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6 X 10 Long.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80393-9 - Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io Charles Frankel Index More information Index aa flow, 53, 55, 195, 250–51 anorthosite, 75, 101, 107 Acala (lava field, Io), 289 Apennine Bench Formation, Moon, 75, 84, accretion (planetary), 5–7, 64 93, 100–101 Aci Castello (Etna), 50 Apennine Mountains, Moon, 72–73, 73, Acidalia (plains, Mars), 192–93 99–100 Adirondack (rock, Mars), 154 Aphrodite Terra (Venus), 208, 213, 215, Aidne Corona (volcano, Venus), 208, 224, 217–18, 248–49, 249, Plate XVII Alba Patera (volcano, Mars), 127, 128, 134, Apollinaris Patera (volcano, Mars), 128, 146, 136, 139, 167, 169–70, 190–96, 190, 154, Plate XVI 192–93, 195, Plate XI Apollo landing sites (map), 65 Albor Tholus (volcano, Mars), 128, 136–37, Apollo 11, 67–71 137, 197, Plates XIV, XV Apollo 12, 70–72, 244 Alcott (impact crater, Venus), 237 Apollo 13, 72 Aldrin, Buzz, 68–69 Apollo 14, 72, 84 ALH 79001 (meteorite, Mars), 156 Apollo 15, 72–77, 81, 82–83, 84–85, 93, ALH 84001 (meteorite, Mars), 129, 156–58, 97–99, 98–101, 102–103, 111 161–63, 162 Apollo 16, 76, 95 alkali Apollo 17, 76–83, 77, 79, 85, 87, 91, on Earth, 18, 55, 57, 294 104–108, 104, 106–107, 109, 111, on Mars, 144 Plates IX, X on the Moon, 67 arachnoid (Venus), 217, 219, 224–25, 226 on Venus, 210, 212 Aram Chaos (Mars), 151 alkaline basalt, 41, 50–51, 60, 212–13, 245, archebacteria, 31 Plate XIX Arenal (volcano, Earth), 8 alkaline suite, 18, 41, 47–48 Ares Vallis (Mars), 148–49 Alpha Regio (Venus), 208, 215, 260–61, 262 Aristarchus (crater, Moon), 66, 93, 121, 122, Alphonsus (crater, Moon), 66, 93 124 aluminous basalt, 71, 75, 84–85, 98, Aristarchus (plateau, Moon), 67, 86, 93, 100–101, 108, 120 120–26, 121, Plate VIII aluminum, 26, 69, 91, 108, 144, 148 armalcolite, 84 Amazonian (era, Mars), 169–70, 191 Armstrong, Neil, 68–69 Amazonis (plains, Mars), 172 Arsia Mons (volcano, Mars), 128, 130, 132, Amirani (volcano, Io), 271, 274, 281, 288, 134, 167, 184–89, 184, 187–89, 288, 300, 303–304, 319, Plate XXIII 279 Ammavaru (volcano, Venus), 208, 265–268, Artemis Corona (Venus), 208, 217 265–66, 268 Ascraeus Mons (volcano, Mars), 128, 130, Amphitrites Patera (volcano, Mars), 138 132, 134, 135, 167, 184 andesite ash (fall, layer) on Earth, 18, 29, 36, 60, 62–63, 141 on Earth, 19, 22–28, 52–53, 61–62, on Mars, 148, 150, 154, 157 Plate VI on Venus, 264 on Io, 291, 291, 311, 330 and see Io: andesitic basalt, 18 plume, fallout ring © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80393-9 - Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io Charles Frankel Index More information index 347 on Mars, 134, 136–37, 140–42, 170, on Io, 274, 278, 279–81, 280, 285, 287, 185–86, 194–201, 203–205, 204 290–92, 295, 296, 298–308, on the Moon, 66, 76, 119–20, Plate VIII 301–302, 310, 311, 312, 312–13, on Venus, 233, 233–34, 250, 264 314, 316, 317, 318–19, 323–24, 326, Aso, Mount (volcano, Earth), 66 327–28 asthenosphere, 9, 10, 293–94 on Mars, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, Aten (volcano, Io), 278, 281, 285, 289 140, 141, 146–47, 175–76, 181–83, Atla Regio (Venus), 