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Development of Microfluidic Devices to Study Algal Chemotaxis and Long-Term Growth Dynamics" (2016)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2016 Development of Microfluidic evD ices to Study Algal Chemotaxis and Long-Term Growth Dynamics Benjamin Seth Roberts Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, Benjamin Seth, "Development of Microfluidic Devices to Study Algal Chemotaxis and Long-Term Growth Dynamics" (2016). LSU Master's Theses. 4496. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4496 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES TO STUDY ALGAL CHEMOTAXIS AND LONG-TERM GROWTH DYNAMICS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Cain Department of Chemical Engineering by Benjamin S. Roberts B.S., Mississippi State University, 2014 December 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 -
Caenorhabditis Elegans Exhibits Positive Gravitaxis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/658229; this version posted June 3, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Caenorhabditis elegans Exhibits Positive Gravitaxis 2 Wei-Long Chen1,3, Hungtang Ko1, Han-Sheng Chuang3, Haim H. Bau1, and David Raizen2 3 1. Dept. Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, 4 Philadelphia, PA 5 2. Dept. of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 6 Philadelphia, PA 7 3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), 8 Taiwan 9 10 Abstract 11 Whether or not the micro swimmer Caenorhabditis elegans senses and respond to gravity is 12 unknown. We find that C. elegans aligns its swimming direction with that of the gravity vector 13 (positive gravitaxis). When placed in an aqueous solution that is denser than the animals, they 14 still orient downwards, indicating that non-uniform mass distribution and/or hydrodynamic 15 effects are not responsible for animal’s downward orientation. Paralyzed worms and worms 16 with globally disrupted sensory cilia do not change orientation as they settle in solution, 17 indicating that gravitaxis is an active behavior that requires gravisensation. Other types of 18 sensory driven orientation behaviors cannot explain our observed downward orientation. Like 19 other neural behaviors, the ability to respond to gravity declines with age. Our study establishes 20 gravitaxis in the micro swimmer C. -
Bimodal Rheotactic Behavior Reflects Flagellar Beat Asymmetry in Human Sperm Cells
Bimodal rheotactic behavior reflects flagellar beat asymmetry in human sperm cells Anton Bukatina,b,1, Igor Kukhtevichb,c,1, Norbert Stoopd,1, Jörn Dunkeld,2, and Vasily Kantslere aSt. Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia; bInstitute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 198095, Russia; cITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia; dDepartment of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307; and eDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom Edited by Charles S. Peskin, New York University, New York, NY, and approved November 9, 2015 (received for review July 30, 2015) Rheotaxis, the directed response to fluid velocity gradients, has whether this effect is of mechanical (20) or hydrodynamic (21, been shown to facilitate stable upstream swimming of mamma- 22) origin. Experiments (23) show that the alga’s reorientation lian sperm cells along solid surfaces, suggesting a robust physical dynamics can lead to localization in shear flow (24, 25), with mechanism for long-distance navigation during fertilization. How- potentially profound implications in marine ecology. In contrast ever, the dynamics by which a human sperm orients itself relative to taxis in multiflagellate organisms (2, 5, 18, 26, 27), the navi- to an ambient flow is poorly understood. Here, we combine micro- gation strategies of uniflagellate cells are less well understood. fluidic experiments with mathematical modeling and 3D flagellar beat For instance, it was discovered only recently that uniflagellate reconstruction to quantify the response of individual sperm cells in marine bacteria, such as Vibrio alginolyticus and Pseudoalteromonas time-varying flow fields. Single-cell tracking reveals two kinematically haloplanktis, use a buckling instability in their lone flagellum to distinct swimming states that entail opposite turning behaviors under change their swimming direction (28). -
Chemotaxis and Chemokinesis of Living and Non-Living Objects
Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of living and non-living objects Jitka Cejkovˇ a´1;2, Silvia Holler1, Nguyen To Quyen2, Christian Kerrigan3, Frantisekˇ Stˇ epˇ anek´ 2, Martin M. Hanczyc1 Abstract One of the fundamental properties of living organisms is the ability to sense and respond to changes in their environment by movement. If a motile cell senses soluble molecules and follows along a concentration gradient to the source, or if it moves away from a source of undesirable chemicals (e.g. repellent, toxin), it is displaying a directional movement called positive or negative chemotaxis, re- spectively. This phenomenon is well-known to biologists and intensively studied in living systems . In contrast chemokinesis is a change in movement due to envi- ronmental input but the resulting movement is non-vectorial and can be considered directionally random. Recently, in the last ten years, few laboratories started to fo- cus on the movement properties of artificial constructs, including the directional movement of non-living objects in chemical gradients. This chapter will focus on chemotaxis and chemokinesis of natural and synthetic systems that may provide chemical platforms for unconventional computing. 1 Cellular movement in biological systems Living cells can physically move through several mechanisms. Due to the length scales of most living cells, viscosity will dominate over inertia. Therefore at such low Reynolds numbers, motion of the cell will require the expenditure of energy. However, some cells rely entirely upon passive flotation and Brownian motion for dispersal. Under the microscope non-motile (and also dead) cells seem to move in a purposeful way, though they may frequently change direction, but this is due to random molecular bombardment of cells by the molecules of the solvent. -
