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Hybrid Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands!

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Hybrid Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands! Pacific Science (1977), vol. 31, no. 3 © 1978 by The University Press of Hawaii. All rights reserved Hybrid Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands! JAMES K. BAKER 2 AND SUZY ALLEN 2 ABSTRACT: First- and second-generation hybrids of Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Rock and H. hualalaiensis Rock have been found in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands. They are under cultivation from interspecifically cross-fertilized seed which occurred on parent trees within the park. A history of parent and hybrid species is given, and floral characteristics are analyzed. Hybrid occurrence and the implications to natural resource management in trying to preserve the integrity of native Hawaiian species and ecosystems are discussed. HYBRID TREES OF TWO RARE, endemic Rock and W. M. Giffard. Rock (1911) des­ Hawaiian species of Hibiscadelphus (Hau cribed the species in honor of his friend kuahiwi) are growing in Hawaii Volcanoes Giffard. National Park, in arboreta and private gar­ Shortly before the tree died in 1930 others dens. These hybrids of H. giffardianus Rock were grown from cuttings in the community and H. hualalaiensis Rock have been des­ of Volcano a few kilometers east of the type cribed as H. x puakuahiwi· by Baker and locality (Degener 1932, Fagerlund 1944). Allen (1976a). Only one cutting survived, but before it died Hybridization occurred in the late 1950s in 1940, L. W. Bryan, Rock, and others or early 1960s, but went unnoticed for more succeeded in growing another cutting than 10 years. Investigations oftrees damaged (Fagerlund 1944) which ultimately saved the by roof rats (Rattus rattus) revealed their species from extinction. presence in 1973. It had been noticed that This cutting grew to maturity on the rats were stripping bark from Hibiscadelphus Keauhou Ranch of Herbert Shipman just trees, eating seed pods, and chewing holes in .east of Kipuka Puaulu. The 11 mature flowers to reach the quantities ofnectar stored Hibiscadelphus giffardianus trees presently inside (Baker and Allen 1976b). Variations surviving in Hawaii are its descendents. Seven in morphology were noticed in flowers studied trees are growing at the type locality in from different trees, which led to the discovery Kipuka Puaulu, three in the Puu Mahoe of first- and second-generation hybrids. Arboretum on Maui, and one in Wahiawa Hybridization probably originated in one Arboretum on Oahu. On three occasions the oftwo localities where the parent species were species was reduced to a single tree, and brought together in cultivation. The most today there are only 11 mature trees, which probable location is in Kipuka Puaulu (Bird makes the species one of the world's rarest. Park) in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, In the 1950s efforts were made to save the the type locality of Hibiscadelphus giffar­ other very rare species, Hibiscadelphus dianus. The type species was known from a hualalaiensis, from extinction. Its localized, single tree discovered in 1911 by Joseph F. allopatric distribution was 72 km from Kipuka Puaulu, on Mt. Hualalai. At the time of discovery in 1909, Rock (1911,1913) I Research supported by the National Park Service estimated only a dozen trees were extant and and Hawaii Natural History Association, Hawaii Vol­ since that time the number of wild trees has canoes National Park, Hawaii. Manuscript received II August 1976. declined to two because of habitat deteriora­ 2 Hawaii Field Research Center, Hawaii Volcanoes tion by cattle ranching. National Park, Hawaii 96718. In 1953 and 1954, 12 seedlings of the 285 286 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 31, July 1977 oE E F FIGURE 1. A, Hibiscade/phus gifj'ardianus; B, hybrid H. xpuakuahiwi; C, H. hua/a/aiensis; D, E, and F, buds of A, B, and C, respectively; G, H, and I, tomentum in angles of veins of A, B, and C, respectively. & 'S* Q#!§l##@1 i!Ji!!$$'hffi5M Mi¥W ; liMA WI ;!Ji z;m ..44&£j Hybrid Hibiscadelphus in the Hawaiian Islands-BAKER AND ALLEN 287 Hualalai species were planted in Kipuka ANALYSlS OF Hibiscadelphus HYBRIDS Puaulu (National Park Service planting records) in the belief that the national park Comparative morphology of parent was a proper refuge for rare and endangered species and Fl hybrids is shown in Figure 1. island flora. Six of the 12 trees were planted The following floral characteristics were within 30 meters of a Hibiscadelphus giffar­ examined: (I) number of bracts, (2) length dianus tree which for a number of years had of shortest bract, (3) length of longest bract, been a primary source ofseed for that species, (4) length of calyx, (5) length of peduncle, though relatively few seedlings survived. (6) length of corolla, (7) length of staminaI We believe