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Sch J Appl Sci Res 2018 Volume 1: 3 Scholar Journal of Applied Sciences and Research

The Conceptual Analysis of Social within

1 Sanjar Sh Saidov1* Political scientist at Uzbekistan State University of World Languages, Uz- bekistan

Abstract Article

This article analyzes social capital as the conceptual basis of civil Article Type: Review society. The article presents the elements of social capital - social Article Number: SJASR128 norms, social relations and the level of in society. Also, the state Received Date: 23 April, 2018 and prospects of development of and social capital in Accepted Date: 08 June, 2018 Uzbekistan are analyzed. Moreover, the ideas of famous scientists on the Published Date: 18 June, 2018 development and the role of the social capital in society were analyzed by such scientists like: Per Burdeo, J. Coulman, R. Patnem, F. Fukuyama *Corresponding author: Dr. Sanjar Sh Saidov, Political and others. The attempts to uncover social capital on the basis of the Scientist, Uzbekistan State University of World Languages, Uzbekistan. Tel: +99891-422-97-74; Email: [email protected] and of institutional and structural analysis. phenomenon of “trust”. The scientific article mainly uses the methods Keywords: Social capital, Civil society, Trust, Uzbekistan, Citation: Saidov SS (2018) The Conceptual Analysis of Social Nongovernmental (NGO). Capital within Society. Sch J Appl Sci Res. Vol: 1, Issu: 3 (71 - 75). Introduction Copyright: © 2018 Saidov SS. This is an open-access capital” as factors of welfare and development, focusing on factors article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons There is much scientific literature describing the concept of “social Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, such as ethics, trust and effective collaboration. According to generally , and reproduction in any medium, provided the accepted rules, social capital is divided into individual (micro), collective original author and source are credited. (meso) and social (macro) levels. It should be noted that the “core” of social capital is “trust”. At the same time, the direction of management also pertains to the sphere of social capital [1]. At present, the position and the role of social capital is being emphasized in identifying each country’s development level and prosperity. The issue of social capital is a research object of many social sciences, and some conceptual views have been formed on this subject. At the earliest stage the notion of social capital was formed in the as the main factor of of the state and society. If field of economic sciences. Economists have interpreted social capital can divide conditionally the genesis of the development and historical formationwe analyze of ideas, the concept thoughts, of andsocial scientific capital intoviews two of paststages. thinkers, then we First stage (from eighteenth century to eighties of twentieth century) was the period when the foundation for the creation of the concept of social capital was concentrated, in which most social-philosophical views, ideas and concepts were gathered. Conceptualizing Assessment The second stage (from the 1980s to the present day) is a period of formation and development of the concept of social capital. This is mainly the transformation of it as a research object of many socially-humanistic subjects.a period of inclusion of this concept into the scientific and www.innovationinfo.org

also important. Based on scientific sources, it should be noted that the V and others’ works as well as their scientific are term “capital” was first used by French economist Quesnay In addition, the moral values, beliefs and moral factors of people in the community also play an important role in the termF, which “capital” is defined (les capitaux, as the principalfonds, les andavances) current the assetsrelations of ofthe property enterprise. owners At that with time, each Quesnay other Fand understood the amount by the of property involved in production [2]. Later this term began categoriessocietal views have of revealed many influential only a certain thinkers, aspect such or as extent Grotius of to be also used in the works of several representatives of the socialH, Locke capital. J, Kant I, and Durkheim E. Nevertheless, these often interpret capital as a resource taking part in the The synthesis of the concept of social capital in the system processtraditional of production economic research[3]. school. Economist-scientists of disciplines such as economics, , , psychiatry, philosophy science consists of the following Historical analysis shows that Smith A, a British categories: economist who lived and worked in the eighteenth century and was one of the founders of the modern economy, also 1. Trust focused on “capital” and its features like [3]. The 2. Mutual social unity of people fact that the enterprise invests in each employee (that is, the cost of training, educating, and bringing up) will ultimately 3.

