BOAT PEOPLE ANAGE' INVE! Grant, Bruce Book Penguin JI Penguin Bwb the Boat Kople Y W an 'Age' Inwst~Dtian

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

BOAT PEOPLE ANAGE' INVE! Grant, Bruce Book Penguin JI Penguin Bwb the Boat Kople Y W an 'Age' Inwst~Dtian THE BOAT PEOPLE ANAGE' INVE! Grant, Bruce book Penguin JI Penguin Bwb The Boat kople Y w An 'Age' Inwst~dtian Bruce Grant, author, diplomat and intcrmtionai affeirs writer, was born i kr131,Western Auamlia, in 1925. He was foreign correspondent in Europc, Aaia and America (1954-65), Nicman Fellow at Harvard University (l958), Fellow in Political Science at Melbourne University (1965-68), columnigt for L the Age (1968-72) and Ausaalian High Commissioner in India (1973-761, His publicwiona include Zndorresia, i'k Criris The Secun'~of SOYIJI- Eat Ark, fiction in leading journsl~such as the New Yorb, and I nwel, ChyBh, to be published in 1980. The ktPwpls draws on the repotts of foreign correspcndcna of the Aus- mlian newspaper, the Age, which undenwk this rpeci~lintmitiond inveb- ligation into the events behind the refugee crisis. The boat pcople's story I pivoted on South-Fast Asia, where correspndenr Michael Richrdm has I ken following dcvelopmcnts and filing authoritative reports for sevm yean. He uawlled cxtensivcly throughout the region to inmicw, research and repon for this book. Conuibutom: Crcighton Burns (USA);Jennifer Byrnc (Canada); John Slcc (Japan); John Hodfman (Chh); Sunanda Dattu-Ray (India); Dcv Murarkn (USSR); hvid Mitchell and David Young (New Zealand); huick Royce (London); Chris- topher Mc~y(Sweden); Robin Smytb (Fmncc); Colirr Smith (L'SA); Rttxccu Bnttirs and Lindsay Murdoch (Aulsrralia). THE CELLAR DOQK SHC)@ PapinBooks Ltd, Harmwdrwnnh, Middkwr, Hnghd Preface vii kW -1 Inuoduction 1 623 Msdiwn Avenue. Ntw Brk N.Y 10022, U.S.A. Rnguin Rmks Aulmlia Ltd, 1 Landfall 7 487 Mamodah Hibway Rinpood. Vkh.Aulmlir 2 Legacy 33 hguin Boeks Cw& Ltd, 2801 John S-I, Markhuh Ontub, Clnrrln 3 Armada 51 Penguin Amks (N.Z.)I.td, 18&190 Wahu W,Aukland 10, Nnv Zcsbd 4 Exodus 82 Firat publirhtd 19n 5 Trafficking 108 Cn~yrightD Tk Ap, I979 Mode and pr~ntcdin Austnlii at 6 Stability 134 'Ihe &minion PNs* Blatkbum, Vicrwir 7 Resettlement 158 Sn in Plnntin by The Dovl Tnx Simp, Mtlhm F=pr in rhe United Srsiea of hricn, 8 Prospect 195 thil bmk ir mld subject m the condihn hi .t 1hd1nu. by way Oi wde or hmue,k mi, re-mld, kirtd wt, or olhcrwlsrclrcr.maa w~rheut Maps the publihu'a pior msmt in my ronn of Smith-East Asia 2 10- 11 bindinf or corn aim hnrlut in whkh ii ia plblimkal nnd withwt n hihr mnditim &settht 212-13 inrludiq chis cdithkine impOBcd m puharqumt purciurcr. Chronology 215 Index 219 Cnnq Bm. The btpeople Ider ISRK 0 I4 U155311 Preface When the first wave of bmt people sailed quietly over the horizon, out of Vitmam, few observers in the western world realized what thw brave and mysterious voyages portended. Since then, as tht refugees have been turning up in more or less reluctant hwt cwntria from Norway to Australia, it has become gradually appar- ent that the hat people are not merely another desperate swmrm of 'displaced persons', but he victims and indicators of a profound regional instability. With the fall of Saigon in 1975, two centuries of western ascendancy in South-East Asia meabruptly to an end. ThereafterI old nationalisms and new ideologies rsselrad them- stlves. Now, the three superpowers - the United Statel, Russia and China - hover uncertainly on thc South-East Asian periphery, their armed forces approaching each other more clogly than anywhere else on earth. The boar people ere a warning to the rest of us that the whole region, during the next phase of its history, is liable to become increasingly a source of unrest, anxiety, and war. A newspaper can report the day-tu-day manifesmeions of an inter- national development on this scale, but in the nature of things cannot explore at length its causes and repercussions. When, therefore, Pen- guin Books approached thc Ap and asked us if wc could produce, rapidly, a book that would investigate a phenomenon that, as every week went by, more and more plainly demanded an explanation, we vcry soon decided, though initially daunted, that we could do it. We asked Bruce Grant, with whom the Age has hod a long association, if he, with his special Asian experience, would m~termindthe bwk. In the Age's South-East Asian correspondent, Michael Richardwn, who had spent seven years in the region, we had a reportcr who com- bined exceptional knowledge and cxtraonlinary stamina; hc has sup- plied the core of the book, and it could not have been written without him. vii The orher contributors were numerous and international. They included Creighton Bums from Washington, Jennifer Byme from Canada, John Ske from Tokyo, John Hoffman from China, Sunanda