Autopsy Case Report and Review of the Literature Karyna C
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Fatal Neonatal Echovirus 6 Infection: Autopsy Case Report and Review of the Literature Karyna C. Ventura, M.D., Hal Hawkins, M.D., Ph.D., Michael B. Smith, M.D., David H. Walker, M.D. Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas CASE REPORT A full-term, healthy male neonate was delivered by caesarian section to a 26-year-old primigravida A full-term boy appropriate for his gestational age woman who had a history of fever and upper respi- was born via caesarian section to a 26-year-old G1P0 ratory tract infection. On the fourth day of life, the Latin American woman who had a medical history of a well-controlled seizure disorder for which she was neonate developed a sepsis-like syndrome, acute receiving carbamazepine. She had received regular respiratory and renal failure, and disseminated in- prenatal care, with negative prenatal serologic tests travascular coagulopathy. He died 13 days after for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, birth. Postmortem examination revealed jaundice, and syphilis. Two weeks before delivery, she experi- anasarca, massive hepatic necrosis, adrenal hemor- enced fever and an upper respiratory tract infection. rhagic necrosis, renal medullary hemorrhage, hem- At birth, the infant weighed 3838 g and had an Apgar orrhagic noninflammatory pneumonia, and severe score of 9. The neonate was put under an oxygen encephalomalacia. Echovirus type 6 was isolated hood, then was later slowly weaned from it. On his from blood, liver, and lungs. Although uncommon, fourth day of life, the neonate developed fever echovirus type 6 infection may produce a spectrum (38.6°C) and was observed to have decreased activity. of pathologic findings similar to those seen with the An area of hyperemia and swelling was seen on the more commonly virulent echovirus type 11. right shoulder. This area of swelling and redness in- creased in size during the next few days. He received KEY WORDS: Echovirus 6, Hepatoadrenal necrosis, ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, and acyclovir af- Neonatal infection. ter blood was collected for viral and bacterial cultures. Mod Pathol 2001;14(2):85–90 Cranial ultrasonography results were normal. On the fifth day of life, the neonate experienced Echoviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses of the respiratory difficulty, which required intubation genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae that and mechanical ventilation. He remained febrile may occasionally cause overwhelming disease and and developed oliguria that later progressed to re- death in neonates (1, 2). Of the 31 types of echovi- nal insufficiency. Sepsis and disseminated intravas- ruses, type 11 is the most frequent cause of serious cular coagulopathy were suspected, and blood and neonatal morbidity and mortality, often presenting blood products were provided. On the ninth day of as fulminant hepatitis, infection of the central ner- life, he suffered cardiopulmonary arrest twice and vous system, or both (3). Echovirus type 6 infection remained neurologically compromised thereafter. is an uncommon cause of neonatal mortality, with He was transferred to the University of Texas Med- only a few reported cases of severe or fatal neonatal ical Branch at Galveston on his 12th day of life for infection (3–7). We present the case of a newborn possible hemodialysis. Clinical diagnoses at admis- infant with fatal echovirus 6 infection and describe sion included sepsis, respiratory failure, and renal the unusual pathologic findings. We also review the failure. Cranial ultrasonography at this time literature about severe neonatal echovirus 6 showed periventricular leukomalacia, edema, and intracranial hemorrhage. His condition continued infections. to deteriorate, and he died on his 13th hospital day. A complete autopsy was performed 18 hours after death. Copyright © 2001 by The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. VOL. 14, NO. 2, P. 85, 2001 Printed in the U.S.A. Date of acceptance: October 24, 2000. Autopsy Address reprint requests to: David H. Walker, M.D., Department of Pa- thology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, External examination of the body revealed an Galveston, TX 77555; fax: 409-772-2500. extremely edematous and jaundiced infant with no 85 dysmorphic features or congenital anomalies. A 7- of serious neonatal infection (3, 8, 9), usually pre- by 7-cm violaceous cutaneous area with a central 1- senting as hepatitis or central nervous system in- by 2-cm ulcer was present on the right shoulder, fection. The reason for the relatively greater viru- and multiple ecchymoses were observed on both lence of this echovirus type compared with that of upper extremities. other types is unclear (10). Other echovirus types Petechiae were present in the