DOCSLIB.ORG

B6A-7 Circulate.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
B6A-7 Circulate.Pdf Circulatory Systems Circulatory Systems Circulatory Systems Circulatory Systems Functions: • Transportation – Water & electrolytes (salts) – Dissolved gases— O2 & CO2 – Nutrients Cardiovascular – Wastes System – Chemical messengers (hormones) – Defense (immune) systems – Repair (clotting) factors • Thermoregulation Lymphatic • Hydraulics System Circulatory Systems Size & System Development • Ciliated Body Cavity • Diffusion is sufficient for small Open Circulatory System • organisms w/ low volumes & • Closed Circulatory System metabolic demands (e.g. protozoans and micrometazoans). Hemocoel Cnidarians & Platyhelmintheans Ciliated Body Cavity • gastrovascular system – ciliated digestive cavity w/ branching extensions. Heyer Circulatory Systems Echinoderms • water vascular system Vascular System Components – ciliated coelom w/ extensions (dermal branchae & tube feet) • Four components are for respiration. –1) circulatory fluids – Important –2) vessels hydraulic functions –3) pump –4) valves • Vasculature (vessels) may form open or closed circulatory system Open Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory Systems • In arthropods & most molluscs. • 4-part system - what are those parts? • Dorsal heart pumps • circulatory fluids mix w/ interstial fluids of hemolymph out body cavity. vessels into body cavity (= hemocoel) • Hence, “blood” is called hemolymph. • Hemocoel partially compartmentalized into sinuses • Hemolymph returns to heart via ostia or veins. Open Circulatory Systems Dorsal Vessel as Pump Limitations of Open Systems • Whole dorsal vessel may act as a tubular • Difficult to regulate different perfusion of heart – Insects different tissues. • Specific region • Great for small body plans; not so great for specialized into a heart big bodies with variable metabolic activities. – Crustaceans & Molluscs • How can it be enhanced for large bodies? – Hemolymph pulled from hemocoel by veins to gills to heart to arteries to hemocoel Heyer Circulatory Systems Closed Circulatory Systems Closed Circulatory Systems • Complete circuit between heart, arteries & • Cephalopod molluscs veins with capillaries. have 3 hearts — one to each gill and • Better circulation + better regional control one for the body. fi higher activity levels. • Annelid worms use • Problem: if circulatory fluid is confined to vessels, dorsal vessel plus how does exchange occur??? anterior lateral branches as heart. Closed Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates Closed Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates • Heart is from ventral vessel, not dorsal vessel. Pre-pump Main pump • Fish – 2-chambered heart – Single circuit: blood flows from heart to gills, and [Efferent] then to systemic vessels – Blood pressure drops when flowing through the gill capillary beds. – Muscle contraction during swimming accelerates blood flow in the vessels. [Afferent] • Cardiovascular system Closed Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates Closed Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates • Amphibians & • Amphibians & (Most) Reptiles (Most) Reptiles – 3-chambered heart – 3-chambered heart • 2 atria/1 ventricle • 2 atria/1 ventricle – Double circuit: – Double circuit: • 1a. (amphibians) • Pulmocutaneous circuit: blood Pulmocutaneous circuit: blood flows from heart to lungs & skin flows from heart to lungs & skin • Cutaneous exchange may • 1b. (reptiles) Pulmonary circuit: include skin, throat, and/or blood flows from heart to lungs gills (in larvae & neotenes) only • Pulmonary flow may be • 2. Systemic circuit: diverted to cutaneous repressurized blood flows from while underwater heart to systemic vessels – ~10% mixing of deoxygenated + oxygenated blood in single ventricle Heyer Circulatory Systems Closed Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates Closed Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates • Crocodilians, Birds & • Crocodilians Mammals – 4-chambered heart – 4-chambered heart • 2 atria/2 ventricles • 2 atria/2 ventricles – Double circuit: – Double circuit: • 1. Pulmonary circuit: blood flows • 1. Pulmonary circuit: blood flows from heart to lungs only from heart to lungs only • 2. Systemic circuit: • 2. Systemic circuit: repressurized blood flows from repressurized blood flows from heart to systemic vessels heart to systemic vessels – No mixing of deoxygenated + – Shunt to divert pulmonary to oxygenated blood systemic flow when – Pulmonary & systemic circuits are underwater pressurized differently – >10x more efficient systemic oxygenation Review of Designs Mammalian Cardiovascular System • Two circuits, each with its own 2-chamber pump – Different pressure – Same flow rate