that the history of H. x column, (8) lengths of styles and stigmas, puakuahiwi began when park management (9) length of longest petal, (10) length of personnel unknowingly collected inter­ shortest petal, (11) width of shortest petal, specifically cross-fertilized seed from this (12) width oflongest petal, and (13) direction tree. Several seedlings were planted in nearby of corolla whorl. Kipuka Ki, but only two of the unsuspected Criteria 3-7 were selected to plot potential hybrids survived. Both grew adjacent to a key characters to separate parents from road. hybrids. The plots of criteria 4-7 in Figure 2 Because of their easy roadside access and show that the degree of overlap of these because the two FI hybrids demonstrated measurements make them unreliable charac­ such vigor in producing flowers and seed, ters. Criterion 3 is reliable but caution must both became primary sources for herbarium be taken to determine that longest bracts specimens, and seed for propagation of "H. are not stunted or shortened due to necrosis giffardianus" trees. Consequently, many or insect damage. specimens were identified improperly, and Figures 1 and 3 show that Hibiscadelphus numerous F2 hybrids were grown unknow­ giffardianus bracts are the longest of the three ingly in the park, Hawaii, and world arboreta taxa, while H. hualalaiensis flowers nearly (Baker and Allen 1977). On Maui a second­ lack them. Figure 3 shows no overlap in generation tree was used unwittingly to prop­ twice the standard deviations in lengths of agate a large number of F3 seedlings for longest bracts, and this character alone will perpetuation of H. giffardianus on that usually separate parents and hybrids. island. When this error was noted, the F3 A peculiarity of bract morphology of seedlings were destroyed so as not to com­ Hibiscadelphus distans Bishop and Herbst pound the hybrid dilemma. (1973), will easily distinguish this other extant The second, but less feasible source of the taxon. Bracts of H. distans are connate two FI hybrids may have been trees from through one-third their length, while bracts Puu Mahoe (FlemingjVodtrock) Arboretum of the other taxa are not. on Maui, where both parent species have In analyzing the direction ofcorolla whorl, been cultivated since the 1950s. In 1960, two we found the following (c, clockwise; cc, seedling "H. giffardianus" trees were given counterclockwise) : to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park by the Territorial Division of Forestry, but existing H. giffardianus H. hualalaiensis records indicate only that the trees came from 38 percent c 63 percent c Maui. We assume they came from Puu 62 percent cc 37 percent cc Mahoe. These seedlings may have been hy­ FI hybrids F2 hybrids brids, but the exact location of their origin 43 percent c 53 percent c and planting in the park is unknown. 57 percent cc 47 percent cc As we know of no other FI trees outside the two in Kipuka Ki, and since the plantings When viewed apically, a flower is considered of seedlings in Kipuka Ki are well docu­ left-handed ifthe petals overlap in a clockwise mented, we believe the origin of the two FI direction, and right-handed if the petals trees to be cross-fertilized seed taken from overlap in a counterclockwise direction Kipuka Puaulu. (compare parts Band C, Figure 1). 288 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 31, July 1977 r------E===;::==3-- F2 1--E=~~=3----H. ·h. ----E=;::::3----- FI STAMINAL COLUMN H. g.-----E=:::::;==:r-- 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 88 ---£=~;::==3---F2 --E=:;:==3----- H. h. FI PEDUNCLE -----1=::;:=3--- H. g. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 --E~~3--F2 ---E;::::l---------...:---- H. h. --E:;:=I- FI CALYX --E::;:::3---- H. g. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 -----f===:;::==3--- F2 -----1==:==::;:===:3--- H. h. ----f=;:=3--- FI COROLLA ----E==:::;::==:3-- H. g. 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 75 80 LENGTHS IN MM FIGURE 2. Ranges, means, and one standard deviation of measurements for staminal column, peduncle, calyx, and corona lengths. Horizontal lines are ranges, vertical lines are means, and boxes are one standard deviation on either side of the mean. H. g., Hibiscadelphus giffardianus; H. h., H. hualalaiensis; F I, first-generation hybrid; F2, second-generation hybrid. Hybrid Hibiscadelphus in the Hawaiian Islands-BAKER AND ALLEN 289 20 F2 10 N-IOO 0 5 25 r$ 40 a UJ 0: ::> (f) <l 30 UJ :E (f) 0: UJ :t 0 20 ...J IJ. H. h. IJ. 0 N =80 H. g. (f) 0: 10 N =99 UJm :E z::> 0 - 5 10 15 25 30 35 I I 20 FI N = 100 10 o •I I I•• • 5 10 15 20 LENGTHS OF LONGEST BRACTS (mm) FIGURE 3. Ranges, means, and two standard deviations ofmeasurements for lengths of longest bracts. Horizontal lines are ranges, vertical lines are means, and boxes are two standard deviations on either side of the mean. Bar graphs represent numbers of flowers. H. g., Hibiscade/phus giffardianus; H.
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