Daaa-Ray from India, Dcv Murarlra from the Soviet Union, David Mitchell and David Young from New Zealand, Patrick Boyce from London, Christopher Mosey from Sweden, and, in Ausualia, Rebecca Battia and Lindsay Murdoch. The Age Ediio$l note foreign editor, Cameron Forbes, md assistant editor, Tom Duggan, were actively involved. The London Obtmallowed mo members All dollar mounts an in US dollars. of their staff to contribute: Robin Smyth sent a report from France, and Colin Smith sent an account of the fall of higon. Most of us In the case of some refugees inmiewd for this W, who believe learned a grear deal about the subject as we went along. The book there may be repercussions on their relatives, pseudonym8 have been brings together e lot of material that was known but scattered, and wd. a lot besides that was not known of the whole ominous story. MICHAEL DAVIB Editor The Age Melbourne, Oaobcr 1979 viii Introduction In the last four years, more than a million people are known to have left the thrte countries of former Indo-China: Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. About half of these have been Vietnamese and, of them, about half have been 'boat people'. This hkis about the boat people - not because thcy are more important than other refugees, but Muse their dramatic story exemplifies the bitter morn1 and political dilemmas posed by all refugees. Like all refugees, the boat people are testing human reason and conscience. This is especially so mt n time of economic uncertainty in the industrial democracies and frustration in the developing world. We have komc accustomed to people fleeing from one or other of the horsemen of the apocalypse. What is ominous about the boat people is that the forca of politics and history that propelled them into the sea are not likely suddenly to recede because the flow of refugees has been turned off. Their personal crisis reflects a deeper aisis. Like the Balkans before the first world war and the Middle East tuday, the Indo-Chinese statts are involved with the major powers in a contest for prestige, influence and mastery that reverberates far beyond their region. 'he wenticth century has ken marked by revolution, per- secution and war, and its temper shows no sign of mderating. A rccent official estimate is that there are now L3 million refugees in the world, the highest number since the second world war. In 1945 most of the refugees were in Europe; today thcy are in Africa, the Middle Earit, Latin America and Asia. Their numbers are expected to increase. Half of them art children. In the case of the Indo- Chinese refugees, all the eaditional ingredients, including natural disasters, are present, as well as one factor that makes their ordeal particularly significant. The three major powers, the United States, the Soviet Union and China, hover over Vietnam in s statate of unresolved rivalry and potential conflict, The story of the boat Gemany and Vieman mn bt misleading, however. Vietnam is a people cannot be told without taking into account the shifts of power small country and has r long history of conflict with its large neigh- and shaping of new forces in Asia which have followed the emerg- bour China, whose attitude towards Chinese who live outside its ence of an independent united Vietnam, borders has been historically ambiguous. China, now a nuclear A refugee is an unwanted person, He or she make a claim upon power, remains a that to Viemm, and it is understandable, if not the humanity of others without always having much, or even any- excusable, that the Viemamat should both suspect the Chinese in thing somctimcs, to give in return. If, aft- resettlement, a refugee their midst and use them as a political weapon against Peking. The works hard or is lucky and successful, he mmy be accused of taking attitude of Germany to the Jews had no such foundation. tht work or the luck or succas from someone elat. If he fails or The parallel does hold in some tcspects, however, Jews who left becomes resentful or unhappy, he is thought to be ungrateful and Germany in the early 1930s tended to be those with means or inttl- a burden on the community. A refuget is cspccirlly unwmtcd by lemal convictions and being few in number were relatively easy to officials: his papers are rarely in ordet, his health is often suspect; absorb. This was also mrc of Vietnamese refugee been1975 and and sometimes, although he claims to be fleeing from persecution, the middle of 1977, with the exception of the 130 000 who left he is simply wing to get from a poor, overpopulated counuy to a precipitately with the American8 after the fall of Saigon. These were rich, underpopulated onc. Yet it is also tmc that refugees havc con- a special group who in one way or another had come to depend on tributed richly to thcir adopted communities.
