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R 90 0859738 5 .;!.!..-H:;.--.'r 90 0859738 5 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rest with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. University of Plymouth Charles Seale Hayne Library Subject to status this item may be renewed via your Voyager account http://vovager.pivmouth.ac.uk Tel: (01752) 232323 POPULATION GROWTH IN A HIGH AMENITY AREA: MIGRATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE IN CORNWALL By Katarzyna Kowalczuk A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Applied Psychosocial Sciences Faculty of Health in collaboration with Cornwall County Council March 2010 ^ Katarzyna Kowalczuk Population growth in a high amenity area: migration and socio­ economic change in Cornwall Abstract The thesis provides a deeper understanding of migration flows to high amenity areas using the example of migration to, and from Cornwall. Cornwall is a remote, non-metropolitan county which has been experiencing very strong population growth since the 1970s almost solely due to in-migration. There are several aspects of the project that should contribute to an understanding of internal migration in England and Wales. First, a cohort analysis of migrants brings insights into the migration strategies of in-migrants and out-migrants throughout the period. Using the case of Cornwall allows the examination of migration patterns in a peripheral location where commuting opportunities are limited, and allows comparison with a more accessible rural area, Wiltshire. Secondly, through the creation of a new area type classification the project helps to explore the environmental dimension of migration. The typology is used to investigate the residential patterns of migrants and non-migrants and to test the hypothesis that environmental preferences are significant in the choice by in-migrants of where to live. Finally, The research investigates some pressing issues in Cornwall, issues which are relevant also for other non-metropolitan areas, such as the shortage of affordable housing, the detrimental impact of tourism and poor economic development, and their links with migration. The research focuses especially on labour market problems and housing need, due to their policy relevance. Comparisons between the migrant and non-migrant populations provide the basis for estimating the impacts of migration on the restructuring of labour and housing markets in Cornwall. List of Contents Page Introduction 1 1. Chapter 1 Migration research - patterns, explanations and impact 10 1.1 Internal migration -empirical and theoretical issues 10 1.1.1 Internal migration patterns in the developed world 11 1.1.2 Internal migration patterns in the UK 14 1.1.3 Counterurbanisation 17 1.1.4 Migration into rural and non-metropolitan areas 22 1.2 Explanations of migration 25 1.2.1 'Homo Economicus' - migration as one of the economic 25 mechanisms 1.2.2 Life course approach 27 1.2.3 Structuralist approach - post-industrial society theory 30 1.2.4 Counterurbanisation 34 1.2.5 Lifestyle migration 36 1.3 Migration Studies 38 1.4 Impact of migration 41 1.4.1 Demographic impact 41 1.4.2 Economic development 42 1.4.3 Housing 45 1.4.4 Social consequences 47 1.4.5 Services 48 1.5 Conclusion 49 2. Chapter 2 Cornish context - demographic and socio-economic 50 changes in Cornwall 2.1 Geographical context 52 2.1.1 Cornwall as part of the South West Region 53 2.1.2 Cornwall as a rural county 54 2.1.3 Rural and urban areas in Cornwall 56 2.2 Demographic context 56 2.2.1 Migration to Cornwall previous studies 59 2.2.2 Explanation of migration to Cornwall- previous studies 63 2.3 Economic context 65 2.3.1 Industrialisation and deindustrialisation- mining and 66 manufacturing in the history of Comwall 2.3.2 Holiday industry - economic, demographic and social 68 effects 2.3.3 1971-2001 - the economic situation during three 71 decades of population growth 2.4 Social context 76 2.4.1 Territorial identity 76 2.4.2 Migration and its effects on social structure 78 2.4.3 Housing market 80 2.4.4 Social cohesion 82 2.5 Environmental context 83 2.6 Conclusions 85 3. Chapters Methods 87 3.1 Data 87 3.1.1 Census and ONS Longitudinal Study (ONS LS) 87 3.1.2 Cornwall and Wiltshire samples in the ONS 90 Longitudinal Study (ONS LS) 3.1 3 Main concepts 94 3 2 Development of the area type classification 104 3.2.1 Existing classifications and the rationale for designing a 104 new typology 3.2.2 Criteria used in creation of the typology 106 3.2.3 Problems encountered 107 3.2.4 The potential of the suggested typology 109 3 3 Analytical issues 110 3 3 1 Sampling - units of analysis 110 3 32 Missing data 111 3.3.3 Linking Censuses through time 112 3.4 Research questions 