4. StrongerTolerance consolidation of groups through benefits prove scientifically to increase productivity and increase 5. Citizens’ activity and so on. profits. of increasing the intellectual and physical capacity of a person At the beginning of the 21st century, Woolcock M The scientific views that A. Smith created for the purpose served as the basis for the concept of of social capital. These are family, youth, school, higher andto influence social capital. the effectiveness A. Smith believesof capital that, production, not technically in turn, education,identified 8 andscientific community fields directly life, activity applicable of , in the theory (), but personality (human capital) and and governance issues, community action and its relationship system (social capital) play an important economic development [8]. Today, we can add to this list role in the economic development, and in turn, the means , human body, mental health, social welfare for human development, in particular the development of (citizen activity) and so on. It should be noted that the scale of the use of social capital same time, Smith A’s ideas on state regulation of the market the skills, increases the efficiency of production [4]. At the economy and the establishment of certain standards are of research in many branches of science have enriched the great importance today in the promotion of categories such essencein scientific of social literature capital has concept widened. and Scientists discovered conducting many as social justice, moral values ​​and mutual trust, which are an unknown aspects. important element of the concept of social capital [3]. Assessment of social capital The term “social capital” was brought in the work of American researcher Hanifan L [5]. According to his work When analyzing the social capital factor, it is necessary to “a significant situation affecting to check the relationships and different aspects of capital with people’s daily life” [5]. The author emphasizes , other forms of capital. These capital forms are distinguished mutualsocial capital respect, is kinship firstly relations as such situations. by the fact that they are complementary to each other and enrich themselves, along with its unique features (Table 1). One researcher, who researched the social capital as urban life form as well as relations with neighbors, stressed Scientists interpret the sources of social and a number of factors that make it evolve. In particular, the followings are highlighted as sources of social capital: that social capital appears to be consisted of different fields Family (сетьSociologist - networks) and and economist principles. Glenna Luri concluded that the role of social capital factor in current process has a It creates and shapes a new system of social relations. large importance in the process of learning the degree of It promotes a certain , strengthens relationships, increases mutual trust, and creates a human being in a social environment outside the family. “amongeconomical people benefits new knowledge of various and nation practice representatives a system serves and todistinction form natural among social them. relations” In his [6]. definition Later researchers social capital paid is School attention to the conception of social capital and methodology It promotes friendship between youth, community values, traditions, beliefs, habits. School, vocational colleges capital in his work as following: “social capital is a present and higher education establishments create a new system of of learning deeply. In 1983 Burdeo P defined the social and possible complex including fixed branch connections communication between youth, pedagogues and staff. based on mutual obligation and responsibility” [7]. Local (mahalla) Besides in researching the issue of social capital Coulman J, Patnem R, Fukuyama F, Shadrin A, Gracebill M, Grissaenko They unite citizens living in one social space, combine