Recommended publications
  • University of Cape Town
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Lost Soldiers from Lost Wars: A Comparative Study of the Collective Experience of Soldiers of the Vietnam War and the Angoran/Namibian Border War by Gretchen Bourland Rudham BRLGRE002 Town Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts inCape English (American Studies) of Department of English Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town University2003 This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people, has,.,bee!l pttributed, and has been cited and referenced. Jr~ 3. ~c.Y~ignature Lost Soldiers from Lost Wars: A Comparative Study of the Collective Experience of Soldiers of the Vietnam War and the Angolan/Namibian Border War I explore the Vietnam War and the Border War of South Africa through the analysis of the oral histories of the soldiers who fought in these wars. Considering the scarcity of oral histories about the Border War, I conducted several personal interviews with Border War soldiers to add to the oral histories representing that conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes of Terengganu East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia Ii Iii
    i Fishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail: [email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Freshwater and Marine Indigenous Microalgae Species from Terengganu Water Bodies for Potential Uses As Live Feeds in Aquaculture Industry
    Int Aquat Res (2020) 12:74-83 https://doi.org/10.22034/IAR(20).2020.671730 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Isolation of freshwater and marine indigenous microalgae species from Terengganu water bodies for potential uses as live feeds in aquaculture industry Nor Azman Kasan . Farah Shahirah Hashim . Noorazilah Haris . Muhammad Faiz Zakaria . Nor Najwa Mohamed . Nadiah W Rasdi . Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid . Tomoyo Katayama . Kazutaka Takahashi . Malinna Jusoh Received: 25 August 2019 / Accepted: 10 March 2020 / Published online: 31 March 2020 The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Microalgae are considered as a promising resource for high-value substances. In this study, indigenous microalgae were isolated from various habitats and the optimum growth parameters for high lipid production were determined. Species identification was done by using universal 18S rDNA. Water quality was recorded during the sampling to determine the basic physical-chemical parameters for the growth studies. The screening for microalgae growth was done using plate reader with a focus on lipid-rich isolates by Nile Red fluorescent dye at different growth phase for 15 days. Results showed that ten microalgae species have been successfully cultivated from Terengganu water bodies. Analysis from genus Chlorella showed five isolates (TRG1-A01, TRG1-C01, TRG2-E01, TRG5-A01, and TRG3-B01) were clustered together, while two isolates (TRG2-A01, TRG3-A01) from the genus Nannochloropsis were N. oceania. Another two isolates (TRG1-D01, TRG1-E01) were closely clustered with Desmodesmus subspicatus while TRG4-C01 was clustered with Dicloster aquatus. The strain TRG2-A01 showed the highest fluorescent intensity indicating its potential to produce the highest intracellular lipid content.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Support and Coping Strategies: Improving Coastal Single Mothers’ Well-Being in Malaysia
    ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 SOCIAL SUPPORT AND COPING STRATEGIES: IMPROVING COASTAL SINGLE MOTHERS’ WELL-BEING IN MALAYSIA Marhaini Mohd Noor1, Zakaria Mohamad2, Mazidah Mohd Dagang3, Zuhda Husain4, Jasmi Abu Talib5, Rabaaton Adawiah Mohd Yusof6, Fazliyaton Ramley7, Nurul Atiqah Ab Raji8 1Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia E-mail:[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],5jasbatrisy [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Received: 14 April 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 August 2020 ABSTRACT: This study is aimed to improve coastal single mothers‟ well-being with social support coping strategies. There has been an increase in numbers of single mothers in Malaysia and their well-being is crucial as female-headed households. A total of 328 respondents involved using the purposive sampling technique. Field studies were conducted using Coping Strategies Inventory (COPE) questionnaires on coastal single mothers from four locations in Kuala Nerus district. Social support was identified as the main predictor in this study. Thus to find out the level of well-being among single mothers, descriptive statistics in the form of percentage and mean were analyzed. Then, the relationship between well-being and social support were measured using Pearson correlation. Lastly, social support predictor factors were analyzed using multiple regression to determine factors that influence single mothers‟ well-being. This study indicated that there has been different levels of well-being and negative relationship between the social support and well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • Merang Jetty to Redang Schedule