114 3 41 Research Question 1 114 3.4.2 Research Question 2 115 3 4 3 Research Question 3 117 3 4.4 Research Question 4 118 3.4.5 Research Question 5 118 4 Chapter 4 Population growth and economic development- 120 comparable case strategy in search of differentiating counter- urban migration flows 4 1 Population growth and employment in Cornwall and Wiltshire 122 4.2 Economic activity and migration - should we differentiate 129 counter-urban flows 4.2 1 Economic activity of migrants - differences in migrants 134 charactenstics before their move or impact of the local labour markets 4.2 2 Age and social position - life cycle and aspirations of 139 middle class thesis 4.3 Labour market restructunng in Cornwall and Wiltshire -the 145 impact of migration 4 4 Conclusion 150 5. Chapter 5 Migration flows to and from Cornwall 1971-2001 153 5.1 In-migrants to Cornwall 153 5.1.1 In-migrants to Cornwall in the context of the life cycle 154 concept 5 1.2 In-migration in the context of counterurbanisation 158 5 13 Labour market histones of in-migrants to Cornwall 161 5.2 Out-migrants from Cornwall 175 5.2.1 Age structure 176 5.2.2 Who leaves Cornwall - unemployed, school leavers or 178 workers? 5.2.3 Fortunes of out-migrants 185 5.2.4 Geography of out-migration 190 5.3 Return and repeat migrants 193 5.3.1 Return migrants 194 5.3.2 Repeat migrants 197 5.4 Conclusions 201 6. Chapter 6 Residential patterns accordinq to area type 205 classification 6.1 Residential patterns of in-migrants and the non-migrant 208 population in Cornwall 6.1.1 Environmental preferences according to residential 208 patterns 6.1.2 Profiles of migrant residents in various area types 213 6.2 Area types - profiles of residents 221 6.2.1 Migration and local communities in Cornwall 221 6.2.2 Population profiles of area types 223 6.3 Conclusions 231 7. Chapter 7 Housing and in-migration in Cornwall 233 7.1 Availability and affordability of housing in Comwall 233 7.2 Migration and housing 240 7.3 Housing circumstances of migrants and non-migrants in 2001 245 7.4 Housing careers 251 7.5 Conclusions 253 8. Chapter 8 Discussion 256 8.1 Research questions 256 8.2 Explanation of migration 259 8.2.1 Various types of non-metropolitan areas 259 8.2.2 Age 261 8.2.3 Economic and lifestyle factors 262 8.2.4 House price differentials 264 8.2.5 Heterogeneity of migrants 265 8.2.6 Out-migrants 266 8.3 Impact of migration 267 8.3.1 Migration as a challenge for social cohesion 267 8.3.2 Area specific effects of migration 268 8.3.3 Relationship between housing and migration 270 8.4 Local impact 270 8.5 Further research 272 9. Appendix 1 Glossary of terms related to population 273 10. Appendix 2 Cornwall Area Type Classification - look-up table 276 11. Appendjx 3 Cpmpanson of Census and LS data - age 281 distribution in 2001 In different area types 12. Appendix 4 Irregularities group 282 13 References 285 List of Tables 2.1 IVIotivation of migrants to Cornwall in 1984 and 2005 60 2.2 IVIoney spent by tourists in 2006 in the South West 70 2.3 Industry of employment 1971-2001 72 3.1 LS sample for Cornwall 93 3.2 LS sample for Wiltshire 93 3.3 An example of a cohort table 115 4.1 Percentage population change for Cornwall and Wiltshire by decade 122 4.2 Population growth by components of population change 123 4.3 GVA (£) per head (UK=100) 124 4.4 Unemployment among.economically active population 125 4.5 Percentage of part-time employees among economically active population 126 4.6 Percentage of self-employed among economically active population 126 4.7 Wages - Average gross full-time weekly earnings (£) 128 4.8 Economic activity of male working age in-migrants after migration 131 4.9 Economic activity of female working age in-migrants after migration 132 4.10 Economic activity of male working age in-migrants before migration 135 4.11 Economic activity of female working age in-migrants before migration 135 4.12 Economic activity of male working age in-migrants after migration and 138 the non-migrant population 4.13 Economic activity of female working age in-migrants after migration 138 and the non-migrant population 4.14 Working age male population - proportion in employment 141 4.15 Working age female population - proportion in employment 142 4.16 Male migrants - social class Ipefore migration 143 4.17 Female migrants - social class before migration 144 5.1 Percentage of male in-migrants above retirement age (65+) 156 5.2 Percentage of fehnale in-migrants above retirement age (60+) 157 5.3 Origins of migrants by GORs 160 5.4 Economic activity of male in-migrants to Cornwall 164 5.5 Labour market position of male migrants who were in employment 166 before migration 5.6 Labour market position
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