Index A percutaneous ablation Ablation modalities cryoablation, 215 cryoablation, 7, 9 microwave ablation, 215 follow-up, 176 oligometastatic disease, 218, 219 irreversible electroporation, 10–12 pain palliation, 216–218 microwave ablation, 5–7 radiofrequency, 215 outcomes, 176 BRAF genes, 275 radiofrequency ablation, 3–5 Breast cancer risks and complications, 176 cryoablation, 230, 231 selection criteria and indication, 175 hyperthermic ablation technique, 175 cryoablation, 229 thermal ablation, 1, 2 HIFU, 228 Ablative or alcohol chemoembolization microwave ablation, 228 (ACE), 112 RFA, 227 Abscopal effect, 283, 374, 383 hypothermic ablation, 228 American Association of Clinical incidence, 225 Endocrinology, 245 mutations, 225 American College of Endocrinology, 245 nonthermal ablation, 231 American College of Radiology (ACR), 336 percutaneous thermal ablation of American Thyroid Association guidelines, 245 metastatic disease American Urological Association (AUA), 208 oligometastatic disease, 231, 232 Anaplastic thyroid cancers, 243, 245 palliative ablation, 232–234 Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), 288 PET-guided ablation, 233 Anticipated ablation zone geometry, 50 pre- and post-radioembolization, 237 Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical radiation segmentectomy for isolated liver guidelines, 245 mass, 236 solitary lung mass ablation, 234 transarterial liver-directed therapy, 235, 237 B Bronchopleural fistula, 49, 232 Bone metastatic disease osseous augmentation peripheral skeleton augmentation, C 220, 221 Cabozantinib, 283 trans-arterial embolization, 221 Carcinoid syndrome, 182, 183 vertebral augmentation technique, Cardiovascular and Interventional Society of 219, 220 Europe, 208 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 389 C. Georgiades, H. S. Kim (eds.), Image-Guided Interventions in Oncology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48767-6 390 Index Celiac ganglion neurolysis E antecrural approach, 291 ELISPOT assays, 63 complications, 292 Embolization, 96 follow-up care, 292 Endoluminal biopsy technique, 310, 311 lateral decubitus position, 291 European Association of Urology, 208 neurolytic agents, 292 Exosomes, 315 outcomes, 292 External beam radiation therapy (EBRT), patient preparation, 290 121, 191 patient selection, 290 prone position, 291 recovery, 292 F supine position, 291 Fine needle aspiration biopsy, 307 Chemoembolic emulsion, 32 FOLFIRINOX, 288 Chemoembolization, 125–129 Fotemustine, 277 Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), 315 French Sarcoma Group, 262 Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), 314–315 Coagulative necrosis, 1 Coaxial needle technique, 308–310 G Colorectal cancer (CRC), see Liver Gastroduodenal ulcer, 133 metastatic disease Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), 267 Combined positive score (CPS), 300 Gelfoam embolization, 33 Conjunctival and adnexal melanomas, 273 Gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel, 288 Conventional transarterial chemoembolization Gene assay, 320 (cTACE), 149, 150, 186, 267 Genitofemoral nerve, 205 angiographic evaluation, 123 Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating chemoembolization, 125–129 factor (GM-CSF), 282 complication, 132, 133 Ground glass opacification (GGO), 330, 333 cone-beam CT, 125 follow-up, 131 indication, 122, 123 H lipiodol-anticancer drug emulsion, 125 Heat-ablated lesions, 1 outcomes, 131 Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 375 preparation, 123 Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy technical considerations, 129–130 (HAIC), 141 Core needle biopsy, 308 Hepatic artery infusion (HAI), 174 Cosmesis, 226 Hepatic parenchyma, 16 Cryoablation, 7, 9, 50, 51, 54, 71, 94 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 320, 321 Cutaneous melanoma, 273, 275, 277 AASLD hepatocellular carcinoma Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 diagnostic algorithm, 84, 86 (CTLA-4), 277 ablative or alcohol chemoembolization, 112 axial T1 fat-suppressed multi-phase D contrast-enhanced MRI, 85 Damage-associated molecular patterns BCLC stage 0 (very early) & stage (DAMPs), 375 A (early) DAXX/ATRX mutations, 322 cryoablation, 94 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans liver transplantation, 90, 91 (DFSP), 264 microwave ablation, 93 Desmoid tumors (desmoid-type radiofrequency ablation, 92, 93 fibromatosis), 262–264 recurrent early stage, 94 Driver mutation, 322, 324 surgical resection, 91 Drug-eluting bead (DEB) therapy, 150, 151, 337 BCLC stage B (intermediate) & stage C Drug-eluting bead trans-arterial (advanced) chemoembolization (DEB-TACE), bridging & downstaging, 95 98, 99, 134, 136 combination therapy, 107–109 Index 391 locoregional therapy (see Locoregional magnetic resonance imaging, 305 therapy) molecular profiling, 299 SBRT, 109, 110 navigation techniques and guidance systemic therapy (see Systemic systems, 