389 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 C. Georgiades, H. S. Kim

Index

A percutaneous ablation Ablation modalities cryoablation, 215 cryoablation, 7, 9 microwave ablation, 215 follow-up, 176 oligometastatic disease, 218, 219 irreversible electroporation, 10–12 pain palliation, 216–218 microwave ablation, 5–7 radiofrequency, 215 outcomes, 176 BRAF genes, 275 radiofrequency ablation, 3–5 Breast cancer risks and complications, 176 cryoablation, 230, 231 selection criteria and indication, 175 hyperthermic ablation technique, 175 cryoablation, 229 thermal ablation, 1, 2 HIFU, 228 Ablative or alcohol chemoembolization microwave ablation, 228 (ACE), 112 RFA, 227 Abscopal effect, 283, 374, 383 hypothermic ablation, 228 American Association of Clinical incidence, 225 Endocrinology, 245 mutations, 225 American College of Endocrinology, 245 nonthermal ablation, 231 American College of Radiology (ACR), 336 percutaneous thermal ablation of American Thyroid Association guidelines, 245 metastatic disease American Urological Association (AUA), 208 oligometastatic disease, 231, 232 Anaplastic thyroid cancers, 243, 245 palliative ablation, 232–234 Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), 288 PET-guided ablation, 233 Anticipated ablation zone geometry, 50 pre- and post-radioembolization, 237 Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical radiation segmentectomy for isolated liver guidelines, 245 mass, 236 solitary lung mass ablation, 234 transarterial liver-directed therapy, 235, 237 B Bronchopleural fistula, 49, 232 Bone metastatic disease osseous augmentation peripheral skeleton augmentation, C 220, 221 Cabozantinib, 283 trans-arterial embolization, 221 Carcinoid syndrome, 182, 183 vertebral augmentation technique, Cardiovascular and Interventional Society of 219, 220 Europe, 208

Celiac ganglion neurolysis E antecrural approach, 291 ELISPOT assays, 63 complications, 292 Embolization, 96 follow-up care, 292 Endoluminal biopsy technique, 310, 311 lateral decubitus position, 291 European Association of Urology, 208 neurolytic agents, 292 Exosomes, 315 outcomes, 292 External beam radiation therapy (EBRT), patient preparation, 290 121, 191 patient selection, 290 prone position, 291 recovery, 292 F supine position, 291 Fine needle aspiration biopsy, 307 Chemoembolic emulsion, 32 FOLFIRINOX, 288 Chemoembolization, 125–129 Fotemustine, 277 Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), 315 French Sarcoma Group, 262 Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), 314–315 Coagulative necrosis, 1 Coaxial needle technique, 308–310 G Colorectal cancer (CRC), see Liver Gastroduodenal ulcer, 133 metastatic disease Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), 267 Combined positive score (CPS), 300 Gelfoam embolization, 33 Conjunctival and adnexal melanomas, 273 Gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel, 288 Conventional transarterial chemoembolization Gene assay, 320 (cTACE), 149, 150, 186, 267 Genitofemoral nerve, 205 angiographic evaluation, 123 Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating chemoembolization, 125–129 factor (GM-CSF), 282 complication, 132, 133 Ground glass opacification (GGO), 330, 333 cone-beam CT, 125 follow-up, 131 indication, 122, 123 H lipiodol-anticancer drug emulsion, 125 Heat-ablated lesions, 1 outcomes, 131 Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 375 preparation, 123 Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy technical considerations, 129–130 (HAIC), 141 Core needle biopsy, 308 Hepatic artery infusion (HAI), 174 Cosmesis, 226 Hepatic parenchyma, 16 Cryoablation, 7, 9, 50, 51, 54, 71, 94 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 320, 321 Cutaneous melanoma, 273, 275, 277 AASLD hepatocellular carcinoma Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 diagnostic algorithm, 84, 86 (CTLA-4), 277 ablative or alcohol chemoembolization, 112 axial T1 fat-suppressed multi-phase D contrast-enhanced MRI, 85 Damage-associated molecular patterns BCLC stage 0 (very early) & stage (DAMPs), 375 A (early) DAXX/ATRX mutations, 322 cryoablation, 94 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans liver transplantation, 90, 91 (DFSP), 264 microwave ablation, 93 Desmoid tumors (desmoid-type radiofrequency ablation, 92, 93 fibromatosis), 262–264 recurrent early stage, 94 Driver mutation, 322, 324 surgical resection, 91 Drug-eluting bead (DEB) therapy, 150, 151, 337 BCLC stage B (intermediate) & stage C Drug-eluting bead trans-arterial (advanced) chemoembolization (DEB-TACE), bridging & downstaging, 95 98, 99, 134, 136 combination therapy, 107–109 Index 391

