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Social Support and Coping Strategies: Improving Coastal Single Mothers’ Well-Being in Malaysia

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Social Support and Coping Strategies: Improving Coastal Single Mothers’ Well-Being in Malaysia ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 SOCIAL SUPPORT AND COPING STRATEGIES: IMPROVING COASTAL SINGLE MOTHERS’ WELL-BEING IN MALAYSIA Marhaini Mohd Noor1, Zakaria Mohamad2, Mazidah Mohd Dagang3, Zuhda Husain4, Jasmi Abu Talib5, Rabaaton Adawiah Mohd Yusof6, Fazliyaton Ramley7, Nurul Atiqah Ab Raji8 1Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia E-mail:[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],5jasbatrisy [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Received: 14 April 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 August 2020 ABSTRACT: This study is aimed to improve coastal single mothers‟ well-being with social support coping strategies. There has been an increase in numbers of single mothers in Malaysia and their well-being is crucial as female-headed households. A total of 328 respondents involved using the purposive sampling technique. Field studies were conducted using Coping Strategies Inventory (COPE) questionnaires on coastal single mothers from four locations in Kuala Nerus district. Social support was identified as the main predictor in this study. Thus to find out the level of well-being among single mothers, descriptive statistics in the form of percentage and mean were analyzed. Then, the relationship between well-being and social support were measured using Pearson correlation. Lastly, social support predictor factors were analyzed using multiple regression to determine factors that influence single mothers‟ well-being. This study indicated that there has been different levels of well-being and negative relationship between the social support and well-being. The predictor factors which are instrumental social support and focus on and venting of emotions were significant and influenced single mothers‟ well-being. Hence to improve the single mothers‟ well-being by strengthening engagement of social support networks through family members, friends, neighbors, associations and local government agencies. KEYWORDS: Social support; coping strategies; well-being; coastal single mothers; coastal community; social cohesion I. INTRODUCTION Coastal single mothers are the subject and concern for this study. Majority of single mothers in Kuala Nerus district are coastal community. The number of single mothers are increasing and they are regards as “female-headed households”. Single mothers are large majority of single parent and headed their families with poverty problems (Nieuwenhuis & Maldonado, 2018). Kuala Nerus is located in Terengganu and it has 3,658 single mothers. Fifty-nine percent of them are senior citizens, most of the deaths of husbands. The number of single mothers in Terengganu has now reached 32,411 people including 6.29 percent of them under the age of 30 years. The Chairman of Women's Welfare, Women's Development, Family and National Unity Committee, said that 28 single mothers were under 20 and 2,010 were 21 to 30 years old (Hanafiah Mat, 2018). "There are 4,783 single mothers aged 31 to 40 years, 6,506 people (41 to 50 years old), 9,556 people (51 to 60 years old) and 9,528 people (61 years and above)”."Kemaman district recorded the highest number of single mothers with 5,279 people followed by Besut (4,768), Marang (4,305), and Bukit tinggi (4,182), Kuala Terengganu (3,925), Kuala Nerus (3,658), Setiu (3,307) and Hulu Terengganu (2,987)”. (Kosmo Online, 2018). 5268 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 Figure 1: Kuala Nerus district The geographical location of Kuala Nerus district (see figure 1) which becomes the coastal area for the community thus they are known as coastal community. The main economic activities are fishing, business; floating market entrepreneurs (see figure 2), homestay as tourism activity and others related to the single mothers. Figure 2: Floating market Thus the activities secure the single mothers to survive and to live in coastal poverty. With the location of the district provides coastal resources for the community this has made the coastal single mothers an advantage to benefits the outcome from these resources. The tourism attractions is also the focus in Kuala Nerus whereby the local government built the drawbridge (see figure 3) near the coastal line easier to commute to the town, with public transportations or other vehicles. Besides the nearby island (see figure 4) is also the attraction for tourists to visit Terengganu year 2020. As a results this will affect the coastal single mothers in Kuala Nerus district to participate and engage in the activities. Figure. 