Magnetosensitive Neurons Mediate Geomagnetic Orientation in Caenorhabditis Elegans
RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans Andres´ Vidal-Gadea1†, Kristi Ward1, Celia Beron1, Navid Ghorashian2, Sertan Gokce3, Joshua Russell1, Nicholas Truong1, Adhishri Parikh1, Otilia Gadea1, Adela Ben-Yakar2, Jonathan Pierce-Shimomura1* 1Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution; Center for Learning and Memory; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States; 3Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States Abstract Many organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals orient to the earth’s magnetic field. For a few animals, central neurons responsive to earth-strength magnetic fields have been identified; however, magnetosensory neurons have yet to be identified in any animal. We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans orients to the earth’s magnetic field during vertical burrowing migrations. Well-fed worms migrated up, while starved worms migrated down. Populations isolated from around the world, migrated at angles to the magnetic vector that would optimize vertical translation in their native soil, with northern- and southern-hemisphere worms displaying opposite migratory preferences. Magnetic orientation and vertical migrations required the TAX-4 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel in the AFD sensory neuron pair. Calcium imaging showed that these *For correspondence: jonps@ neurons respond to magnetic fields even without synaptic input. C. elegans may have adapted austin.utexas.edu magnetic orientation to simplify their vertical burrowing migration by reducing the orientation Present address: †School of task from three dimensions to one. -
Amoeboid Motion in Confined Geometry Hao Wu, M
Amoeboid motion in confined geometry Hao Wu, M. Thiébaud, W.-F. Hu, A. Farutin, S. Rafaï, M.-C. Lai, P. Peyla, C. Misbah To cite this version: Hao Wu, M. Thiébaud, W.-F. Hu, A. Farutin, S. Rafaï, et al.. Amoeboid motion in confined geometry. Physical Review E : Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, American Physical Society, 2015, 92 (5), 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.050701. hal-01230092 HAL Id: hal-01230092 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01230092 Submitted on 17 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Amoeboid motion in confined geometry H. Wu,1,2, ∗ M. Thi´ebaud,1,2, ∗ W.-F. Hu,3 A. Farutin,1, 2 S. Rafa¨ı,1,2, † M.-C. Lai,3 P. Peyla,1, 2 and C. Misbah1, 2 1Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France 2CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France 3Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Many eukaryotic cells undergo frequent shape changes (described as amoeboid motion) that enable them to move forward. We investigate the effect of confinement on a minimal model of amoeboid swimmer. -
Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth. -
Geobiology of Marine Magnetotactic Bacteria Sheri Lynn Simmons
Geobiology of Marine Magnetotactic Bacteria by Sheri Lynn Simmons A.B., Princeton University, 1999 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Oceanography at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION June 2006 c Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2006. Author.............................................................. Joint Program in Oceanography Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution May 19, 2006 Certified by. Katrina J. Edwards Associate Scientist, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Thesis Supervisor Accepted by......................................................... Ed DeLong Chair, Joint Committee for Biological Oceanography Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Geobiology of Marine Magnetotactic Bacteria by Sheri Lynn Simmons Submitted to the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION on May 19, 2006, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Oceanography Abstract Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize intracellular membrane-bound crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), and are abundant in the suboxic to anoxic zones of stratified marine environments worldwide. Their population densities (up to 105 cells ml−1) and high intracellular iron content suggest a potentially significant role in iron -
Magnetotaxis and Magnetic Particles in Bacteria