locoregional therapy (see Locoregional magnetic resonance imaging, 305 therapy) molecular profiling, 299 SBRT, 109, 110 navigation techniques and guidance systemic therapy (see Systemic systems, 306, 307 therapy) outcomes and results, 314 clinical staging, 86, 87 post-procedure management, 313 clinical surveillance, 83, 84 preprocedure care, 301, 302 curative-intent radiation segmentectomy, renal biopsy, 313 110, 111 single needle biopsy, 308 diagnosis, 84, 85 tandem needle technique, 308 epidemiology/pathophysiology, 81–83, transvenous hepatic biopsy technique, 310 119, 120 ultrasonography, 302, 303 external-beam radiation therapy, 121 Image-guided thermal ablation (IGTA), 47 hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, 141 Immune related adverse events (irAEs), 300 intra-arterial therapies (see intra-arterial Immune system in cancer therapies) abscopal effect, 373, 374 intra-procedural bloodflow elimination phase, 373 moduluation, 111 equilibrium phase, 373 investigational systemic therapies, 111 immune tolerance phase, 373 iodine-125, 142 immunoediting, 373 multimodality treatment, 140, 141 immunosuppression, 372 pathophysiology, 83 LRTs radiofrequency ablation, 140 for HCC, 381 surgery, role of, 120 immune checkpoint inhibitors, systemic/immuno-therapy, 121 381, 383 transarterial ethanol ablation, 142 Immunotherapy, 106 Wisconsin current treatment algorithm, 89 Interventional oncology High mobility group protein B1 ablation (HMGB1), 375 ablation modalities, 378 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ablation protocol, 378 oncoprotein gene (HER2neu), 226 activating antigen-presenting cells, Hydrodissection, 227, 229 375, 377 Hyperthermic ablation, 227, 228 CD8+ T-Cells against tumor Hypothermic ablation, 228 antigens, 377 IO techniques and synergistic effects, 376 I reducing immunosuppressive Image-guided percutaneous biopsy factors, 375 C-arm cone beam CT, 303 tumorigenic effects of ablation coaxial needle technique, 308–310 modalities, 378 complications, 313, 314 tumor-specific antigens and computed tomography, 304 inflammation, 375 contraindications, 301 LRTs core needle biopsy, 308 for HCC, 381 CT fluoroscopy, 304, 305 immune checkpoint inhibitors, 380, 381 endoluminal biopsy technique, 310, 311 timing, 383 FDG-PET, 306 with immune checkpoint inhibitors, fine needle aspiratevs . core biopsy, 382 311, 312 with immune checkpoint inhibitors, in fine needle aspiration biopsy, 307 humans, 382 fluoroscopy, 303 selective intraarterial radioembolization, image guidance and selection, 302 379, 380 immune checkpoint therapy, 300 transarterial chemoembolization, 379 indications, 301 Intraarterial delivery of chemotherapy, 62 liquid biopsy techniques, 314, 315 Intraarterial/locoregional therapy, 254 392 Index