Mammalian Cardiovascular System Mammalian Cardiovascular System • Pulmonary circuit: • Systemic circuit: • Right pumpÆlungsÆleft pump • Left pumpÆbodyÆright pump q Deoxygenated systemic blood q Oxygenated pulmonary blood fills right A&V fills left A&V q Right A&V contract pushing q Left A&V contract pushing deoxygenated blood through oxygenated blood through pulmonary artery to lungs aorta to branching major q Release CO2 arteries to all other body q Take up O2 organs q Oxygenated blood from lungs q Release O2 flows through pulmonary veins q Take up CO2 to left atrium q Deoxygenated blood from body tissues flows through branches of veins converging on vena cava to right atrium Heyer Circulatory Systems The Pump Human Heart Anatomy • For any pump to function, it needs two components: • Diagrams show 1. Constriction (stroke) chamber heart from front Øchamber volume fi ↑pressure – Viewer’s “right” is fi move fluid heart’s “left” 2. Valves • Enclosed in fluid- fi direct fluid flow direction filled sac behind sternum Human heart in chest cavity The Vessels • Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Cardiac Contractions • Arterioles – smaller branches of arteries • Capillaries – thin, microscopic, with porous walls 1. Sinus node (pacemaker) fires • Venules – smaller branches that converge into veins 2. Signal spreads across atria • Veins – carry blood back to heart 3. Cardiac muscle in atria contract 4. Signal reaches AV node; travels down Bundle of HIS to apex of heart 5. Signal spreads across venticles 6. Cardiac muscle in venticles contract Vessel Structure & Function • Arteries: blood away from heart Artery Vein Poisseuille’s Law – Thick-walled and elastic to withstand higher pressure The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation: – Smooth muscle in arteriole SEM 100 µm Valve walls regulate selective Basal lamina blood flow 4 Endothelium Endothelium • Flow rate = f = (Dyp)(pr )/(8Lh) • Veins: blood toward heart Smooth Smooth muscle muscle where – Thin, compliant walls Connective Connective tissue Capillary – Internal valves prevent backflow tissue ßDy = pressure difference Artery Vein p • Capillaries: thin-walled and highly branched ß r = radius – Only vessels exchanging ßh = fluid viscosity with tissue fluids! Arteriole Venule ßL = length of tube – Walls only 1 cell thick to maximize diffusion rates m µ – Not permeable to blood cells & Red blood cell 15 • NOTE: Df proportional with Dr4 ! proteins; permeable to water Capillary and other solutes LM Fig. 42.10 Heyer Circulatory Systems Circulatory Changes During Exercise Selective flow regulated by dilating & constricting specific arterioles Capillary beds — the sites for exchange Capillary beds — the sites for exchange • In addition to regulation by vasodilation/vasoconstriction of arterioles, • In addition to regulation by vasodilation/vasoconstriction of arterioles, localized perfusion regulated by pre-capillary sphincters localized perfusion regulated by pre-capillary sphincters • Only 5–10% of capillaries open at a given time • Only 5–10% of capillaries open at a given time Capillary beds — the sites for exchange Capillary beds — the sites for exchange Body tissue Capillary filtration Capillary filtration INTERSTITIAL FLUID Capillary • Walls only 1 cell Net fluid • Blood pressure (P ) movement out thick to maximize B Net fluid diffusion rates pushes fluid out movement in • Not permeable to • Osmotic pressure blood cells & proteins (POsm) pulls fluid in Direction of • Permeable to water blood flow and other solutes • At arteriole end of capillary: (PB) > (POsm) Blood pressure • At venule end of Inward flow capillary: (POsm) > (PB) Pressure Outward flow Osmotic pressure Arterial end of capillary Venous end Heyer Circulatory Systems Capillary exchange Lymph node Lymphatic System • Fluids not returned to capillaries goes to • Recaptures lost lymphatics fluids & proteins – 85-90% fluid returned to blood circulation • Interstitial fluids – 10-15% taken up by lymphatic capillaries filtered through lymphoid tissues and monitored by immune system • Fluids return to CV system in vena cava Fluid Flow in Veins Blood: Liquid Tissue Cells Suspended in Plasma — both Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems • Fluids pumped by “skeletal muscle pumps” • Valves prevent backflow The composition of blood Blood Structure and Function “Formed Elements” — cells and cell-derivatives Since erythrocytes and thrombocytes lose their nuclei, Clotting they are no longer truly cells. • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Plateletes – Carry oxygen • Leukocytes (white blood cells) Clotting Factors – Defense/clean up Prothrombin Thrombin • Thrombocytes (platelets) – Blood clotting Fibrinogen Fibrin • Leukemia victims lack platelets Plasma • Hemophiliacs lack clotting factors. • 90% H2O • 7–9% protein Human blood smear Heyer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 20 *Lecture Powerpoint the Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