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Table 1: Comparative analysis of various types of capital in society. Capital view Material capital Human capital Physical capital Social capital Individual’s knowledge, skills Individual’s physical strength Relationships, norms and Form and content Material assets and experience and health values of social groups It is embodied in material It is embodied in separate It is embodied human team Embodied place It is embodied in separate people people (socium) Method of formulation and Formulated and assembled by Formulated and assembled Formed and assembled within Formed and assembled collection individuals and social groups individually the social groups within the social groups Based on educational indicators Based on health and longevity Based on confidence level Measurement Using price indicators and level of economic activity indicators and other moral values people in ceremonies, in weddings and in community needs, and welfare of citizens. service, keep celebrations, traditions, customs, values, No matter how much the concept of social capital is religious rites, paintings and hand them down to the younger generation based on succession. They perform functions of about the measurement criterion. Looking at the research establishment of youths in the pursuit of ethical education, carriedexamined out in in scientific the CIS countries, literature, we there can is see still that uncertainty there is protection from false ideas, shaping a healthy lifestyle, and empowering their talents, abilities and other peculiar formulated yet. Indicators for the level of capital adequacy positive qualities. still no scientific basis and methodology that have been Community organizations are Fordefined example, differently the Russian everywhere. researcher Konkov pointed They help to form personal and corporate culture out two different approaches to the measurement of social of employees in the economic sector, aid to exchange capital in modern sociology traditions [9]. psychological and social relationships, along with knowledge First of all, social capital can be measured directly. This is and experience, provide with the formation of professional skills and professionalism of employees. This, in turn, has a and behaviors of people. As its empirical indicators, unique characteristicbecause it is reflected features in of the people category play of an mutual important relationships role. Civil society institutes positive impact on the economic efficiency of enterprises. Secondly, social capital can perform the function of They lead to development of citizens’ free activities, their social structures and cannot be measured directly. The membership of NGOs, and active involvement in socially social networks and the positive results are its indicator [9]. useful activities, solving social problems based on civic Of course, the researcher has tried to justify the activism, strengthening cooperation principles with public correctness and effectiveness of this method. In our opinion, administration bodies, increasing trust in each other, and inter-sectorial social partnership. in measuring social capital. The latter is interpreted as an Public sector indicatorhis first idea of the is basedeffectiveness on the of size the of citizens’ human relationships and their achievements. It encompasses effective implementation of the public administration system by institutes, the establishment According to our observations, in measuring social of equal partnerships with civil society institutions and the capital, it is important to note that factors such as trust of real sector of the economy, the formation of a balance of processes which is being performed in all branches of separation of the state power, effective protection of citizens’ society;people, first,improvement to state and of lifestylessociety, as of well people as the in thereformation result of rightsinterests and and freedoms. equality of benefits through the principle of changes in social life; the participation of citizens with their own wills at non-governmental organizations. Ethnic relations The scientists are now investigating issues like who are This is participation of a small number of national and the bearer of social capital and what criteria are there for ethnic groups in social relations on an equitable basis, measuring it. The answer to this question can be obtained by experimental research. Many researchers say that social- the identity of ethnic groups (their selves), their national economic criteria can be found through socio-economic, identity,enhancing customs, their socialtraditions, protection religious and beliefs, confidence. persistence, It is psychological, and philosophical analysis. and lack of threats. Today, many researchers have done a lot of work to Over the past 15-20 years, economic analysis of social capital has unequivocally proved its role in the state and find out the impact of the credibility of society on the based on which criteria, standards and mechanisms social level of economic development and the classification of public life. However, it has not been fully defined so far, put forward by scientists and researchers. In particular, capital functions in life. The existence of social capital plays countries according to this. The scientific theories have been an important role in the harmonious development of the can be divided into three groups, i.e. high, medium and low- state, business and civil society, and promotes mutual trust researchers emphasize that European countries relatively of all participants, satisfaction of material and spiritual confidence countries. Sch J Appl Sci Res 2018 73 www.innovationinfo.org

According to the results of the research, it was included The economics scientist and researcher Sosev SA shows the measuring components in the research on the problem as Sweden, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands. The of social capital study. This method is used individually for secondin the firstgroup group was the the medium-trust high-trust society society countries countries suchlike, the study of social capital [12]. Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Iceland, and Ireland Today, the concept of social capital has become one of the that are among the countries where the family institution plays an important role. In the list of third-group countries The “problematic” side of the discussion and debate is its (low-trust society) it can be noticed France, Spain, Italy and terminologicalmost actively discussed character, trends as well in as the factors scientific that measurecommunity. the post-communist states, where social capital and economic level of social capital development. There is a need to further growth rates are increasing [10]. clarify the concepts of social capital factor in science, and to Social capital is a unique and complex concept that is develop a clear system of certain categories based on this manifested in a non-material society, and its quantitative concept. It is necessary to consider the theoretical essence of the to the theory, in the measurement of social capital the and qualitative measurement is quite difficult. According social phenomenon, to take into account its multifaceted and complex aspects, and to emphasize some of its aspects. These membership in NGOs, participation in the elections, adherencebenefits of charity,to daily sponsorship,ethical and other volunteering, norms, principles volunteering, and approaches to the disclosure of the essence of social capital other factors should be taken into account. (suchare, firstly, as network, the existence communitarian, of many institutional, socially-philosophical synergetic); In recent times, the interest of young scientists to social Secondly, the perception of social capital can be emphasized at different levels in society (macro, meso and micro capital and the use of scientific research methods in various scholars focus on its components, while others have analyzed devotedfields of to science this topic. have However, been increasing. nowadays, Experts more attention say that inis itsdegrees). appearance, In the the scientific basics descriptionof its formation, of social or its capital, functions. some paidrecent to years, the issues most ofof heuristicthe scientific possibilities articles inand the self-critical world are analysis by social capital theories [11]. The development of the social capital index is closely haveThere been is developed no single by definition foreign orscientists interpretation to study of the connected with the civic activity of the people, which is phenomenoncontent of the ofconcept. social Evencapital, though approaches different to them remain closely linked to the activity of the individual in all spheres of diverse. In interpreting the full meaning of this factor, it is public life, participation in socially useful work, motivation important to emphasize that its content should be highlighted along with internal and external factors. Accordingly, some its social effects, which is established based on its effective activity, as well as social capital should be stressed as pivotal resources. That is to say, getting a good salary is a way to phenomenon in leading auspicious activeness of society and makeresearchers full use state of social that socialservices capital and alsospeeding depends up the on financialperson’s its particular sectors. process. Conceptual analysis of social capital shows that: • Social capital is not individual, but it has the demeanor of capital has two distinct features. The analysis of scientific literature shows that social primarily collective. It is formed and enriched in the social relationships of the society.