Intra-arterial therapies (IAT), 16, 165 risks and complications, 176 cTACE selection criteria and indication, 175 angiographic evaluation, 123 technique, 175 chemoembolization, 125–129 hepatic artery infusion, 174 complication, 132, 133 intraarterial therapies, 165 cone-beam CT, 125 stereotactic body radiation therapy, 165 follow-up, 131 surgery, role of, 162 indication, 122, 123 systemic therapy, 162–164 lipiodol-anticancer drug emulsion, 125 transarterial chemoembolization outcomes, 131 outcomes, 173, 174 preparation, 123 risks and complications, 173 technical considerations, 129–130 selection criteria and indication, 171 DEB-TACE, 134, 136 technique, 171, 173 neuroendocrine neoplasms transarterial radioembolization indications, 185 complications, 169 radioembolization, 189, 190 follow-up, 169 TACE and TAE, 186–188 outcomes, 169, 171 radioembolization, 136 risks, 168 complications, 139 selection criteria and indication, indication, 136 165, 166 outcome, 137, 139 technique, 166–168 procedure, 136, 137 Liver tumors, LRTs Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after TACE, 338, 339 ablation therapies, 154–156 after TARE, 340, 341 intra-arterial directed therapies CT/MRI, 337 conventional transarterial cTACE vs DEB, 337 chemoembolization, 149, 150 energy-based ablation drug-eluting bead therapy, 150, 151 after cryoablation, 343 90Y, 151–153 after IRE, 343 radiation therapy, 156 after MWA, 341–343 systemic and liver directed therapies, 146, after RFA, 341, 342 149, 157 residual/recurrent tumor following LRT Ipilimumab, 278, 284 HCC, 344, 345 Irreversible electroporation (IRE), 10–12, 231 MRI, 345, 346 PET/CT, 346, 347 treatment types, 336 K Lobectomy, 45 Ki67, 322 Local consolidative therapy (LCT), 69, 70 KRAS mutation, 322 Locoregional therapies (LRTs), 231, 237 drug-eluting bead trans-arterial chemoembolization, 98, 99 L embolization, 96 Lipiodol-anticancer drug emulsion, 125 liver tumors (see Liver tumors, LRTs) Lipiodol drug emulsion, 30, 33 PCa (see Prostate cancer ablation) Liquid biopsy techniques, 314, 315 pulmonary tumor ablation (see Pulmonary Liver-directed therapy, 226, 235, 237 tumor ablation) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System renal tumors (see Renal tumors (LI-RADS) version 2017 treatment ablation, LRTs) response (LR-TR) algorithm, 336 transarterial chemoembolization, 96–98 Liver metastatic disease transarterial embolization, 99 ablation transarterial radioembolization, 99, 100, follow-up, 176 102, 103 outcomes, 176 Lung cancer, 322 Index 393

M Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 44 Malignant transformation, 16 Nontarget embolization, 133 MAPK inhibitors, 278 Non-target radioembolization, 169 Medullary thyroid cancer, 244, 245 Metastatic melanoma combination therapies, 283, 284 O cutaneous melanoma, 273, 275, 277 Oligometastatic disease, 45, 68, 218, 219, image-guided biopsy, 279 231, 232 image-guided thermal ablation, 279 Oligoprogression, 69, 323, 324 multikinase inhibitors, 283 Osseous augmentation percutaneous hepatic perfusion, 280, 283 peripheral skeleton augmentation, 220, 221 trans-arterial chemoembolization, 280 trans-arterial embolization, 221 trans-arterial immunoembolization, 282 vertebral augmentation technique, 219, 220 trans-arterial radioembolization, 282, 283 trans-arterial treatment, 280 uveal (see Uveal melanoma) P Microsphere administration, 23–25 Palliative ablation, 232, 233 Microwave ablation (MWA), 5–7, 71, 93, 190 Pancreatic cancer Mirels’ classification system, 221 angiotensin receptor blocker, 288 Mitogenic activated protein kinase (MAPK) combination chemotherapy, 288 signaling pathway, 275 computed tomography guided celiac Modality-Specific Signatures, 323 ganglion neurolysis Mycobacterium bovis strain, 372 antecrural approach, 291 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells complications, 292 (MDSCs), 375 follow-up care, 292 lateral decubitus position, 291 neurolytic agents, 292 N outcomes, 292 National Comprehensive Cancer Network patient preparation, 290 (NCCN), 226 patient selection, 290 Nephron-sparing surgical complications, 210 prone position, 291 Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) recovery, 292 classification, 181 supine position, 291 epidemiology, 181 epidemiology, 287 external beam radiation therapy, 191 gemcitabine plus abraxane in combination intra-arterial therapies with cisplatin, 289 indications, 185 irreversible electroporation, 293 radioembolization, 189, 190 neoadjuvant therapy, 289 TACE and TAE, 186–188 pain management, 289, 290 multimodality treatment, 191 pathophysiology, 287 pathology, 182 prognosis, 289 percutaneous ablation, 190, 191 radioembolization, 295 surgical resection, 183 surgery, 288 systemic therapy, 184, 185 transarterial chemoembolization, 293–295 targeted imaging options, 182 Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) timing of systemic and liver directed image guided ablation for, 245, 246 therapy, 191–193 radioactive iodine, 244 well-differentiated, 182 thermal ablation for locoregional or distant Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), 322 metastases, 255 NF-κβ pathway, 375 Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), Nivolumab, 278, 381 246, 247, 252, 253 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Partial nephrectomy (PN), 205–207 (NALFD), 82 Pembrolizumab, 278, 300, 381 394 Index