    Chapter 20 *Lecture PowerPoint The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The route taken by the blood after it leaves the heart was a point of much confusion for many centuries – Chinese emperor Huang Ti (2697–2597 BC) believed that blood flowed in a complete circuit around the body and back to the heart – Roman physician Galen (129–c. 199) thought blood flowed back and forth like air; the liver created blood out of nutrients and organs consumed it – English physician William Harvey (1578–1657) did experimentation on circulation in snakes; birth of experimental physiology – After microscope was invented, blood and capillaries were discovered by van Leeuwenhoek and Malpighi 20-2 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of a blood vessel. – Describe the different types of arteries, capillaries, and veins. – Trace the general route usually taken by the blood from the heart and back again. – Describe some variations on this route. 20-3 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillaries Artery: Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa Nerve Vein Figure 20.1a (a) 1 mm © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer • Arteries carry blood away from heart • Veins
    [Show full text]
  • Blank Body Cavity Diagram
    Blank Body Cavity Diagram Laurie pretermit her lat scot-free, she patronise it wrongly. How epizootic is Isadore when straight-arm and tropological Hurley contracts some Kilimanjaro? Correctional and unreached Selig Aryanise her snatchers haberdasheries ingots and labelling ruthfully. It occurs more often in people with light coloured skin who have had a high exposure to sunlight. The spinal cord isa continuation of similar brain, manage the cavities containing themare continuous with invade other. In the eye, bipolar neurons form the middle layer of the retina. From four key choices, select another body. In the marriage, This is a_____view? There was an error loading the necessary resources. Thedeltoid tuberosityis a roughened, Vshaped region located on the lateral side in the middle of the humerus shaft. This versatile muscle flexes the leg at the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the leg at the hipallowing us complex movement patterns like sittingcrosslegged. Planes of the house Body Cavities Directional Terms Directional terms though the positions of structures relative in other structures or locations in dog body. Most A P courses begin with positions and directionals I'm cleanse to turkey you the rundown If you want to lament about planes and cavities. Both cavities body cavity contains organs and arm. Ligaments to cavities but not properly cared for. From sliding anteriorly. However both neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle itself also be affected by disease. The body cavity! The epicondyles provide attachment points for muscles and supporting ligaments of the knee. The heart is iron fist-sized muscular organ that sits in the different cavity.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular System 9
    Chapter Cardiovascular System 9 Learning Outcomes On completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the car- diovascular system. 2. Explain the circulation of blood through the chambers of the heart. 3. Identify and locate the commonly used sites for taking a pulse. 4. Explain blood pressure. 5. Recognize terminology included in the ICD-10-CM. 6. Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. 7. Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. 8. Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests related to the cardiovascular system. 9. Identify and define selected abbreviations. 10. Apply your acquired knowledge of medical terms by successfully completing the Practical Application exercise. 255 Anatomy and Physiology The cardiovascular (CV) system, also called the circulatory system, circulates blood to all parts of the body by the action of the heart. This process provides the body’s cells with oxygen and nutritive ele- ments and removes waste materials and carbon dioxide. The heart, a muscular pump, is the central organ of the system. It beats approximately 100,000 times each day, pumping roughly 8,000 liters of blood, enough to fill about 8,500 quart-sized milk cartons. Arteries, veins, and capillaries comprise the network of vessels that transport blood (fluid consisting of blood cells and plasma) throughout the body. Blood flows through the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart, and on to the various body parts. Table 9.1 provides an at-a-glance look at the cardiovascular system. Figure 9.1 shows a schematic overview of the cardiovascular system.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Signatures of Tissue-Specific