208, 221, 223, 230, 236, 180–82, 184, 185, 187, 187–89, 191, 249–50 194–95, 195, 197, 199–201, 200, atmosphere, see individual planets 202, 203, 205–206, 206, 279, aureole deposit (Mars), 43, 175, 175–76 Plates XII, XIII, XIV, XVI on Venus, 215–17, 216, 222, 222, 240, Babbar Patera (volcano, Io), 271, 305, 309 244, 247, 250–52, 256–57, 267 bacteria Callisto, 272, 287, 302 on Earth, 30–31, 163–64 Camaxtli Patera (Io), 301 on Mars, 129, 156–57, 161–64 carbon dioxide Balch (impact crater, Venus), 246 in atmosphere, 156, 165, 168, 170, balloon (exploration by), 191–93, 244–47, 250 209–10, 214, 239, 245 Barnacle Bill (rock, Mars), 148, 149 in melt, 18, 20, 22, 55, 60, 168, 233 basalt in plume, 24, 165 on Earth, 18, 29, 39, 41 carbon monoxide, 82, 114 on Io, 290, 294, 300, 321, 325, 327 carbonate on Mars, 141, 148, 150–51, 153, 154, on Mars, 145, 161–62, 163 156–58 on Venus, 240 on the Moon, 67, 69–71, 74–76, 78, carbonatite, 54–58, 54, 54, 58, 230 109–110, 125 Ceraunius Tholus (volcano, Mars), 128, 134, on Venus, 211, 212–13, 230, 264, 267 135, 159–60, 160, 192 basaltic andesite Cerberus (plains, Mars), 160 on Earth, 29 Cernan, Gene, 78–80 on Mars, 148–49 Cerro Galan (caldera, Earth), Plate V base surge, 26, 140 Chaac Patera (volcano, Io), 279, 300 BAT zone (Venus), 236 Chain of Craters (Hawaii), 45–46 Bean, Alan, 70–71, 71 Challenger (Space Shuttle), 286 Bell Regio (Venus), 236 channel (lava), see lava channel Beta Regio (Venus), 208, 210, 215, 218, 218, channel (water) 221, 223, 236, 242–46, 242–43, 245 on Mars, 136–38, 139, 148, 152, 154, Biblis Patera (volcano, Mars), 128, 134, 135 169–70, 197, 200, 202, 203–205, 204 blast (volcanic), 22, 60 Chassigny (meteorite, Mars), 154–55, 155, bomb, see lava bomb 157–58, 160 Bosphorus Regio (Io), 270, 286, 319, 326, 328 Chicxulub impact crater, 30 breached cone, 113–14, 114, 262 chlorine, 20, 27, 144 breccia, see impact breccia Chryse (plains, Mars), 143, 148 bubble, see gas bubble cinder cone, see cone clay (on Mars), 145, 162, 205 calc-alkaline suite, 18, 60 Clementine (spacecraft), 85, 88, 118 calcite, 145 climate (eruptions and), 24–26, 28, 170 calcium, 54, 83, 144, 152 clinopyroxene, 150, 157 caldera cloud ring, 52 on Earth, 16–17, 17, 19, 35–38, 40, Cobra Head (Moon), 121, 124, 124 41–44, 43, 48, 53, 55, 60, 62, 62–63, collapse (of volcano flank), 43, 48, 49, 52–53, 279, Plates IV, V 60, 63, 147, 175–77, 227, Plate IV © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80393-9 - Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io Charles Frankel Index More information 348 index Columbia River Plateau, 11, 28–29, 164, 265 dike cone (volcanic) on Earth 38, 53, 55 on Earth 48, 51–53, 52, 57 on Mars, 129, 166, 171, 194 on Mars, 171–72, 172, 196 on Venus, 224–25, 232, 250–51 on the Moon, 94, 96, 105, 111, 113, 114, discharge rate (of ash, lava), 23, 42, 72, 74, 115 93–94, 96, 101, 140, 238, 269, 292, on Venus, 219, 221, 250 300–301, 307 Conrad, Peter, 70–71 dome (volcanic) continental drift (Earth), 12 on Earth, 19, 62, 62, 141, 227, Plates IV, convection (in mantle), 12, 15, 138, 235, V 239, 293 on Io, 297 cooling (of climate), 24–26, 28 on Mars, 187, 189 Copernicus (crater, Moon), 70 on Moon, 111, 113 core