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Water Pollution and Community Perceptions in Mamelodi, Pretoria

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Water Pollution and Community Perceptions in Mamelodi, Pretoria -1- Presented at the WISA 2000 Biennial Conference, Sun City, South Africa, 28 May - 1 June 2000 WATER POLLUTION AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS IN MAMELODI, PRETORIA Darkey, D & Donaldson, SE, Department of Geographical Sciences, Vista University, Mamelodi Campus, P/Bag x1311, Silverton, Pretoria, 0127, Tel: 012-8010210, Fax: 012- 8010239 & C van der Linde & Meyer, V, Department of Chemistry, Technikon Northern Gauteng, Soshanguve, Tel: 0829280515 Abstract Rapid urbanisation is placing enormous stress on urban and rural environments in numerous ways. More so in the underdeveloped areas of South African cities. A case in point here is the former black township Mamelodi, north east of Pretoria. Water analysis has shown that two local streams are highly polluted. Residents living in areas adjacent to the two local rivers were randomly interviewed to determine their usage and perceptions of water pollution and other environmental issues. The one area being an established formal area, the other an informal under- serviced area. The preliminary findings are part of a broader multi-disciplinary and multi- institutional project to determine the effect of urbanisation on the environment. The paper will therefore have the following aims:(1) provide an understanding of communal usage and awareness of water pollution; (2) link community awareness to local governance and policy response; (3) provide some solutions to address the problem. 1. INTRODUCTION According to the 1996 Census, South African cities are 53.7% urbanised. Gauteng Province ranked first in terms of urbanisation with 97%. It also has the largest concentration of people in South Africa - over 7million people. Underdeveloped areas such as the black townships are the areas affected most by this increase in population. Pressure on housing, where 38% of Gauteng’s residents live in informal conditions, combined with a general lack of services, aggrevate conditions for sustainable living. The lack of water supply in the form of a tap inside a dwelling, correlates with informal housing percentages: 32.3% do not have a tap inside the dwelling. When this variable is measured against the race groups at national level, a huge discrepancy is observed whereby a mere 27.3% of black households have water inside a dwelling. With these statistics in mind one can hypothesise that residents living under unsustainable conditions will have a -2- different viewpoint to others in developed areas pertaining to environmental aspects such as perceptions to, among others, water pollution. Moreover, according to the White Paper on Environmental Management Policy for South Africa (1998: 77) “poorer communities bear the greatest impact from wastes because many are near to industrial areas and waste disposal sites” a condition that is caused by “ineffective waste management and poor regulatory controls [that] allow waste producers to externalise waste management costs on to the environment and society”. This paper is part of the Water Research Commissions’s research project K717/0/1. In short, the broad objectives of the project is to identify and demarcate polluted areas in certain urban areas, to identify specific pollutants, their qualitative and quantitative determination, and the impact these have on urbanized communities. The aim in this paper is fourfold: First, to provide an understanding of communal usage and awareness of water pollution in the black township of Mamelodi. Two, to determine the link between community awareness to local governance and policy response. Three to provide some solutions to address the problem. Four, to provide an analysis of the extraction of standard and spiked PAH solutions using solid phase extraction. 2. DATA COLLECTION From an educational perspective, the project is mainly aimed at research capacity building of students and staff at historically disadvantaged tertiary institutions. A structured questionnaire was designed by students of the Department of Geographical Sciences, Vista University in Mamelodi and Chemistry students from the Northern Gauteng Technikon. Interviews were conducted by the trained students in two distinct areas in Mamelodi. Both areas are located adjacent to two streams running through the township. The informal area known as Lusaka and an established formal area in Mamelodi West were identified as study areas. The questionnaire survey’s main aim was to determine local residents’ perceptions and usage of water from the streams given the fact that these are highly polluted. The questionnaire had three main sections. The first covered demographic background of the respondents. This information is needed to determine if a specific communal profile can be drawn to see which persons are most likely to make use of polluted water. The second section covered questions on the living standard and household facilities of the respondents. The lack -3- of infrastructure and services in townships are a known fact. The creation of a general picture of living conditions may assist in understanding the reasons why people may be ignorant of the consequence of the usage of polluted water. The last section covered questions relating to environmental issues. Questions were specifically asked in reference to the respondents’ usage of the river water. In total 45 households were interviewed at random of which 25 were located in the informal settlement and 20 in the formal area in Mamelodi. 