Phototaxis Beyond Turning: Persistent Accumulation and Response
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Development of Microfluidic Devices to Study Algal Chemotaxis and Long-Term Growth Dynamics" (2016)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2016 Development of Microfluidic evD ices to Study Algal Chemotaxis and Long-Term Growth Dynamics Benjamin Seth Roberts Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, Benjamin Seth, "Development of Microfluidic Devices to Study Algal Chemotaxis and Long-Term Growth Dynamics" (2016). LSU Master's Theses. 4496. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4496 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES TO STUDY ALGAL CHEMOTAXIS AND LONG-TERM GROWTH DYNAMICS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Cain Department of Chemical Engineering by Benjamin S. Roberts B.S., Mississippi State University, 2014 December 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 -
Caenorhabditis Elegans Exhibits Positive Gravitaxis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/658229; this version posted June 3, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Caenorhabditis elegans Exhibits Positive Gravitaxis 2 Wei-Long Chen1,3, Hungtang Ko1, Han-Sheng Chuang3, Haim H. Bau1, and David Raizen2 3 1. Dept. Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, 4 Philadelphia, PA 5 2. Dept. of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 6 Philadelphia, PA 7 3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), 8 Taiwan 9 10 Abstract 11 Whether or not the micro swimmer Caenorhabditis elegans senses and respond to gravity is 12 unknown. We find that C. elegans aligns its swimming direction with that of the gravity vector 13 (positive gravitaxis). When placed in an aqueous solution that is denser than the animals, they 14 still orient downwards, indicating that non-uniform mass distribution and/or hydrodynamic 15 effects are not responsible for animal’s downward orientation. Paralyzed worms and worms 16 with globally disrupted sensory cilia do not change orientation as they settle in solution, 17 indicating that gravitaxis is an active behavior that requires gravisensation. Other types of 18 sensory driven orientation behaviors cannot explain our observed downward orientation. Like 19 other neural behaviors, the ability to respond to gravity declines with age. Our study establishes 20 gravitaxis in the micro swimmer C. -
Bimodal Rheotactic Behavior Reflects Flagellar Beat Asymmetry in Human Sperm Cells
Bimodal rheotactic behavior reflects flagellar beat asymmetry in human sperm cells Anton Bukatina,b,1, Igor Kukhtevichb,c,1, Norbert Stoopd,1, Jörn Dunkeld,2, and Vasily Kantslere aSt. Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia; bInstitute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 198095, Russia; cITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia; dDepartment of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307; and eDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom Edited by Charles S. Peskin, New York University, New York, NY, and approved November 9, 2015 (received for review July 30, 2015) Rheotaxis, the directed response to fluid velocity gradients, has whether this effect is of mechanical (20) or hydrodynamic (21, been shown to facilitate stable upstream swimming of mamma- 22) origin. Experiments (23) show that the alga’s reorientation lian sperm cells along solid surfaces, suggesting a robust physical dynamics can lead to localization in shear flow (24, 25), with mechanism for long-distance navigation during fertilization. How- potentially profound implications in marine ecology. In contrast ever, the dynamics by which a human sperm orients itself relative to taxis in multiflagellate organisms (2, 5, 18, 26, 27), the navi- to an ambient flow is poorly understood. Here, we combine micro- gation strategies of uniflagellate cells are less well understood. fluidic experiments with mathematical modeling and 3D flagellar beat For instance, it was discovered only recently that uniflagellate reconstruction to quantify the response of individual sperm cells in marine bacteria, such as Vibrio alginolyticus and Pseudoalteromonas time-varying flow fields. Single-cell tracking reveals two kinematically haloplanktis, use a buckling instability in their lone flagellum to distinct swimming states that entail opposite turning behaviors under change their swimming direction (28). -
Chemotaxis and Chemokinesis of Living and Non-Living Objects
Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of living and non-living objects Jitka Cejkovˇ a´1;2, Silvia Holler1, Nguyen To Quyen2, Christian Kerrigan3, Frantisekˇ Stˇ epˇ anek´ 2, Martin M. Hanczyc1 Abstract One of the fundamental properties of living organisms is the ability to sense and respond to changes in their environment by movement. If a motile cell senses soluble molecules and follows along a concentration gradient to the source, or if it moves away from a source of undesirable chemicals (e.g. repellent, toxin), it is displaying a directional movement called positive or negative chemotaxis, re- spectively. This phenomenon is well-known to biologists and intensively studied in living systems . In contrast chemokinesis is a change in movement due to envi- ronmental input but the resulting movement is non-vectorial and can be considered directionally random. Recently, in the last ten years, few laboratories started to fo- cus on the movement properties of artificial constructs, including the directional movement of non-living objects in chemical gradients. This chapter will focus on chemotaxis and chemokinesis of natural and synthetic systems that may provide chemical platforms for unconventional computing. 1 Cellular movement in biological systems Living cells can physically move through several mechanisms. Due to the length scales of most living cells, viscosity will dominate over inertia. Therefore at such low Reynolds numbers, motion of the cell will require the expenditure of energy. However, some cells rely entirely upon passive flotation and Brownian motion for dispersal. Under the microscope non-motile (and also dead) cells seem to move in a purposeful way, though they may frequently change direction, but this is due to random molecular bombardment of cells by the molecules of the solvent. -
Magnetosensitive Neurons Mediate Geomagnetic Orientation in Caenorhabditis Elegans
RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans Andres´ Vidal-Gadea1†, Kristi Ward1, Celia Beron1, Navid Ghorashian2, Sertan Gokce3, Joshua Russell1, Nicholas Truong1, Adhishri Parikh1, Otilia Gadea1, Adela Ben-Yakar2, Jonathan Pierce-Shimomura1* 1Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution; Center for Learning and Memory; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States; 3Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States Abstract Many organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals orient to the earth’s magnetic field. For a few animals, central neurons responsive to earth-strength magnetic fields have been identified; however, magnetosensory neurons have yet to be identified in any animal. We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans orients to the earth’s magnetic field during vertical burrowing migrations. Well-fed worms migrated up, while starved worms migrated down. Populations isolated from around the world, migrated at angles to the magnetic vector that would optimize vertical translation in their native soil, with northern- and southern-hemisphere worms displaying opposite migratory preferences. Magnetic orientation and vertical migrations required the TAX-4 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel in the AFD sensory neuron pair. Calcium imaging showed that these *For correspondence: jonps@ neurons respond to magnetic fields even without synaptic input. C. elegans may have adapted austin.utexas.edu magnetic orientation to simplify their vertical burrowing migration by reducing the orientation Present address: †School of task from three dimensions to one. -
Phototactic Purple Bacteria Extinction Or Miscalculation?
SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE the light source through the gradient of Phototactic purple decreasing light intensity; on the other Extinction or hand, if their movement is scotophobic, bacteria the colony should move in the opposite miscalculation? direction. R. centenum swarm colonies SIR - In 1883 T. Engelmann! discovered irradiated laterally with infrared light in SIR - Heywood et al. I have discussed that purple photosynthetic bacteria re fact moved rapidly towards the light uncertainties in modelling rates. One way verse their swimming direction when the source, as for positive phototaxis. to check a predictive model's validity is to light intensity is suddenly reduced. He Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria see how well it predicts past events. In this described this photosensory effect as and the oxygenic cyanobacteria and algae case, the species-area relation model does "Schreckbewegung" ('movement of share several similar physiological re fairly well in predicting the number of fright'), but it is more properly designated quirements, so it is not surprising that bird and mammal extinctions during the as a scotophobic response, past 500 years in the United States and that is, a fear of darkness. a Canada .. Scotophobic behaviour is Time (min) Infrared Here I consider species extirpated fol typical of motile purple bac lowing habitat destruction initiated by 2 teria, is independent of the o Europeans in North America , combined direction of illumination, with currently endangered or threatened 3 and does not occur if the 30 species , to check if species loss is con light intensity is reduced ..'Q" gruent with habitat loss. Although exact only gradually. By contrast, 60 figures are difficult to come by, I take as oxygenic cyanobacteria and 20% the amount of land removed from algae exhibit phototactic re- 120 native North American mammal and bird 4 sponses, that is, oriented habitats . -
Amoeboid Motion in Confined Geometry Hao Wu, M