    Developmental Cell Resource Molecular Signatures of Tissue-Specific Microvascular Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity in Organ Maintenance and Regeneration Daniel J. Nolan,1,6 Michael Ginsberg,1,6 Edo Israely,1 Brisa Palikuqi,1 Michael G. Poulos,1 Daylon James,1 Bi-Sen Ding,1 William Schachterle,1 Ying Liu,1 Zev Rosenwaks,2 Jason M. Butler,1 Jenny Xiang,4 Arash Rafii,1,7 Koji Shido,1 Sina Y. Rabbany,1,8 Olivier Elemento,3 and Shahin Rafii1,5,* 1Department of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine 3HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine 4Genomics Resource Core Facility Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA 5Ansary Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA 6Angiocrine Bioscience, New York, NY 10065, USA 7Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar 8Bioengineering Program, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA *Correspondence: srafi[email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2013.06.017 SUMMARY been appreciated. Capillary ECs of the blood brain barrier (BBB) form a restrictive environment for passage between the Microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) within different brain tissue and the circulating blood. Many of the trafficking pro- tissues are endowed with distinct but as yet unrecog- cesses that are passive in other vascular beds are tightly nized structural, phenotypic, and functional attri- controlled in the brain (Rubin and Staddon, 1999). As opposed butes. We devised EC purification, cultivation, to the BBB, the capillary ECs of the kidney glomeruli are fenes- profiling, and transplantation models that establish trated for the filtration of the blood (Churg and Grishman, tissue-specific molecular libraries of ECs devoid of 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • 1.6 Organization Within the Human Body ___/202 Points
    Name _______________________________________________________________ Date ______________ Lab _____ Pd _____ Unit 1 Chapter Levels of Organization within the Human Body ____/202 points organization 1.6 SECTION OBJECTIVES • Describe the locations of the major body cavities • List the organs located in each major body cavity • Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each • Describe the general functions of each organ system Lecture Notes (57) The human body is divided into two main sections: _________ – head, neck, and trunk and _______________ – upper and lower limbs The human body is also divided into three categories: body ___________, layers of ___________________ within these cavities, and a variety of _________ _____________ Axial Portion: Contains the _________ cavity, _________________ canal, _______________ cavity, and ______________________ cavity. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the _______________. The organs within the cavity are called _______. ______________ cavity: _________________: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys. ______________: bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs The _________________________ separates the thoracic cavity into right and left compartments Cranial cavities include the ______, _________, ___________, and middle ______ Membranes: a. _________________ –membranes attached to the wall or lines the cavity (pariet = wall) b. _______________ - membrane that covers organ
    [Show full text]
  • Blood and Lymph Vascular Systems
    BLOOD AND LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEMS BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Objectives Functions of vessels Layers in vascular walls Classification of vessels Components of vascular walls Control of blood flow in microvasculature Variation in microvasculature Blood barriers Lymphatic system Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms --------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2. Collect waste 3. Transport waste to excretory organs CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiovascular System Component function Heart - Produce blood pressure (systole) Elastic arteries - Conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole Muscular arteries - Distribute blood, maintain pressure Arterioles - Peripheral resistance and distribute blood Capillaries - Exchange nutrients and waste Venules - Collect blood from capillaries (Edema) Veins - Transmit blood to large veins Reservoir Larger veins - receive lymph and return blood to Heart, blood reservoir Cardiovascular System Heart produces blood pressure (systole) ARTERIOLES – PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Cardiovascular System Elastic arteries- conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole Cardiovascular System Muscular Arteries - distribute blood, maintain pressure Arterioles - peripheral resistance and distribute blood Capillaries - exchange nutrients and waste Venules - collect blood from capillaries