epicardium, sub- that have been documented to occasionally cause endocardium, and thymic surface. The thymus was fatal infection include types 7 (11), 9 (12), 14 (13), involuted (weight, 1.2 g; expected weight, 11.5 Ϯ and 19 (3, 14, 15). Echovirus 6, however, has only 3.7 g). The liver appeared mottled, with pale, punc- rarely been documented as the cause of serious tate areas surrounded by hyperemic parenchyma morbidity and mortality. A review of the English- (Fig. 1A). Patches of the duodenum and ileum re- language scientific literature yielded only five re- vealed dark red, granular mucosa but no gross in- ported cases of fatal echovirus 6 infections (3–6) traluminal hemorrhage (Fig. 1B). The remainder of (Table 1). the gastrointestinal mucosa was hyperemic. The We report an infant infected with echovirus 6 kidneys were firm and dark brown, with blood-red who presented with shock, disseminated intravas- medullae. The spleen was dark red and soft. The cular coagulopathy, and renal failure. Necropsy re- adrenal glands and periadrenal fat were markedly vealed hepatic necrosis, renal hemorrhage, adrenal hemorrhagic (Fig. 1C). The brain was extremely hemorrhagic necrosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, macerated, fragmented, and autolyzed. Subarach- and severe encephalomalacia. This septic picture noid hemorrhage and intraparenchymal cerebral with hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage is reportedly hemorrhage were noted. Mild lymphocytic menin- the most common presentation of a severe echovi- gitis was also identified. rus infection (3). However, massive hepatic and Microscopic examination of the liver demon- adrenal necrosis has been reported mostly in new- strated massive and diffuse coagulative necrosis borns with echovirus 11 at autopsy (16) and is not a with multiple foci of dystrophic calcification of ne- common observation in echovirus 6 infections. To crotic hepatocytes (Fig. 1D). The lungs contained our knowledge, only one case of hepatoadrenal ne- multifocal pulmonary intra-alveolar hemorrhage, crosis in an echovirus 6 infection has been reported hyaline membranes, moderate lymphocytic and aside from our case (5). macrophage infiltrate, and fibrinous exudates (Fig. The clinical differential diagnosis is that of neo- 1E). There was extensive renal medullary hemor- natal sepsis and includes bacteremia caused by rhage, adrenal hemorrhage, and necrosis (Fig. 1F). Escherichia coli or other gram-negative bacteria No viral inclusions were detected. such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or by Streptococ- cus agalactiae or other gram-positive bacteria such Microbiology Results as Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to dissemi- Postmortem samples of blood, lung, and liver nated enteroviral infection caused by an echovirus inoculated into Rhesus monkey kidney cell tube or a coxsackievirus, disseminated herpesvirus or cultures (BioWhittaker Inc., Walkersville, MD) cytomegalovirus should be considered. The mas- yielded cytopathic effect characteristic of enterovi- sive hepatic necrosis particularly suggests neonatal rus on 2, 5, and 5 days after inoculation, respec- herpesvirus or echovirus infection. The hemor- tively. Screening with pan-serotype monoclonal an- rhagic adrenal necrosis suggests bacterial sepsis tibody mixtures (Chemicon International Inc., with disseminated intravascular coagulation or Temecula, CA) identified the isolate as an echovi- neonatal herpesvirus or echovirus infection. In- rus. Final serotyping was performing by the Texas volvement of the leptomeninges can occur in any of Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Aus- the above infections. However, prominent gross tin, and identified the isolate as echovirus 6. hemorrhages in the renal medullae has been de- scribed as a hallmark of echovirus type 11 infection. DISCUSSION The ideal method for diagnosis of echovirus in- fections at autopsy is isolation and identification of Of the more than 30 echovirus types, echovirus the virus from affected organs in cell culture (17– 11 has been reported to be the most common cause 19). A number of cell lines (RD cells, human rhab- FIGURE 1. A, gross photograph of liver shows bright red parenchyma corresponding to congestion and hemorrhage into extensive regions of coagulative necrosis. B, gross photograph of small intestine showing extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of the mucosa. C, gross photograph of cross sections of adrenal glands shows hemorrhage largely replacing the cortex and medulla. D, photomicrograph of massive hepatic necrosis with dystrophic calcification (arrowhead) and preserved viable cells in portal triads and periportal hepatic parenchyma. Hematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, 50ϫ. E, photomicrograph of lung with alveolar hemorrhage, bronchial and bronchiolar fibrinous exudates, and interstitial