THE PARISH CLERGY M the DIOCESE of CANTERBURY AND
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THE PARISH CLERGY m THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY AND ARCHDEACONRY OF BEDFORD IN THE REIGN OF CHARLES I AND UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH A THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GILLIAN L. IGNJATIJEVIC DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD SEPTEMBER 1988 SUMMARY OF THESIS THE PARISH CLERGY IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY AND ARCHDEACONEY OF BEDFORD IN THE REIGN OF CHARLES I AD UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH GILLIAN L. IGNJATIJEVIC This study is concerned with the nature of the parish ministry in the diocese of Canterbury and archdeaconry of Bedford, its educational, professional, economic and social status, its work and its relations with the laity. It is also concerned with the impact of the Civil War and Interregnum on the profession. The pre-Civil War clergy formed a professional group with its own hierarchy, set of rules, rudimentary form of training and career structure. There was a strong sense of professional identity amongst them. The parish ministry was a popular profession in which most ministers could expect resonable renumeration and some chance of promotion. It can be termed a distinct social group, reasonably close to the gentry in social standing. It is likely that most ministers fulfilled their duties; and it is also likely that behind many presentments for clerical negligence lay local conflicts. Between the Scylla and Charybdis of Arminianism and Laudianism on the one hand and Puritanism on the other lay the Anglicanism of the majority of the pre-Civil War clergy. The 1640's and 1650's was a period of extreme but temporary dislocation for the profession. A significant number of ministers were deprived of their livings. Few of these were avid Laudians or implacable opponents of parliament. Many ministers found it difficult to collect their tithes. However, the overall adverse effects of the upheavals of this period should not be exaggerated, for a number of the ejected ministers made peace with parliament and were given new livings. Others were restored to the Church in the early 1660%. Most ministers escaped ejection; and many Anglican ministers survived in their livings undisturbed and it is likely that a number still used the traditional liturgy. The Anglican Church thus survived at a local level into the Restoration period. CONTENTS Page PREFACE 1 ABBREVIATIONS 2 LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF MAPS 6 MAPS 7-8 INTRODUCTION THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND, EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL STATUS OF THE CLERGY 21 II THE INCOME OF THE CLERGY 54 III THE PROBLEM OF TITHES 86 IV CLERICAL NEGLECT AND THE VISITATION PROCESS 1625-42 133 V THE EJECTION OF MINISTERS 1640-59 169 CONCLUSION 228 BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 -1- PREFACE It should be noted that in quotations from manuscript sources spelling and punctuation have been modernized. Titles of seventeenth century works have been modernized where appropriate. Where it is possible the year is taken to begin on 1st. January. All percentages used in this thesis have been rounded off to the nearest whole number. Many thanks are due at the end of writing this thesis. I am grateful to the staff of the Bedford Record Office, the Bodleian Library, the British Library, the Cathedral Archives and Library, Canterbury, the House of Lords Record Office, the Kent Archives Office, Lambeth Palace Library, the Lincoln Archives Office and the Public Record Office for their assistance. I would like to thank my supervisor, Anthony Fletcher, for his help and encouragement. I would also like to thank my parents and my husband, Julian Popple, for their support and encouragement; I am particularly grateful to Julian for typing this thesis. -2- A TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Acheson R. Acheson, "The Development of Religious Separatism in the Diocese of Canterbury 1590-1660", Kent Ph.D., 1982. Add. MS. Additional Manuscripts Al.Cantab. J. Venn and J.A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses Part I: from the Earliest Times to 1751, 4 vols. (Cambridge, 1922,1924,1927). Al.Oxon J. Foster, Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford 1500-1714, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1982). Bodleian Library Barratt DY. Barratt, "The Condition of the Parish Clergy Between the Reformation and 1660 With Special Reference to the Dioceses of Oxford, Worcester and Gloucester", Oxford D.Phil., 1949. BERS Bedford Historical Record Society BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research BL British Library BIM Bedfordshire Notes and Queries Bodl. MSS. Bodley Manuscripts BRO Bedfordshire Record Office Calamy Revised A.G. Matthews, Calamy Revised: Being a Revision of Edmund Calamy's Account of the Ministers and Others Ejected and Silenced 1600-2 (London, 1934). 'CALC Cathedral Archives and Library Canterbury Clark P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: Religion, Politics and Society in Kent 1500-1640 (Sussex, 1977). CI Commons Journals Collinson, Religion P. Collinson, The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Snciety 1559-1625 (Oxford, 1982). -3- Culmer, Lawless R. Culmer, Lawless Tithe Robbers Discovered: Who Make Tithe-Revenue a Mock-Maintenance, Being Encouraged Thereunto by the Defect of Law and Justice About Ministers' Maintenance (London, 1655). DD. Dictionary of National Biography EHR English Historical Review Everitt A. Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion 1640-60 (Leicester, 1973). Fletcher, Sussex A.J. Fletcher, A County Community in Peace and War: Sussex 1600-60 (London, 1975). Freeman J. Freeman, "The Parish Ministry in the Diocese of Durham c 1570-1640", Durham Ph.D., 1980. Green, "Careers" I.M. Green, "Career Prospects and Clerical Conformity in the Early Stuart Church", Past and Present, vol.90 (Feb. 1981). Green, "Scandal" I.M. Green, "The Persecution of 'Scandalous' and 'Malignant' Parish Clergy During the English Civil War", English Historical Review, vol.94 (1979). HAGS Historical Association General Series Hasted E. Hasted, The History and Topographical Survey gf the County of Kent, vols.5-12 (Canterbury, 1798-1800). Hill, Economic C. Hill, Economic Problems of the Church: from Archbishop Whitgift to the Long Parliament (Oxford, 1963). HLMP House of Lords Main Papers HLRO House of Lords Record Office HMG Historical Manuscripts Commission MAL Journal of the British Archaeological Association JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History KAO Kent Archives Office Larking L.B. Larking, ed., Proceedings Principally in the County of Kent in Connection with the Parliaments Called in 1640 and Especially with the Committee of Religion Appointed in that /ear (Camden Society, 1862). -4- LAO Lincoln Archives Office Laud, Works Parker, J.H., ed., The Works of the Most Reverend Father in God William Laud D:D. Sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1847,1849,1853-4,1857,1860). Li Journals of the House of Lords LPL Lambeth Palace Library DRS Lincoln Record Society O'Day, Clergy R. O'Day, The English Clergy: The Emergence and Consolidation of a Profession 1558-1642 (Leicester, 1979). Past and Present PRO Public Record Office SCH Etudies_in_Church History SRS Suffolk Record Society UBHI University of Birmingham Historical Journal VCH Bedford The Victoria History of the County of Bedford Walker Revised A.G. Matthews, Walker Revised: Being a Revision of John Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy During the Grand Rebellion 1642-1660 (Oxford, 1948). White J. White, The First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, Made and Admitted into Benefices by the Prelates in Whose Hands the Ordination of Ministers and Government of the Church Has Been (London, 1643). -5- LIST OF TABLES Page 1 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE KENTISH MINISTERS OF 1607 AND 1637 WHO HAD ATTENDED UNIVERSITY 24 2 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE BEDFORDSHIRE MINISTERS OF 1603 AND 1633 WHO HAD ATTENDED UNIVERSITY 24 3 THE PLACE OF ORIGIN OF BENEFICED MINISTERS FROM THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY AND ARCHDEACONRY OF BEDFORD IN 1637 AND 1633 RESPECTIVELY 35 4 THE PATTERN OF PATRONAGE IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR AND IN 1663 37 5 THE PATTERN OF PATRONAGE IN THE ARCHDEACONRY OF BEDFORD BEFORE THE CIVIL VAR 37 6 VALUES OF BENEFICES IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY IN 1650 56 7 AMOUNTS OF GLEBELAND ATTACHED TO BENEFICES IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY AND THE ARCHDEACONRY OF BEDFORD 59 8 THE VALUES OF KENTISH MINISTERS' GOODS 1623-65 68 9 THE PRESENTMENT OF NEGLECTFUL MINISTERS IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY 1625-42 137 10 THE DATES OF EJECTION OF MINISTERS IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY AND ARCHDEACONRY OF BEDFORD 1641-58 176 11 EJECTION OF PLURALISTS IN THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY 178 -6-- LIST OF MAPS Page 1 MAP OF THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY SHOWING ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTIONS 7 2 MAP OF THE COUNTY OF BEDFORDSHIRE SHOWING ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTIONS 8 -7- 1 . MAP OF THE DIOCESE OF CANTERBURY SHOWING ECCLES IAST ICAL JUR ISDICT IONS -8- FELLEalgaILCAL___Bailla NORTHANTS ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTIONS Archdeaconry of Bedford rebend of Biggle wade Prebend of Leighton Buzzard HU N T S CHB. TILING TON COCKAYNE HALLEY HUSBORNE CRAWLEY CAMBRIDGE UPPE STONDON A BEDFORD ST PAUL B BEDFORD ST PETER C BEDFORD ST CUTHEIERT D BEDFORD ST JOHN E BEDFORD ST MARY BUCKS F Shefford Hardwick tex-par./ G Shefford INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this thesis is to add to the work already done on the parish clergy, particularly by Drs. O'Day, Barratt, Freeman and Beddows.' It is a study of the nature of the parish ministry, its educational, social, professional and financial status, its work and its relations with the people during a period of intense religious and political change. For purposes of analysis I have not always confined myself to the period after 1625; where necessary I have looked back to the Jacobean, Elizabethan and Henrician periods. This thesis differs in focus from most other studies of the parochial clergy insofar as it is concerned not only with the pre-Civil War period, but also with the impact of the Civil War and Interregnum on the clerical profession, particularly on its composition, financial affairs and relations with the laity.