Magnetotaxis and magnetic particles in bacteria Richard B. Frankel Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA and Dennis A. Bazylinski Department of Biology, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, East Point, Nahant, MA 01908, USA Magnetotactic bacteria contain magnetic particles that constitute a pennanent magnetic dipole and cause each cell to orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. Recent results relevant to the biomineralization process and to the function of magnetotaxis are discussed. 1. Introduction Magnetotactic behavior in bacteria was discovered about twenty years ago [1]. The discovery was based on the fact that when drops of water and sediment from a number of aquatic habitats are placed on microscope slides in a magnetic field comparable in strength to the geomagnetic field, certain bacteria, of various morphological types [2], but principally cocci, are seen to migrate along magnetic field lines in the field direction, corresponding to Northward migration along geomagnetic field lines [3]. The migration speed of individual bacteria along the magnetic field lines depends on the field strength, but can be 90% or more of the forward swimming speed (up to 150 microns per second) of the cell. If the direction of the local magnetic field is reversed, the magnetotactic bacteria execute "U-turns" and continue migrating in the same direction relative to the local magnetic field. The migration direction of bacteria in the magnetic field can be reversed by subjecting the cells to a strong (several hundred Gauss) magnetic field pulse oriented opposite to the field in which they are migrating [4]. Magnetotactic bacteria that spontaneously migrate Southward along geomagnetic field lines are found in aquatic sediments and waters from the Southern hemisphere [5]. -
Gravitaxis of Asymmetric Self-Propelled Colloidal Particles
ARTICLE Received 28 Oct 2013 | Accepted 9 Jul 2014 | Published 19 Sep 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5829 Gravitaxis of asymmetric self-propelled colloidal particles Borge ten Hagen1, Felix Ku¨mmel2, Raphael Wittkowski3, Daisuke Takagi4, Hartmut Lo¨wen1 & Clemens Bechinger2,5 Many motile microorganisms adjust their swimming motion relative to the gravitational field and thus counteract sedimentation to the ground. This gravitactic behaviour is often the result of an inhomogeneous mass distribution, which aligns the microorganism similar to a buoy. However, it has been suggested that gravitaxis can also result from a geometric fore–rear asymmetry, typical for many self-propelling organisms. Despite several attempts, no conclusive evidence for such an asymmetry-induced gravitactic motion exists. Here, we study the motion of asymmetric self-propelled colloidal particles which have a homogeneous mass density and a well-defined shape. In experiments and by theoretical modelling, we demon- strate that a shape anisotropy alone is sufficient to induce gravitactic motion with either preferential upward or downward swimming. In addition, also trochoid-like trajectories transversal to the direction of gravity are observed. 1 Institut fu¨r Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨tDu¨sseldorf, D-40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany. 2 2. Physikalisches Institut, Universita¨t Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. 3 SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK. 4 Department of Mathematics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. 5 Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Intelligente Systeme, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.B. (email: [email protected]). -
Planarian Behavior: a Student-Designed Laboratory Exercise
Planarian Behavior: A Student-Designed Laboratory Exercise Linda T. Collins and Brent W. Harker Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, TN 37403 [email protected] Reprinted From: Collins, L. T. and B. W. Harker. 1999. Planarian behavior: A student-designed laboratory exercise. Pages 375-379, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 20 (S. J. Karcher, Editor). Proceedings of the 20th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), 399 pages. - Copyright policy: http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able/volumes/copyright.htm Although the laboratory exercises in ABLE proceedings volumes have been tested and due consideration has been given to safety, individuals performing these exercises must assume all responsibility for risk. The Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) disclaims any liability with regards to safety in connection with the use of the exercises in its proceedings volumes. © Linda T. Collins and Brent W. Harker Objectives 1. Know that different types of stimuli can affect planarian movement. 2. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis. 3. After preliminary observations, state a hypothesis to predict or explain planarian movement in response to an external stimulus. Test the hypothesis and reach a conclusion. Introduction Planarians are in the flatworm phylum, Platyhelminthes. Most planarians are free-living and are common in freshwater habitats. They are also found in marine and terrestrial environments. Planarians display bilateral symmetry, meaning the right and left halves are approximately mirror images of each other. The nervous system of planarians consists of an anterior “brain” consisting of large ganglia. Two ventral nerve cords run the length of the body from the ganglia. -
Proquest Dissertations
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 STARVATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN MOTILITY AND SPONTANEOUS SWITCHING TO FASTER SWARMING BEHAVIOR OF SINORHIZOBIUM MELILOTI DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School at The Ohio State University By Xueming Wei.