    [Show full text]
  • In Sickness and in Health: the Immunological Roles of the Lymphatic System
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review In Sickness and in Health: The Immunological Roles of the Lymphatic System Louise A. Johnson MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; [email protected] Abstract: The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in immunity far beyond those of simply providing conduits for leukocytes and antigens in lymph fluid. Endothelial cells within this vasculature are dis- tinct and highly specialized to perform roles based upon their location. Afferent lymphatic capillaries have unique intercellular junctions for efficient uptake of fluid and macromolecules, while expressing chemotactic and adhesion molecules that permit selective trafficking of specific immune cell subsets. Moreover, in response to events within peripheral tissue such as inflammation or infection, soluble factors from lymphatic endothelial cells exert “remote control” to modulate leukocyte migration across high endothelial venules from the blood to lymph nodes draining the tissue. These immune hubs are highly organized and perfectly arrayed to survey antigens from peripheral tissue while optimizing encounters between antigen-presenting cells and cognate lymphocytes. Furthermore, subsets of lymphatic endothelial cells exhibit differences in gene expression relating to specific func- tions and locality within the lymph node, facilitating both innate and acquired immune responses through antigen presentation, lymph node remodeling and regulation of leukocyte entry and exit. This review details the immune cell subsets in afferent and efferent lymph, and explores the mech- anisms by which endothelial cells of the lymphatic system regulate such trafficking, for immune surveillance and tolerance during steady-state conditions, and in response to infection, acute and Citation: Johnson, L.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Is Plasma Renin Activity Lower in Populations of African Origin?
    Journal of Human Hypertension (2001) 15, 17–25 2001 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0950-9240/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh REVIEW ARTICLE Why is plasma renin activity lower in populations of African origin? GA Sagnella Blood Pressure Unit, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK Plasma renin activity is significantly lower in black the molecular level suggests that the lower PRA may people compared with whites independent of age and arise from gene variation in the renal epithelial sodium blood pressure status. The lower PRA appears to be due channel. The functional significance of the lower PRA in to a reduction in the rate of secretion of renin but the relation to the different pattern of cardiovascular and exact mechanistic events underlying such differences in renal disease between blacks and whites remains renin release between blacks and whites are still not unclear. Moreover, direct investigations of pre-treat- fully understood. Nevertheless, given the paramount ment renin status in hypertensive blacks in relation to importance of the renin-angiotensin system in the con- blood pressure response have demonstrated that the trol of sodium balance, a most likely explanation is that pre-treatment PRA is not a good index of subsequent the lower renin is a consequence of differences in renal blood pressure response to pharmacological treatment. sodium handling between blacks and whites. The lower Nevertheless, the blood pressure reduction to short PRA does not reflect differences in dietary sodium term sodium restriction is greater in blacks compared intake but the evidence available suggests that the low with whites and, in the black subjects, the greater PRA could be part of the corrective mechanisms reduction in blood pressure to sodium restriction designed to maintain sodium balance in the presence appears to be related, at least in part, to the decreased of an increased tendency for sodium retention in black responsiveness of the renin-angiotensin system.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular System Summary Notes the Cardiovascular System