3. DATA ANALYSIS 3.1Water analyses Stream site 1 - flowing through an informal settlement. Water is odourous and contaminated with surface runoff, water use for sanitary purposes and household chores. Stream site 2 (downstream of site 1) - flowing through a form of built up area. More formal settlements and shops. Poor sanitation and waste dumped in streets. Surface runoff source of stream contamination. PARAMETER STREAM SITE 1 STREAM SITE 2 Colour (445 nm) 4.4 8.9 Turbidity (NTU) 13 31 TDS (g/l) 1.55 2.70 Electrical conductivity 3.15 5.5 (mS/m) DO (mg/l) 4.2 4.15 pH 6.2 5.9 Temperature (oC) 27 24 Faecal coliform 31 000 55 000 (CFU/100 ml) Chlorine (mg/l) 0.4 0.4 Phosphate (mg/l) 5 18 Nitrate (mg/l) 20 2.25 Contamination/pollution of the stream via the informal settlements and the so called built up areas with poor sanitation and solid waste facilities, contribute towards an increase in TDS and phosphate concentrations and a decrease in nitrification capacity. This results in an increase in algal growth, with subsequent increase in colour and turbidity of the stream water. The continuous increase in the algal concentration will eventually, in a relatively short space of time, -4- lead to eutrophication of the stream water. This will result in stream water with low concentration of biota and primary productivity. The water already has a distinct odour and taste, but this situation will worsen as the stream is being contaminated daily. There is a serious high concentration of faecal coliform (FC) in the stream. It is totally out of the target concentration as suggested by DWAF (0 CFU/100 ml) and pose an enormous health risk to users of the water. Both the informal and developing built up areas next to the stream, contribute towards the pollution of the water. This places a risk on the health of the people using this water and will decrease the usability of the water in the future. 3.2 Questionnaire survey findings 3.2.1 Biographical background of respondents In order to understand the reasoning and cultural values of the community involved in the research, a demographic profile has been determined. Such a profile will reflect between respondents living in the formal and those living in the informal residential areas of Mamelodi. Majority of the respondents’ home language (Figure 1) is Northern Sotho (42.2%) and Zulu (24.4%). Apart from these two groups, a remarkably high percentage of the respondents in the informal area are Shangaan/Tsonga speaking. This geolinguistic pattern may indicate the high number of people moving from the Northern Province and Mpumalanga areas to Gauteng. The level of influx to Mamelodi is clearly illustrated in Figure 2 where it is vivid that most of the households (88%) living in the informal area moved there after 1994. This is in contrast to the formal area where 65% of the respondents have been residing since the period 1960-1970. It is thus evident that the demise of apartheid since 1990 contributed to a dramatic movement of blacks to establish informal residential areas in Mamelodi in that 96% of the household in the informal area have been living there since 1990. The average number of household members in the informal area is 3.6, whereas in the formal area it is 6.9 people per household. In the informal area the majority (33%) of the household members fall in the category 21-30 years old (Figure 3). This relatively short period that the households -5- have been living in the informal area, as well as the low number of household members, is typical of new in-migrant movement trends. The new in-migrant arrives in the city to find employment, hence he or she usually arrives with only one or two family members. Once the in-migrant has gained a foothold in the city economy, then other family members will join and income will be spent on improving levels of infrastructure and living conditions. Income levels for the household are on par to monthly income levels for South Africa according to the 1996 Census (Statistics South Africa, 1996: 57). In the survey it was determined that 40.0% of the employed persons in the households earn between R1001 and R3000 collectively per month (Figure 4). Second to that, a large group of households (35.6%) earn between R1 and R1000 per month. A shocking finding revealed that 6.7% of households have no means of monthly income. The higher income levels of households are however on par with the Gauteng Provincial average where 15.6% of economically active people earn more than R4500 per month (Statistics South Africa, 1996: 59).
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