3: Drawbridge Figure 4: Redang Island 5269 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 This is a good example of social support from local authority to assist the single mothers to improve their well-being. By providing job opportunities and access to various economic activities, these mothers are coping well to survive as single parent. Thus the support from the coastal single mothers is also a social cohesion for them to help each other facing rural poverty virtuous circle. This is a positive sign of social support coping strategies for single mothers to be resilience and improve their well-being. Over the years single mothers in rural areas are contributing to rural poverty, this includes single mothers in Kuala Nerus. There are multiple factors that caused poverty among single mothers, such as low or no income, low level of education and skills, unemployment and age factor (Rohayu et al., 2011; Nor Aini & Doris, 2012). Being a single mother is complicated to cope with too many responsibilities in the household and to manage well-being. Therefore, single mother‟s well-being is essential to tackle problems and challenges facing their life (Faizah et al., 2015). Single mother‟s life seems associated with demands and challenges and limited ability for them to find jobs due to low levels of education. Thus this limits opportunity for single mothers to improve well-being. “Single mothers have thus risen to being high on the social policy agenda in Malaysia both from having high risks of poverty, and thus forming significant proportions of those claiming social assistance, but also as a result of more general concerns about high divorce rates” (Evans, 2015). Stress is a problem of modern society that everyone experiences at one time or another; single mothers must develop ways to deal with stressful events or risk being overwhelmed by them. Social support, which means turning to other people for support in times of personal crises, is one of the most-often-used coping strategies. It may be that seeking social support improves social resources by providing sympathy or reduces the individual's feelings of isolation and loneliness (Prati & Pietrantoni, 2009). From social support to social network. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Coastal community people made their living from coastal resources and improve well-being despite facing challenges of catastrophe in Terengganu coastline. With the growing numbers of coastal single mothers, the coastal community social support coping strategy is crucial to protect the single mothers escape from coastal poverty trap. Hence this reviews the concepts and theory related to this study. Social Support Coping Strategy Social support is perceived as an important variable for well-being and reduce stress. It is a supportive behavior between single mothers to seek assistance or help when needed. A group of people provide resources to the other people (support each other). Besides social support sources, social support functions are perceived as a connection to social network of communication. The function is to protect or stress-buffering in single mother‟s poverty environment. Meaning of understanding that people are cared, loved, valued and worthy of care is associated to improve well-being. The concept of social support is multidimensional and categorized as structure, functions, disposition and nature (Kim, 2012). This study focus on functions such as emotional, instrumental and venting on emotions to investigate the relationship and the contribution on well-being. Thus social support is perceived as coping strategy for single mothers to improve well-being in this case. Basically social support can be determined from a different theoretical perspectives namely stress and coping perspective. This perspective claims that social support is protecting single mother from facing high stress. Social support is also identified on three elements; 1) social network, 2) type of social support and 3) satisfaction of social support. The type of social support refers to the functional aspect which is informational support, instrumental support and emotional support (Kim, 2012). In this context, the type of social support is the element of functional on single mothers‟ well-being. Social support has the link with outcome on well-being. Social Cohesion Besides social support, social cohesion is another concept which is crucial for single mothers as part of the coastal community. This concept discusses the process of coastal community connectedness for single mothers. Which means willingness for the single mothers‟ community to help and support each other. This explains the relationships built through thick and thin networking, whether they are very close or not towards each other. They tend to be vulnerable and cope with the challenge of coastal erosion, natural hazards, floods happened in the coastline areas. Hence this sustain the coastal community to be resilience and face the challenge. However, stand a chance for the single mothers to be more resilience to live better life (Jurjonas & Seekamp, 2018). Social cohesion is also built on social capital concept which explains the social relationships with strong bonding and bridging capital among single mothers. These are assets for single mothers to improve their 5270 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 wellbeing. Furthermore, having the strong social capital will results in a strong community engagement.
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