    Merang Jetty To Redang Schedule Sometimes presidential Pattie inquire her checker acceptably, but fecund Augustine situates incombustibly or acquiesces unendurably. Planular Rex always silicify his kalpak if Ignazio is sclerosal or imposes sniffingly. Voiced and leaderless Herrmann loures her lablabs sardines mats and fits fortunately. Hentian putra bus ride a dedicated jetty redang jetty where are for both at merang jetty it before you agree to How smart you intelligence to Redang Island? But I suggest foreigners use public transport via Kuala Terengganu Jetty to go to Redang Islands. Some of redang airport or shahbandar jetty or does your flight arrive at any documentation required for a schedule might be a day? Thank you merang jetty fare search ensuring that you enjoy watching corals, a schedule might change accordingly. Find more information about travelling between Kuala Terengganu and Redang Island in our full guide here including photos of every step. Boat easily to Redang Island Merang Waterfront Jetty. Yes, please send travel inspiration straight to my inbox. To perhentian resort, free to redang jetty merang to the most popular forms of the bus from pen to take in. We have an answer to any question. Fares and Schedules Merang Jetty. Thank you out of private transfers or by air hitam, there are waiting for a schedule might change. In the end, we still arrived at our resort near Long Beach at reasonable time although it could have been much faster without the unscheduled wait. 25 Best Things to accuse in Langkawi Malaysia The Crazy Tourist. When will you return? Langkawi then some coach services are mentioned as merang jetty is better than other places.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatimah Az Zahra' Abdul Hamid – Dissertation.Pdf
    DISTRIBUTION AND CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN SOIL OF PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA FATIMAH AZ ZAHRA’ BT ABDUL HAMID FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University of Malaya 2018 DISTRIBUTION AND CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN SOIL OF PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA FATIMAH AZ ZAHRA’ BT ABDUL HAMID DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2018 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: FATIMAH AZ ZAHRA’ BT ABDUL HAMID Matric No: SGR 150068 Name of Degree: Master of Science Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): DISTRIBUTION AND CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN SOIL OF PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA Field of Study: Applied Geology I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions of Race and Class Among Chicano Vietnam Veterans Ybarra Lea
    Vietnam Generation Volume 1 Number 2 A White Man's War: Race Issues and Article 7 Vietnam 4-1989 Perceptions of Race and Class Among Chicano Vietnam Veterans Ybarra Lea Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Lea, Ybarra (1989) "Perceptions of Race and Class Among Chicano Vietnam Veterans," Vietnam Generation: Vol. 1 : No. 2 , Article 7. Available at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration/vol1/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vietnam Generation by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. P e r c e p t io n s o f R a c e ancI CLa ss A ivionq C hiCANO VIETNAM VETERANS L ea YbARRA “La Batalla Esta Aqui” was a rallying ciy in the 1960s and 1970s for those within the Chicano community who opposed the Vietnam War. They held that the real battle was in the United States, not in Vietnam, and that the billions of dollars that were being spent on the war abroad were needed for the war against poverty at home. They felt that money which was going to support the war could be better used improving medical care, housing and educational opportunities for Americans: With that money we could have built eight million new homes, worth $25,000 each—wiping out our slums. Every time we blow up a village in Vietnam we are spending enough money to build a new hospital or library here.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Calendar