    Cardiovascular System Summary Notes The cardiovascular system includes: The heart, a muscular pump The blood, a fluid connective tissue The blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries Blood flows away from the heart in arteries, to the capillaries and back to the heart in the veins There is a decrease in blood pressure as the blood travels away from the heart Arterial branches of the aorta supply oxygenated blood to all parts of the body Deoxygenated blood leaves the organs in veins Veins unite to form the vena cava which returns the blood to the heart Pulmonary System This is the route by which blood is circulated from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again The pulmonary system is exceptional in that the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood Hepatic Portal Vein There is another exception in the circulatory system – the hepatic portal vein Veins normally carry blood from an organ back to the heart The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the capillary bed of the intestine to the capillary bed of the liver As a result, the liver has three blood vessels associated with it Arteries and Veins The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the lumen The lumen is lined with a thin layer of cells called the endothelium The composition of the vessel wall surrounding the endothelium is different in arteries, veins and capillaries Arteries carry blood away from the heart Arteries have a thick middle layer of smooth muscle They have an inner and outer layer of elastic fibres Elastic
    [Show full text]
  • Young Adults. Look for ST Elevation, Tall QRS Voltage, "Fishhook" Deformity at the J Point, and Prominent T Waves
    EKG Abnormalities I. Early repolarization abnormality: A. A normal variant. Early repolarization is most often seen in healthy young adults. Look for ST elevation, tall QRS voltage, "fishhook" deformity at the J point, and prominent T waves. ST segment elevation is maximal in leads with tallest R waves. Note high take off of the ST segment in leads V4-6; the ST elevation in V2-3 is generally seen in most normal ECG's; the ST elevation in V2- 6 is concave upwards, another characteristic of this normal variant. Characteristics’ of early repolarization • notching or slurring of the terminal portion of the QRS wave • symmetric concordant T waves of large amplitude • relative temporal stability • most commonly presents in the precordial leads but often associated with it is less pronounced ST segment elevation in the limb leads To differentiate from anterior MI • the initial part of the ST segment is usually flat or convex upward in AMI • reciprocal ST depression may be present in AMI but not in early repolarization • ST segments in early repolarization are usually <2 mm (but have been reported up to 4 mm) To differentiate from pericarditis • the ST changes are more widespread in pericarditis • the T wave is normal in pericarditis • the ratio of the degree of ST elevation (measured using the PR segment as the baseline) to the height of the T wave is greater than 0.25 in V6 in pericarditis. 1 II. Acute Pericarditis: Stage 1 Pericarditis Changes A. Timing 1. Onset: Day 2-3 2. Duration: Up to 2 weeks B. Findings 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive System
    69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm.
    [Show full text]
  • Terminology Resource File
    Terminology Resource File Version 2 July 2012 1 Terminology Resource File This resource file has been compiled and designed by the Northern Assistant Transfusion Practitioner group which was formed in 2008 and who later identified the need for such a file. This resource file is aimed at Assistant Transfusion Practitioners to help them understand the medical terminology and its relevance which they may encounter in the patient’s medical and nursing notes. The resource file will not include all medical complaints or illnesses but will incorporate those which will need to be considered and appreciated if a blood component was to be administered. The authors have taken great care to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate and up to date. Authors: Jackie Cawthray Carron Fogg Julia Llewellyn Gillian McAnaney Lorna Panter Marsha Whittam Edited by: Denise Watson Document administrator: Janice Robertson ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge the following people for providing their valuable feedback on this first edition: Tony Davies Transfusion Liaison Practitioner Rose Gill Transfusion Practitioner Marie Green Transfusion Practitioner Tina Ivel Transfusion Practitioner Terry Perry Transfusion Specialist Janet Ryan Transfusion Practitioner Dr. Hazel Tinegate Consultant Haematologist Reviewed July 2012 Next review due July 2013 Version 2 July 2012 2 Contents Page no. Abbreviation list 6 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) 7 Acidosis 7 Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) 7 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
    [Show full text]