Amoeboid motion in confined geometry Hao Wu, M. Thiébaud, W.-F. Hu, A. Farutin, S. Rafaï, M.-C. Lai, P. Peyla, C. Misbah To cite this version: Hao Wu, M. Thiébaud, W.-F. Hu, A. Farutin, S. Rafaï, et al.. Amoeboid motion in confined geometry. Physical Review E : Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, American Physical Society, 2015, 92 (5), 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.050701. hal-01230092 HAL Id: hal-01230092 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01230092 Submitted on 17 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Amoeboid motion in confined geometry H. Wu,1,2, ∗ M. Thi´ebaud,1,2, ∗ W.-F. Hu,3 A. Farutin,1, 2 S. Rafa¨ı,1,2, † M.-C. Lai,3 P. Peyla,1, 2 and C. Misbah1, 2 1Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France 2CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France 3Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Many eukaryotic cells undergo frequent shape changes (described as amoeboid motion) that enable them to move forward. We investigate the effect of confinement on a minimal model of amoeboid swimmer. -
Phototaxis and Membrane Potential in the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum Rubrum
JOURNAL OF BACTEIUOLOGY, July 1977, p. 34-41 Vol. 131, No. 1 Copyright © 1977 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Phototaxis and Membrane Potential in the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum SHIGEAKI HARAYAMA* AND TETSUO IINO Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan Received for publication 23 February 1977 Cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum cultivated anaerobically in light show phototaxis. The behavior of individual cells in response to the phenomenon is reversal(s) of the swimming direction when the intensity of the light available to them abruptly decreases. The tactic response was inhibited by antimycin, an inhibitor of the photosynthetic electron transfer system. The inhibitory effect of antimycin was overcome by phenazine metho- sulfate. Motility of the cells was not impaired by antimycin under aerobic conditions. Valinomycin plus potassium also inhibited their phototactic re- sponse; however, valinomycin or potassium alone had no effect. A change in membrane potential of the cells was measured as an absorbance change of carotenoid. Changes in the membrane potential caused by "on-off' light were prevented by antimycin and by valinomycin plus potassium, but not by antimy- cin plus phenazine methosulfate nor valinomycin or potassium alone. The results indicated that the phototactic response of R. rubrum is mediated by a sudden change in electron flow in the photosynthetic electron transfer system, and that the membrane potential plays an important role in manifestation of the re- sponse. Bacterial phototaxis has been observed in systems. The chemotactic behavior of individ- photosynthetic bacteria (6, 22) and in Halobac- ual cells ofE. -
Gravitaxis of Asymmetric Self-Propelled Colloidal Particles
ARTICLE Received 28 Oct 2013 | Accepted 9 Jul 2014 | Published 19 Sep 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5829 Gravitaxis of asymmetric self-propelled colloidal particles Borge ten Hagen1, Felix Ku¨mmel2, Raphael Wittkowski3, Daisuke Takagi4, Hartmut Lo¨wen1 & Clemens Bechinger2,5 Many motile microorganisms adjust their swimming motion relative to the gravitational field and thus counteract sedimentation to the ground. This gravitactic behaviour is often the result of an inhomogeneous mass distribution, which aligns the microorganism similar to a buoy. However, it has been suggested that gravitaxis can also result from a geometric fore–rear asymmetry, typical for many self-propelling organisms. Despite several attempts, no conclusive evidence for such an asymmetry-induced gravitactic motion exists. Here, we study the motion of asymmetric self-propelled colloidal particles which have a homogeneous mass density and a well-defined shape. In experiments and by theoretical modelling, we demon- strate that a shape anisotropy alone is sufficient to induce gravitactic motion with either preferential upward or downward swimming. In addition, also trochoid-like trajectories transversal to the direction of gravity are observed. 1 Institut fu¨r Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨tDu¨sseldorf, D-40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany. 2 2. Physikalisches Institut, Universita¨t Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. 3 SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK. 4 Department of Mathematics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. 5 Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Intelligente Systeme, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.B. (email: [email protected]). -
Schmitt-2011-Thalassas.Pdf