    2018 Calendar twitter.com/tropimundo www.facebook.com/tropi.mundo.1 www.linkedin.com/in/tropimundo www.instagram.com/trop_i_mundo Website programming & management by Artprotect.be THANK YOU TO ALL PARTNERS OF TROPIMUNDO Credits/Contacts Calendar info :This calendar was made using photographs courtesy of our students. All Application photographs were taken between 2014 and 2016. National holidays in Belgium, France, Italy, Annual scholarship call: 01/10-30/11 Welcome from the Chair Cameroon, Malaysia and Australia, our study sites, were included and so were selected events Annual self-funded call: 01/10-15/06 2017 marked the EC Erasmus programme’s 30th anniversary and of international importance. or until all places are exhausted to date the EC has also 120 Erasmus Mundus excellence programmes Calendar Cover Illustration: offering scholarships. The Erasmus Mundus Masters Course in Tropical SHANKAR POTI : TROPIMUNDO,Meenakshi a unique Biodiversity and Ecosystems – TROPIMUNDO is one of them. On master programme that gives you a worldview of ecology and conservation research, focusing behalf of the TROPIMUNDO Consortium I am honoured to coordinate mainly on the tropics... such a programme with a much-needed focus on tropical rainforests and Information page photograph (above): woodlands and tropical coastal ecosystems in an era marked by species LACHS : Left: Nasalis larvatus, Kinabatang extinctions, habitat destruction, and other anthropogenically-induced River, Malaysia. Liam impacts. Janan GAWRA palm trees, Angkor: Right: Wat, A Cambodia. rainbow circle and tree In their 2-year Master programme, of which an entire semester is We thank all teaching and administrative staff spent in the tropics, TROPIMUNDO students focus on understanding at all participating institutions, as well as all our ecosystem functions, goods and services, conservation, management and students and alumni.
    [Show full text]
  • Decreto Del Direttore Amministrativo N
    Master’s Degree programme – Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004) in International Relations Final Thesis Vietnamese Refugee Crisis International Response and Legal Frameworks Supervisor Ch. Prof. Roberto Peruzzi Co-Supervisor Ch. Prof. Duccio Basosi Graduand Enrica Cesaratto Matriculation Number 832936 Academic Year 2015 / 2016 Contents Abstract...................................................................................................................I Introduction...........................................................................................................1 1. Historical Background.....................................................................................7 1.1 Vietnam in XVII and VXIII Centuries................................................... 7 1.2 Awakening of Nationalist Sentiments...................................................8 1.3 Nationalism and Communism, a combination: Ho Chi Minh..............9 1.4 Japanese Occupation.....................................................…....................11 1.5 The return of Ho Chi Minh and the formation of the Viet Minh.........13 1.6 Division of Vietnam..............................................................................14 1.7 The Indochina War...............................................................................15 1.8 Two Vietnams...................................................................................... 16 1.9 The National Liberation Front, NLF....................................................19 1.10 American involvement and consequent
    [Show full text]
  • ID-79-20 the Indochinese Exodus
    @ *“i BY THE COMPTROLLERGENERAL Report ToThe Congress, -. 7, OF THEUNITED STATES M r.: The Indochinese Exodus: A Humanitarian Dilemma The continuing flow of refugees from Com- munist Indochina has strained the willingness and ability of Asian asylum countries to provide temporary care for refugees. Refugee camps are overcrowded and inadequate. There is a need for camps where U.N. and voluntary agencies can care for refugees and can process them for permanent resettle- ment, free from political restraints and the international relations problems of the asylum countries. Greater international participation in resettlement is essential. The U.S. commitment is clouded by outdated provisions in its immigration laws. Revisions that clearly embody US. intentions could help motivate participation of other nations and eliminate uncertainties which inhibit the resettlement work of voluntary agencies and Federal, State, and local governments. 