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy Proton beam therapy (PBT), 122 (PRRT), 185 Proton therapy, 69 Percutaneous ablation Pulmonary metastasectomy, 69 cryoablation, 215 Pulmonary metastases, 68 microwave ablation, 215 Pulmonary tumor ablation oligometastatic disease, 218, 219 cryoablation, 333, 334, 337 pain palliation, 218 CT and PET/CT, 330 radiofrequency, 215 MWA, 331, 332, 335 Percutaneous thermal ablation, 70 recurrence following RFA, 336 Peribiliary capillary plexus, 133 recurrence on CT, 334 Peripheral skeleton augmentation, 220, 221 recurrence on PET/CT, 335 Pneumothorax, 57, 232 RFA, 330–333 Portal vein embolization, 92 stereotactic body radiation therapy, 330 Postembolization syndrome (PES), 132 Predictive biomarkers, 321–323 Primary lung cancer R ablation Radiation dosimetry, 18–21 adequate positioning, 51 Radiation-induced liver disease (REILD), clinical trials, 59, 60 169 combination therapy, 61, 62 Radiation pneumonitis, 169 complications, 57 Radiation segmentectomy, 21 cost differential, 61 Radiation therapy (RT), 46, 69, 70 cryoablation, 50, 51, 54 Radical nephrectomy (RN), 205–207 end points recognition, 51 Radioembolization (RE), 136, 235 indications/patient selection, 47, 48 complications, 139 local failure, 60 hepatic anatomy and physiology, 16–17 overall survival, 58, 59 indication, 136 postablation imaging, 55–57 microsphere administration, 23–25 postprocedural recovery care, 55 outcome, 137, 139 prescriptive strategies, 52 procedure, 136, 137 repositioning and/or adequate number radiation dosimetry, 18–21 and placement of applicators, 51 SIR-spheres dosimetry, 22, 23 thermal ablation, 49, 50 therasphere dosimetry, 21 chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy, 62 90Y microsphere products, 17, 18 demographic factors, 44 Radioembolization-induced liver disease incidence, 43 (REILD), 20, 21 multimodality treatment, 47 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 3–5, 70, pathophysiology, 44 92, 93, 140 radiation therapy, 46 RECIST criteria, 235 risk factors, 44 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) surgery, 44, 45 American Urological Association, 208 systemic therapy, 45, 46 Cardiovascular and Interventional Society Programmed death 1 (PD1), 277 of Europe guidelines, 208 Prostate cancer ablation European Association of Urology minimally invasive ablative therapy, 355 guidelines, 208 multiparametric magnetic resonance follow up, 204, 206 imaging, 355 hemorrhage complications, 204 post-treatment imaging immuno-oncology, 210, 211 cryoablation, 356, 357 incidence, 197, 198 high frequency ultrasound, 355, 356 partial vs. radical nephrectomy, 205–207 irreversible electroporation, 358, 359 patient selection, 207, 208 laser ablative therapy, 358–360 percutaneous ablation photodynamic therapy, 357, 358 cryoablation, 199–202 recurrence imaging, 359–361 microwave ablation, 202, 203 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MR, 360, 361 radiofrequency ablation, 198, 199 Index 395

