the beginning until the end of the course. I would also like to express my gratitude to the University of Nairobi, especially my project supervisor Dr. Stevie M. Nangendo for his resourcefulness, dedication, patience and perseverance in supervision of this project. Many thanks to my employer Media Max Network Limited for giving me time off to embark on this research. Special thanks to family member‘s especially my husband Amon Kariuki and my parents for supporting me in my journey to further my studies. Last and not the least, I am grateful to my friends and my fellow students for all their support. May God bless you as well. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4Research objectives ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4.1General objective ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4.2Specific objectives ............................................................................................................... 11 1.4.3Assumptions of the study.................................................................................................... 11 1.5Justification of the study ....................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Scope of the study.................................................................................................................. 13 1.7 Limitations of the study ........................................................................................................ 13 1.8 Definition of terms. ............................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 17 iv LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................... 17 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Framing and the media ........................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Media effects .......................................................................................................................... 22 2.3 The nature of media framing ............................................................................................... 23 2.4 The framing of females in the media ................................................................................... 27 2.5 The effects of media framing ............................................................................................... 29 2.6 Print media framing of gender-based violence and other issues ...................................... 33 2.7 Theoretical framework ......................................................................................................... 48 2.7.1 Relevance of the theory to the study ................................................................................ 51 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 52 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 52 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 Research site .......................................................................................................................... 52 3.2.1 Sample profile..................................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Research design ..................................................................................................................... 54 3.4 Unit of analysis ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.5 Study population ................................................................................................................... 54 3.5.1 Sample population and sampling procedure ................................................................... 55 3.6 Data collection methods ........................................................................................................ 55 v 3.6.1 Discourse analysis .............................................................................................................. 55 3.6.2 Documentary sources......................................................................................................... 56 3.6.3 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 56 3.7 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 58 THE FRAMING OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN THE MAINSTREAM PRINT MEDIA ......................................................................................................................................... 58 4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 58 4.1 The characteristics of the sampled stories .......................................................................... 58 4.2 Type of stories ....................................................................................................................... 65 4.3 Placement of the stories ........................................................................................................ 66 4.4 Size and space of the stories ................................................................................................. 68 4.5 Prominence of the stories ..................................................................................................... 70 4.6 Themes and sources of the stories ....................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 89 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 89 5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 89 5.1 Discussion and conclusion .................................................................................................... 89 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 96 APPENDICES ..........................................................................................................................
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