306, 307 therapy) outcomes and results, 314 clinical staging, 86, 87 post-procedure management, 313 clinical surveillance, 83, 84 preprocedure care, 301, 302 curative-intent radiation segmentectomy, renal biopsy, 313 110, 111 single needle biopsy, 308 diagnosis, 84, 85 tandem needle technique, 308 epidemiology/pathophysiology, 81–83, transvenous hepatic biopsy technique, 310 119, 120 ultrasonography, 302, 303 external-beam radiation therapy, 121 Image-guided thermal ablation (IGTA), 47 hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, 141 Immune related adverse events (irAEs), 300 intra-arterial therapies (see intra-arterial Immune system in cancer therapies) abscopal effect, 373, 374 intra-procedural bloodflow elimination phase, 373 moduluation, 111 equilibrium phase, 373 investigational systemic therapies, 111 immune tolerance phase, 373 iodine-125, 142 immunoediting, 373 multimodality treatment, 140, 141 immunosuppression, 372 pathophysiology, 83 LRTs radiofrequency ablation, 140 for HCC, 381 surgery, role of, 120 immune checkpoint inhibitors, systemic/immuno-therapy, 121 381, 383 transarterial ethanol ablation, 142 Immunotherapy, 106 Wisconsin current treatment algorithm, 89 Interventional oncology High mobility group protein B1 ablation (HMGB1), 375 ablation modalities, 378 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ablation protocol, 378 oncoprotein gene (HER2neu), 226 activating antigen-presenting cells, Hydrodissection, 227, 229 375, 377 Hyperthermic ablation, 227, 228 CD8+ T-Cells against tumor Hypothermic ablation, 228 antigens, 377 IO techniques and synergistic effects, 376 I reducing immunosuppressive Image-guided percutaneous biopsy factors, 375 C-arm cone beam CT, 303 tumorigenic effects of ablation coaxial needle technique, 308–310 modalities, 378 complications, 313, 314 tumor-specific antigens and computed tomography, 304 inflammation, 375 contraindications, 301 LRTs core needle biopsy, 308 for HCC, 381 CT fluoroscopy, 304, 305 immune checkpoint inhibitors, 380, 381 endoluminal biopsy technique, 310, 311 timing, 383 FDG-PET, 306 with immune checkpoint inhibitors, fine needle aspirate vs. core biopsy, 382 311, 312 with immune checkpoint inhibitors, in fine needle aspiration biopsy, 307 humans, 382 fluoroscopy, 303 selective intraarterial radioembolization, image guidance and selection, 302 379, 380 immune checkpoint therapy, 300 transarterial chemoembolization, 379 indications, 301 Intraarterial delivery of chemotherapy, 62 liquid biopsy techniques, 314, 315 Intraarterial/locoregional therapy, 254 392 Index Intra-arterial therapies (IAT), 16, 165 risks and complications, 176 cTACE selection criteria and indication, 175 angiographic evaluation, 123 technique, 175 chemoembolization, 125–129 hepatic artery infusion, 174 complication, 132, 133 intraarterial therapies, 165 cone-beam CT, 125 stereotactic body radiation therapy, 165 follow-up, 131 surgery, role of, 162 indication, 122, 123 systemic therapy, 162–164 lipiodol-anticancer drug emulsion, 125 transarterial chemoembolization outcomes, 131 outcomes, 173, 174 preparation, 123 risks and complications, 173 technical considerations, 129–130 selection criteria and indication, 171 DEB-TACE, 134, 136 technique, 171, 173 neuroendocrine neoplasms transarterial radioembolization indications, 185 complications, 169 radioembolization, 189, 190 follow-up, 169 TACE and TAE, 186–188 outcomes, 169, 171 radioembolization, 136 risks, 168 complications, 139 selection criteria and indication, indication, 136 165, 166 outcome, 137, 139 technique, 166–168 procedure, 136, 137 Liver tumors, LRTs Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after TACE, 338, 339 ablation therapies, 154–156 after TARE, 340, 341 intra-arterial directed therapies CT/MRI, 337 conventional transarterial cTACE vs DEB, 337 chemoembolization, 149, 150 energy-based ablation drug-eluting bead therapy, 150, 151 after cryoablation, 343 90Y, 151–153 after IRE, 343 radiation therapy, 156 after MWA, 341–343 systemic and liver directed therapies, 146, after RFA, 341, 342 149, 157 residual/recurrent tumor following LRT Ipilimumab, 278, 284 HCC, 344, 345 Irreversible electroporation (IRE), 10–12, 231 MRI, 345, 346 PET/CT, 346, 347 treatment types, 336 K Lobectomy, 45 Ki67, 322 Local consolidative therapy (LCT), 69, 70 KRAS mutation, 322 Locoregional therapies (LRTs), 231, 237 drug-eluting bead trans-arterial chemoembolization, 98, 99 L embolization, 96 Lipiodol-anticancer drug emulsion, 125 liver tumors (see Liver tumors, LRTs) Lipiodol drug emulsion, 30, 33 PCa (see Prostate cancer ablation) Liquid biopsy techniques, 314, 315 pulmonary tumor ablation (see Pulmonary Liver-directed therapy, 226, 235, 237 tumor ablation) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System renal tumors (see Renal tumors (LI-RADS) version 2017 treatment ablation, LRTs) response (LR-TR) algorithm, 336 transarterial chemoembolization, 96–98 Liver metastatic disease