109234 . .-; : (‘,.,.. ‘_ ,I. j ’ , 1; ;’ I. ‘, I,‘. :, Ii. ..1 ‘” . ,:. COMPTROLLER ORNERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASWINOTON. D,G. tD8U B-133001 : . To the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives cltlo 0m0I This report describes (1) the nature and growth of the Indochinese refugee problem and (2) how the refugee problem is being addressed by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the countries of first asylum in Southeast Asia, the United States, and other nations. The report de- scribes the programs for selecting and processing refugees for admission to the United States and for resettling them in American communities. Following the changes of Government in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the spring of 1975, we reported on the evacuation of refugees from Indochina and on the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Enrichment of Microbial Abundance in the Sea-Surface Microlayer Over a Coral Reef: Implications for Biogeochemical Cycles in Reef Ecosystems
    Vol. 490: 11–22, 2013 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published September 17 doi: 10.3354/meps10481 Mar Ecol Prog Ser FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Enrichment of microbial abundance in the sea-surface microlayer over a coral reef: implications for biogeochemical cycles in reef ecosystems Ryota Nakajima1,*, Kenji Tsuchiya2, Nobuyuki Nakatomi2, Teruaki Yoshida3, Yuya Tada4, Fumie Konno2, Tatsuki Toda2, Victor S. Kuwahara2, Koji Hamasaki5, Bin Haji Ross Othman3, Thirukanthan C. Segaran5, Abdul Wahid Mohd Effendy5 1Marine Biodiversity Research Program, Institute of Biogiosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan 2Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan 3Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 4Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita- ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan 5Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan 6Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia ABSTRACT: In order to test the hypothesis that the microbial enrichment in the sea-surface micro- layer (SML) over coral reefs is significant, we investigated the abundance and production of the microbial community in the SML and sub-surface water (SSW) at a fringing coral reef of Malaysia. Samples were taken at 2 coral sites with different live coral coverage as well as one offshore site. We detected substantially high enrichment factors (EFs) in abundance (where EF = SML/SSW: the ratio of microbial abundance in the SML relative to SSW) for all biological groups at all sites: up to 6.0 for heterotrophic bacteria, 4.2 for cyanobacteria, 18.8 for autotrophic nanoflagellates and 22.6 for heterotrophic nanoflagellates.
    [Show full text]
  • Trend of Meiobenthos Density and Composition in Karah Island, South China Sea (Corak Kepadatan Dan Komposisi Meiobentos Di Pulau Karah, Laut China Selatan)
    Sains Malaysiana 45(7)(2016): 1019–1024 Trend of Meiobenthos Density and Composition in Karah Island, South China Sea (Corak Kepadatan dan Komposisi Meiobentos di Pulau Karah, Laut China Selatan) K. ZALEHA*, M.N. NASIRATUL_SHAHIDA, H.Y. SIANG & B.Y. KAMARUZZAMAN ABSTRACT Meiobenthos in Bidong Archipelago in coastal water of the South China Sea is hypothesised to have a certain trend of distribution particularly in the island ecosystem where it is usually having different type of sea bottom. Nonetheless, since it is located in a tropical area, the trend at the sub-tidal could be less obvious due to absent of clear season. Meiobenthic sampling was carried out in Karah Island, an island in Bidong Archipelago, from the intertidal, towards the sub-tidal zone covering the coral and non-coral area to see the trend in the density and composition. A transparent hand core was used to collect benthos samples. Nematoda and harpacticoid copepods dominated the intertidal and sub-tidal zone respectively. Harpacticoid copepods were higher in density in the non-coral sediment than the coral area. This could be due to the high content of silt and clay in the coral area (2.98% of silt and clay). The 2-dimension MDS analysis on the density data indicated the highest degree of scattering and an over-lapping condition for those intertidal and sub-tidal samples respectively. ANOSIM result showed that the degree of similarity was lower at the intertidal (70%) than the sub- tidal (reaching 90%) in the first sampling before both became no significant different in the second sampling.
    [Show full text]