on Venus, 217, 224, 224, 227–29, 228, of Earth, 7–10, 9 235, 250, 252, 254, 260–64, 260–61, of Mars, 165 263–64 of Moon, 88–90 Duke, Charlie, 76, 95 of Venus, 239 dunite, 91, 108, 155, 157, 160 core-mantle boundary, 10, 29 corona, 216–17, 219, 221, 224–27, 224, Earth 255–60, 255–56, 258–59 accretion, 5–7 crater, see caldera, impact crater, vent asthenosphere, 9, 10 crust ash falls, 19, 22–28, 52–53, 61–62, of Earth, 9, 10, 12, 14–15, 167 Plate VI of Io, 281, 293–94, 308, 316 calderas, 16–17, 17, 19, 35–38, 40, of Mars, 167, 194 41–44, 43, 48, 53, 55, 60, 62, 62–63, of the Moon, 87–88, 90–91 279, Plates IV, V of Venus, 219, 232, 238–241 cones, 48, 51–53, 52, 57 cryptomaria, 87 core, 7–10, 9 Culann (volcano, Io), 271, 288, 292, 298, 319 creation and heat flow, 4–10 cumulate, 155, 156–57, 160, 162 crust, 9, 10, 12, 14–15 domes, 19, 62, 62, 141, 227, Plates D-prime zone, 10 IV, V dacite, 18, 36–37, 60, 141, 227 eruptions, 8, 18, 21–29, 35, 41–42, Dali Chasma (rift, Venus), 249 49–53, 55–58, Plates I, II, III, VI Danu Montes (Venus), 218 hot spots, 11, 15, 18, 29, 41, 47–48, 50, Danube Planum (Io), 306, 308, 310 138 Dao Vallis (Mars), 202, 204, 204–205 internal structure, 9, 9–10 Dar Al Gani (meteorite, Mars), 158 lava field, flow, 15, 18, 21, 26, 38–39, dark halo crater (Moon), 88, 105 41, 44–46, 48–53, Plates I, II, III dark mantle deposit, Moon, 94 magma ocean, 6 Dazhbog Patera (Io), 303 magnetic field, 10 debris flow, 43, 175, 177, 264 mantle, 9, 10–12 Deccan Traps, 28–30, 93, 136 mid-ocean ridges, 5, 13, 13, 15, 30–31, Descartes crater (Moon), 76, 95 31, 34–35, 165–67, 217–18 Devana Chasma (rift, Venus), 243–47, 243, plate tectonics, 12–15 246 plume (eruptive), , 21, 22, 24, 25, 53, diamond, 55 Plates IV, VI diatreme, 55 seamounts, 13 differentiation (of magma), 18, 36–37, 41, 52, shield volcanoes, 48, 51 144, 148, 254, 294 topographic map, 5 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80393-9 - Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io Charles Frankel Index More information index 349 East African Rift, 8, 14, 17, 55–56, 171, 218, fallout ring (Io), 274, 278, 285, 289, 303, 244–45 305–306, 307, 309, 313, 318 East Pacific Rise, 31 famine, 26–27 eclipse (on Io), 290 far side, of the Moon, 67, 113 Eifel (volcanoes, Earth), 213 feldspar, 51, 83, 83, 90, 101, 107, 125, 150, Eistla Regio (Venus), 256 153–54 Elysium Mons (volcano, Mars), 128, 136–37, fissure (eruptive) 137, 197, 198, Plate XV on Earth, 13, 34–35, 41 Elysium (plains, Mars), 159, 172–73 on Io, 274, 278, 291–92, 297–98, 312, Elysium rise (Mars), 136–37, 136–37, 313, 318 158–60, 197, Plates XIV, XV on Mars, 137, 140, 171, 181, 188–89 Emakong (volcano, Io), 298, 303, 326–30, on Moon, 114 326–27, 329 flood basalt, 29, 66, 72, 93, 265, 281 End-Cretaceous crisis, 27–28, 30 flood channel, see channel End-Permian crisis, 28, 30 flow, see lava flow endogenic dome, 227, 261 fluorine, 20, 27 Eolian Islands, 22, 47 fossil, microfossil Erebus (volcano, Earth), 8 on Mars, 161, 163, 172, 176, 203 erosion fractional crystallization, 18, 157 on Earth, 225 fracture belt (Venus), 221, 229, 259, on Mars, 189, 193 Plate XX on Venus, 209 Fra
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