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1 LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE, the BENTHOS and the EPISTEMOLOGIES of INSHORE FISHING JEREMY ANBLEYTH-EVANS a Thesis Submitted In

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LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE BENTHOS AND THE EPISTEMOLOGIES OF INSHORE FISHING JEREMY ANBLEYTH-EVANS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2018 1 2 Abstract The thesis presents a re-theorisation of inshore fishers’ Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of the benthos in Southern England. The benthos needs greater consideration as European Union and United Kingdom assessments of marine stocks continue only to quantify demersal stocks, rather than considering the benthic ecology of the seabed. There is also a gap in knowledge, concerning the changing nature of fisher LEK of inshore fishers. This doctoral research was initiated with participant observation of the fishing techniques of inshore fishers around the South of England. These revealed different approaches to learning about the seabed benthos, and the impacts of different fishing techniques. This informed the questions used in semi- structured interviews with fishers in 24 fishing harbours located around Southern England. They were selected to ensure different influences were considered, including proximity to over 10m fishers, ports, industrial development activities and different conservation challenges. Sixty fishers were interviewed, including both skippers and crew members. Previous definitions of LEK have related to Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). These TEK definitions have been based on the cultural transmission of knowledge in indigenous communities. Differently the critical realist framework applied in this thesis, facilitates a new understanding of fisher LEK by examining how actions are changed into outcomes through mechanisms which have influenced fisher LEK and / or combined fisher LEK with scientific knowledge. The originality of this thesis includes an examination of how broad mechanisms of scientific research, technology, and governance contribute to the development of fisher LEK of the benthos. Previous research has suggested that LEK is simply becoming universally available global harvesting knowledge (GHK). This research proposes the original view that recent interactions of fisher knowledge with scientific knowledge, through specific mechanisms including boundary spanners in conservation programmes, discarding assessments, new technologies and habitat mapping have transformed fisher LEK. Under a second broad mechanism of technology, the specific mechanisms shaping fisher LEK include more accessible techniques for sensing and recording the seabed, new telecommunication forms between fishers, and new social media. The third broad mechanism of changing governance includes an emerging social movement of fishers as a specific mechanism which influences fisher LEK. This specific mechanism has seen knowledge adapting to demonstrate its compatibility with scientific quota assessment, challenging the quota property rights assigned to the over 10m fleet. The broad mechanism of changing governance identifies that fisher LEK has also changed through threats to habitats and livelihoods, including industrial fishing, port development, aggregate dredging and wind energy, initiating responses from fishers and in some cases key stakeholders. The thesis sets out how the current system of marine governance could be improved to support the inclusion of LEK that affords an integration of fisher knowledge with scientific evidence. The findings of this doctoral research suggest that improved marine management outcomes require political changes and emancipatory mechanisms, in order to move towards a marine democracy and healthier seas through interactions between fishers, scientists and governance. This thesis has proposed new term for the epistemic rights of fishers, their Pescastemic Rights, the right to a way of knowing as well as a right to be included in research and governance processes. 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 3 FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ 9 GRAPHS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 10 AUTHOR ’S DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ACRONYMS USED ............................................................................................................................ 12 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE BENTHOS AND THE EPISTEMOLOGIES OF INSHORE FISHING ...................................................................................... 16 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE THESIS ..................................................................................................... 16 1.2 INTRODUCING HOW FISHER LEK OF THE BENTHOS IS CHANGING ............................................................ 17 1.2.1 FISHER LEK OF THE BENTHOS ............................................................................................................. 17 1.2.2. HOW TECHNOLOGY IS CHANGING AND INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHER LEK OF THE BENTHOS ...... 18 1.2.3. THE INTERACTION OF QUOTA GOVERNANCE , SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND FISHER LEK OF THE BENTHOS ....... 19 1.3 REFLEXIVITY AND MOTIVATIONS FOR RESEARCH ................................................................................ 20 1.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS ............................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2 THE CONTEXT OF INSHORE FISHERIES ....................................................................... 24 2.1 BACKGROUND HISTORY TO INSHORE FISHERIES ................................................................................. 24 2.2 FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................... 25 2.3 FISHERIES SCIENCE AND GOVERNANCE WITHIN EU STATES ................................................................... 28 2.4 THE UK PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF FISHERIES GOVERNANCE ........................................ 31 2.5 DEFINING INSHORE FISHING AND TYPES OF FISHING ........................................................................... 35 2.6 INSHORE FISHING AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES ................................................................................ 37 2.7 POLICY BACKGROUND : ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS AND CONSERVATION ........................................................ 38 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW INCLUDING CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF LEK............................... 42 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 42 3.1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINING AND RE -THEORISING LEK ........................................................................ 43 3.1.2 REFUTATION AND CONTESTATION OF TEK AND CONSTRUCTIVISM ............................................................. 47 3.2 THE RELEVANCE OF FISHER LEK AND THE INTERACTION WITH SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ................................... 49 3.2.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEK IN FISHERIES RESEARCH GOVERNANCE .............................................................. 49 3.2.2 CODIFICATION , COMBINATION TENSIONS , AND POWER RELATIONS ............................................................ 52 3.2.3 THE PERCEPTION OF FISHER LEK IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS ........................................................ 56 3.2.4 ON FISHER LEARNING AND THE APPLICATION OF LEK IN CONSERVATION PRACTICE ....................................... 61 4 3.3 THE INFLUENCE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND NEOLIBERALISM ON LEK ................................................... 65 3.3.1 THE EFFECT OF NEOLIBERAL MARKETS ON LEK ....................................................................................... 65 3.3.2 THE INFLUENCE OF FISHING TECHNOLOGIES ON LEK................................................................................ 66 3.3.3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONSERVATION .................................................................................................... 67 3.4 THE INTERACTION OF GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION WITH LEK ............................................. 69 3.4.1. RATIONALISATION OF FISHERIES , SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND LEK ........................................................... 69 3.4.2 FISHER LEK AND INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION ............................................................................ 71 3.4.3 THE INFLUENCE OF PROPERTY RELATIONS AND NEOLIBERALISM UPON LEK .................................................. 73 3.4.4 THE INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS AND CIVIL SOCIETY ON DEVELOPING LEK ............................................... 78 3.5 CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................
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