Thalassas, 27 (2): 225-238 An International Journal of Marine Sciences BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS IN RELATION TO LONG-TERM RETENTION OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC CHLOROPLASTS IN THE SEA SLUG Elysia timida (OPISTHOBRANCHIA, SACOGLOSSA) VALÉRIE SCHMITT (1, 2) & HEIKE WÄGELE (1) Key words: Sacoglossa, endosymbiosis, chloroplasts, retention, phototaxis, photobehavior. ABSTRACT in basins with running seawater and natural light through a glass window. Behavioral observations A comparative study was performed to analyze and PAM-measurements were performed in 4 time differences in evolutionary adaptations in two sea intervals in the course of an observation day in slug species, Elysia timida with long-term retention of daylight and dark-adapted conditions. Phototactic endosymbiotic chloroplasts and Thuridilla hopei with behavior was found to be present in both compared short-term retention of endosymbiotic chloroplasts. species, although the phototactic reaction was Both sacoglossan species stem from the same habitat more pronounced in E. timida. Phototaxis was also and show similar body sizes and structures with observed in juvenile E. timida before sequestration parapodial lobes whose position can be actively of first Acetabularia-chloroplasts, which indicates varied by the slugs. Ethological analyses were carried no direct current influence of the endosymbiotic out concerning the positioning of parapodia and chloroplasts. Other parameters, however, like the other photobehavioral parameters like phototaxis. In positioning of the parapodia, were observed to parallel, photosynthetic activity was measured with be significantly different between the long-term a Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometer (PAM). and short-term storing species. While an adapted In total, 252 E. timida individuals and 63 T. hopei changing of the parapodia’s position in reaction to individuals were included in the analysis. -
Ontogeny of Orientation During the Early Life History of the Pelagic Teleost Mahi-Mahi, Coryphaena Hippurus Linnaeus, 1758
Article Ontogeny of Orientation during the Early Life History of the Pelagic Teleost Mahi-Mahi, Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 Robin Faillettaz 1,2,* , Eve Johnson 1, Patrick Dahlmann 1, Alexandra Syunkova 1, John Stieglitz 3, Daniel Benetti 3, Martin Grosell 1 and Claire B. Paris 1,* 1 Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA; [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (M.G.) 2 Ifremer, STH, Station de Lorient, 8 rue François Toullec, F-56100 Lorient, France 3 Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (D.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.F.); [email protected] (C.B.P.) Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 8 October 2020 Abstract: Understanding the orientation behavior and capabilities in early life history (ELH) of fishes is critical for studying their dispersal but has, surprisingly, never been tested in any pelagic species. We here investigate the ontogeny of orientation and swimming abilities of the pelagic Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 larvae, hereafter mahi-mahi, through their ELH stages using the Drifting In Situ Chamber (DISC) in a laboratory setup. The DISC was deployed in a large (3 m3) circular aquarium in order to control the stimulus perceived by the fish and to identify behavioral response at the individual, developmental stage, and population levels. -
Planarian Behavior: a Student-Designed Laboratory Exercise
Planarian Behavior: A Student-Designed Laboratory Exercise Linda T. Collins and Brent W. Harker Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, TN 37403 [email protected] Reprinted From: Collins, L. T. and B. W. Harker. 1999. Planarian behavior: A student-designed laboratory exercise. Pages 375-379, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 20 (S. J. Karcher, Editor). Proceedings of the 20th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), 399 pages. - Copyright policy: http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able/volumes/copyright.htm Although the laboratory exercises in ABLE proceedings volumes have been tested and due consideration has been given to safety, individuals performing these exercises must assume all responsibility for risk. The Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) disclaims any liability with regards to safety in connection with the use of the exercises in its proceedings volumes. © Linda T. Collins and Brent W. Harker Objectives 1. Know that different types of stimuli can affect planarian movement. 2. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis. 3. After preliminary observations, state a hypothesis to predict or explain planarian movement in response to an external stimulus. Test the hypothesis and reach a conclusion. Introduction Planarians are in the flatworm phylum, Platyhelminthes. Most planarians are free-living and are common in freshwater habitats. They are also found in marine and terrestrial environments. Planarians display bilateral symmetry, meaning the right and left halves are approximately mirror images of each other. The nervous system of planarians consists of an anterior “brain” consisting of large ganglia. Two ventral nerve cords run the length of the body from the ganglia.