The firstsecond is open is socialclosed capital social (bridging capital social(bonding capital). social • Social capital plays an important role in the community by capital). combining three basic principles: spiritual values, social Open social capital is used to create broadband social coalitions. When creating a trust in society, it is important • networks,Systemic, andfunctional, confidence. communicative and axiological not only to have family relationships in a limited range, but approaches are very effective in studying the also it is notable to deal with other people and communities. phenomenon of social capital in society. This, in turn, will In the formation and spread of such relations mutual trust help civil society to explore as a communicative system of is rapidly developing and “roots”. In addition, people must communication with a diverse range of entities operating adhere to universal rules and norms when dealing with on a common and trust. each other. If people have one kind of attitude towards someone, and different to someone else, this undermines Conclusion The in which social capital is developed horizontal form of social relations or horizontal social the confidence. The emergence of such social capital is called The opposite is closed social capital, that is to say social coalitions or “Putnem groups” in scientific literature. equality of values and trust. And it is a system of connections includingrelations are tolerance, formed. respect, Horizontal unity relations of concerns, are firstly human based rights. on interpreted as limiting social capital. It relies on certain Besides, horizontal relations mean mutual association that ethicalbonding norms (“bond” and in is English used by means a very “ring”, narrow “relation”), range of people. which has an opportunity to share with data, resources, ideas and feelings as well as necessity. Olson Group. Its confidence scale is very narrow, and it is used by the

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Consequently, the author describes this phenomenon as: Zur Rolle von Sozialkapital in modernen Gesellschaften. VS Verlag für “Social capital is the non-material resource of society, which Sozialwissenschaften. has been formed within the social groups, which is based on a 2. specific system, values and trust, and which leads to material 3. QuesnayPetty W, SmithF (1960) A, Ricardo Selected D Economic (1993) Anthology Works. Moscow: of economic Sotsekgiz. classics. well-being in a certain period of development.” Nankivell T(2003) Social Capital: Reviewing the Concept and its Policy Social capital, which is a very important category for Implications. Commonwealth of Australia. 4. civil society, also exists in the Uzbek society, unlike Western 5. Hanifan LJ (1916) The Rural School Community Centre. Annals of the society, it is not economic, but deeply rooted in spiritual, American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. 67: 130-138. cultural, religious and national roots. 6. Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences. Discussion Papers. After independence, it is desirable to pay special Loury GС (1977) attention, during the formation of a strong civil society to 7. Bourdieu P (1986) The forms of capital. In Handbook of Theory and the development of social capital, and its direct components . such as social co-operation, , mutual trust, civil 8. ResearchWoolcock for M (2001)the Sociology The Place of Education of Social Capital in Understanding and human rights. Social capital development in the . advancement of the market economy and the liberalization 9. andKonkov Economic AT (2006) Outcomes Social capital and economic interaction. of the social sector will in turn undoubtedly serve as an 10. important factor in the formation and progress of the “middle class”. Dvoryanov AA (2006) Social functions of trust// Region: Economics and 11. Sociology. 130-140.Social Capital: A Fad or a Fundamental Concept? in . References Ostrom E (1999) 1. Lüdicke J, Diewald M (2007) Soziale Netzwerke und soziale Ungleichheit. 12. SocialSosev SACapital: (2012) AMultifaceted Theoretical economicsPerspective, magazine 172-214.

Citation: Saidov SS (2018) The Conceptual Analysis of Social Capital within Society. Sch J Appl Sci Res. Vol: 1, Issu: 3 (71 - 75).

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