prevalence, 197 future aspects, 269 renal ablation, 205 image-guided percutaneous thermal thermal injury complications, 204, 205 ablation trans-arterial embolization cryoablation, 261 indications, 209, 210 CT and MRI, 261 materials and techniques, 209–211 HIFU, 261 Renal tumors ablation, LRTs indications, 260 post cryoablation irreversible electroporation, 261 computed tomography, 350, 351 patient selection, 262 magnetic resonance imaging, 350–353 RFA and MWA, 261 post radiofrequency ablation liver metastasis computed tomography, 348 gastrointestinal stromal tumor, 267 magnetic resonance imaging, 348, 349 hepatic metastasis, 267 residual or recurrent tumor multimodality treatment, 269 imaging, 351–355 outcomes Retroperitoneal sarcomas, 264, 265 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Robotic lobectomy, 45 264 desmoid tumors, 262–264 retroperitoneal sarcomas, 264, 265 S RFA and MWA, 265 Secondary lung cancer pathophysiology, 260 follow up pulmonary metastasis, 265, 266 cryoablation imaging findings, 75 radiation and systemic therapy, 260 outcomes, 75, 76 surgery, 260 radiofrequency and microwave ablation transcatheter arterial embolization for imaging findings, 74, 75 hepatic sarcoma surveillance, 73 metastasis, 267–269 immune system regulation, 77 Sorafenib, 283, 284 intratumoral and systemic immunologic Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), effects, 77 46, 69, 70, 165, 191 multimodality treatments, 76 Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), 46 oligoprogression, 69 Super-selective embolization, 209 radiation therapy, 69, 70 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results selection criteria/indications for surgery, 69 (SEER) database, 206, 207 thermal ablation Systemic therapy advantages, 77 first line, 103 complications, 73 immunotherapy, 106 contraindications, 71 second line, 105 cryoablation, 71 heat sink effect, 72 indications, 71 T microwave ablation, 71 Tandem needle technique, 308 patient selection, 72 Therasphere dosimetry, 21 percutaneous thermal ablation, 70 Thermal ablation, 1, 2, 49, 50, 68 radiofrequency ablation, 70 advantages, 77 technique, 72, 73 complications, 73 Selective Internal Radiation therapy, 282 contraindications, 71 Selumitinib, 278 cryoablation, 71 Single needle biopsy, 308 heat sink effect, 72 SIR-spheres dosimetry, 22, 23 indications, 71 Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), 44 microwave ablation, 71 Society for Interventional Radiology (SIR), patient selection, 72 314, 330 percutaneous thermal ablation, 70 Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) radiofrequency ablation, 70 epidemiology, 260 technique, 72, 73 396 Index

Thyroid cancer technique, 171, 173 anaplastic thyroid cancers, 245 treatment schedule, 34 anesthesia, 247 water-in-oil emulsion, 31, 32 benign thyroid nodule, 256 Trans-arterial embolization (TAE), 99, 142, contraindications, 246 186, 221, 267–269 contrast enhanced ultrasound, 248 indications, 209, 210 diagnosis, 243 materials and techniques, 209 energy dose range, 249 Transarterial liver-directed therapy, follow-up, 252 235–237 future aspects, 255, 256 Transarterial radioembolization (TARE), 99, hydrodissection, 249 100, 102, 103, 136, 189, 190 imaging, 245 complications, 169 indications and contraindications, follow-up, 169 246, 247 outcomes, 169, 171 (see intraarterial/locoregional therapies in Radioembolization (RE)) advanced disease, 254 risks, 168 medullary thyroid cancer, 245 selection criteria and indication, microwave ablation, 250, 251 165, 166 outcomes technique, 166–168 MWA and RFA, 253, 254 Transvenous hepatic biopsy technique, 310 PLA, 252, 253 Tremelimumab, 382 thermal ablation for locoregional or Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), 226 distant metastases, 255 Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), 300 patient selection, 247 Tumor neovascularity, 16 percutaneous laser ablation, 248–250 Tumor profiling post-procedural complications, 252 aggressiveness in early-stage cancers, PTC (see Papillary thyroid cancers) 323 radiofrequency ablation, 250 definition, 319 surgery, 244 gene assay, 320 thermal ablation for locoregional or distant goal, 319 metastases, 254, 255 IO therapy TLR4 agonist, 377 colorectal carcinoma, 321 TLR7 agonist, 377 hepatocellular carcinoma, 320, 321 Total thyroidectomy, 244, 245 lung cancer, 322 Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), neuroendocrine tumors, 322 96–98, 235, 267–269 modality-specific signatures, 323 with advanced HCC, 29 oligo-progression, 323, 324 chemoembolic emulsion, 32 temporal and spatial heterogeneity, 324 chemotherapeutic drugs and embolics, 31 Tumor proportion score (TPS), 300 drug-eluting embolics, 35 Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), 267 gelfoam embolization, 33 gelfoam particles, 32 history, 29 U limitations, 38 Uveal melanoma Lipiodol, 29, 33–35 c-Kit and c-Met, 283 mechanism, 30 combination therapies, 284 outcomes, 173, 174 incidence, 273 radio-opacity of Lipiodol, 33 MRI, 276 risks and complications, 173 pathological evolution, 275 selection criteria and indication, 171 PET-CT, 276 superselective embolization, 32 post-immunotherapy era, 277, 278 Index 397

pre-immunotherapy era, 277 W propensity, 274 Water-in-oil emulsion, 31, 32 survival rate, 274 Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), 46

V Y vanSonnenberg needle, 309 90Y microsphere products, 17, 18 Vertebral augmentation technique, 219, 220 Yttrium-90 radioembolization (90Y-TARE), Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery 167, 267, 268 (VATS), 45