DOCSLIB.ORG

Fundamentals of Philosophy? Here Are 8 Great Reasons!

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Why Do You Need This New Edition of Fundamentals of Philosophy? Here are 8 great reasons! 1. NEW! Chapter on Moral Skepticism (Ch. 20) 2. NEW! Chapter on Morality and Metaphysics (Ch. 21) 3. Expanded coverage of traditional issues in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics 4. The discussion of philosophy and pop culture for this edition has been condensed and now focuses on connections made to specific issues within the various chapters. 5. NEW! Selection on the immateriality of the soul from Plato’s “Phaedo” (Ch. 9) 6. New commentary explains the role played by Descartes’ proofs for God’s existence and the authenticity in his epistemology 7. NEW! Substantial selection from the Third Mediation (Ch. 15) 8. NEW! Selection from section II of Hume’s “Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding” (Ch. 16) For an in-depth chapter-by-chapter view, visit www.pearsonhighered.com. This page intentionally left blank Eighth Edition FUNDAMENTALS OF PHILOSOPHY David Stewart Ohio University H. Gene Blocker Ohio University James Petrik Ohio University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Sr. Managing Editor: Melissa Feimer Editor-in-Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Production Liaison: Joe Scordato Executive Editor: Ashley Dodge Full-Service Project Management: Saraswathi Developmental Editor: Maggie Barbieri Muralidhar/PreMediaGlobal Editorial Project Manager: Carly Czech Composition: PreMediaGlobal Assistant Editor: Courtney Elezovic Senior Operations Manager: Mary Fischer Editorial Assistant: Nicole Suddeth Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano VP/Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Cover Administrator: Jayne Conte Senior Marketing Manager: Laura Lee Manley Cover Designer: Axell Design Marketing Assistant: Paige Patunas Cover Photo: Offscreen/Shutterstock Digital Media Editor: Rachel Comerford Digital Media Project Managers: Diane Lombardo/ Barbara Taylor-Laino Credits appear on appropriate page within text, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stewart, David Fundamentals of philosophy / David Stewart, H. Gene Blocker, James Petrik.—Eighth edition, student edition. p. cm Previously published: Seventh edition. Boston : Prentice Hall, 2010. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-24299-3 ISBN-10: 0-205-24299-5 1. Philosophy--Textbooks. I. Blocker, H. Gene. II. Petrik, James M. III. Title. BD21.S77 2012 100—dc23 2011049295 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 [CRW] 13 12 11 10 09 Student Edition ISBN-10: 0-205-24299-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-24299-3 CONTENTS Preface ix Part 1 What Is Philosophy? 1 Chapter 1 The Activity of Philosophy 1 Chapter 2 Philosophy’s History 8 Chapter 3 Philosophy and the Examined Life 15 Socrates: In Defense of Philosophy 17 Part 2 Thinking About Thinking (Logic) 26 Chapter 4 The Life of Reason 26 Chapter 5 Argument Forms 33 Chapter 6 Induction and the Philosophy of Science 46 Chapter 7 Strategies for Philosophical Arguments 57 Part 3 What Is Real? (Metaphysics) 74 Chapter 8 Introduction to Metaphysics 74 Chapter 9 Dualism 85 Plato: The Immortality of the Soul 88 Plato: The Divided Line 92 Chapter 10 Materialism 101 Epicurus: First Principle of Materialism 108 Chapter 11 Idealism 118 George Berkeley: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous 120 Chapter 12 The Mind–Body Problem and Personal Identity 132 Alfred C. Lent: Surviving in a Different Body 141 Chapter 13 Freedom and Determinism: The Metaphysics of Human Agency 153 Peter van Inwagen: The Moral Argument for Freedom 160 v vi Contents Part 4 How Do We Know? (Epistemology) 165 Chapter 14 Introduction to Epistemology 165 Chapter 15 René Descartes: The Quest for Certainty 171 René Descartes: Meditations 174 Chapter 16 David Hume: Trust Your Senses 187 David Hume: Of the Origin of Ideas 190 David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding 197 Chapter 17 Immanuel Kant: A Compromise 201 Immanuel Kant: Two Sources of Knowledge 211 Chapter 18 Knowledge and Human Practices: The Pragmatist Tradition 218 William James: What Pragmatism Means 221 Nathaniel Goldberg: Where Does Knowledge Come From? Quine, Davidson, and Traditional Epistemology 225 Part 5 What Ought We to Do? (Ethics) 239 Chapter 19 Introduction to Ethical Reasoning 239 Chapter 20 Moral Skepticism 246 J. L. Mackie: The Argument from Relativity 254 Chapter 21 Morality and Metaphysics 261 Matthew Carey Jordan: God and Morality 265 Chapter 22 Eudaemonism: The Morality of Self-Realization 278 Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics 281 Chapter 23 Utilitarianism: Morality Depends on the Consequences 289 John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism 295 Chapter 24 Deontology: Morality Depends on the Motives 301 Immanuel Kant: Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics 304 Part 6 Philosophy of Religion 316 Chapter 25 Introduction to Philosophy of Religion 316 Chapter 26 Religion and Life’s Meaning 322 Leo Tolstoy: A Confession 325 Contents vii Chapter 27 A Priori Arguments for God’s Existence 331 St. Anselm: Proslogion 334 Chapter 28 A Posteriori Arguments for God’s Existence: Aquinas’ Five Ways 348 St. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways 350 Chapter 29 The Problem of Evil 361 James Petrik: Inscrutable Evil and an Infinite God 366 Part 7 Philosophy of Art (Esthetics) 379 Chapter 30 Introduction to the Philosophy of Art 379 Chapter 31 The Value of Art 388 H. Gene Blocker: The Esthetic Attitude 389 Chapter 32 Art as Ideal 397 Kenneth Clark: The Naked and the Nude 398 Chapter 33 Esthetics and Ideology 408 Jennifer Jeffers: The Politics of Representation 409 Part 8 Social and Political Philosophy 422 Chapter 34 Introduction to Social and Political Philosophy 422 Chapter 35 The Liberal, Secular State 430 John Locke: A Letter Concerning Toleration 435 Chapter 36 The Individual and the State 442 John Stuart Mill: On Liberty 444 Chapter 37 Human Rights 451 H. Gene Blocker: Human Rights 452 Chapter 38 Individual Happiness and Social Responsibility 463 M. Andrew Holowchak: Happiness and Justice in “Liberal” Society: Autonomy as Political Integration 464 Part 9 Eastern Thought 475 Chapter 39 Philosophy East and West 475 Chapter 40 Confucian Theories of Human Nature 481 Mencius: The Book of Mencius 485 Xun Zi: The Nature of Man Is Evil 490 Dong Zhongshu: Human Nature Is Both Good and Evil 495 viii Contents Chapter 41 Hindu Debate on Monism 497 Chapter 42 Buddhist Theory of Emptiness 505 Nagarjuna: Seventy Verses on Emptiness 507 Nagarjuna: How Phenomena Are Empty of Inherent Existence 511 Glossary of Terms 519 Index 527 PREFACE From our years of experience in teaching introductory philosophy, we have concluded that such a course should do two things: (1) introduce students to the major themes and thinkers in the philosophic tradition and (2) show how the issues students encounter in the great thinkers sections apply to concerns they encounter in their life experiences. A begin- ning philosophy course can attempt to do too much and as a consequence, accomplish too little. However, we think that an introductory philosophy course should contribute to students’ general education by helping them develop a conceptual framework and vocabulary for discussing important intellectual and social issues. Philosophy has something to say when people become upset over a controversial art exhibit or groups complain about art works that critics say degrade a religious or eth- nic group. It also has something to say when people are misled by specious arguments and faulty reasoning. It can assist us in understanding that claims to absolute knowledge are not to be taken at face value, and it can guide us through the perplexing issues raised in public policy debates, such as the ongoing tugs of war about the protection of minority groups or life styles. Students probably first begin to think philosophically about matters of ethics and religion, though they may not be fully aware that they are doing philosophy when they encounter such problems in their own thinking. And with the increased awareness of other countries and cultures, students today need to have an understanding of non-Western thought systems. At the same time, we do not intend this book to be just about philosophy, that is, a second-hand recounting of philosophical positions. We believe that students need to encoun- ter the great thinkers directly. Therefore, we offer here the best features of the reader and the expository text. The readings themselves have been selected to represent a wide range of philosophical styles and temperaments—from Kant, Berkeley, Hume, and Descartes to Tolstoy, Mencius, Wittgenstein, and Kenneth Clark. The readings are no mere snippets but are solid chunks of material from relatively self-contained units, ranging from five to ten pages in length. This book is divided into forty-two chapters (arranged under nine topics), and within each part users may select some readings and omit others without loss of peda- gogical effectiveness. Since this book contains more material than can be covered in a single academic term, instructors may pick and choose those chapters that best suit their own philosophical dispositions.
Recommended publications
  • Christian Nonprofit Ceos:Ethical Idealism, Relativism, and Motivation

    Christian Nonprofit Ceos:Ethical Idealism, Relativism, and Motivation

    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Dissertations Graduate School Spring 2016 Christian Nonprofit EC Os:Ethical Idealism, Relativism, and Motivation Sharlene Garces Baragona Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/diss Part of the Applied Behavior Analysis Commons, Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics Commons, and the Industrial and Organizational Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Baragona, Sharlene Garces, "Christian Nonprofit EC Os:Ethical Idealism, Relativism, and Motivation" (2016). Dissertations. Paper 100. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/diss/100 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRISTIAN NONPROFIT CEOS: ETHICAL IDEALISM, RELATIVISM, AND MOTIVATION A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Educational Leadership Doctoral Program Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education By Sharlene Sameon Garces Baragona May 2016 I humbly dedicate this work to my Creator, Lord of heaven and earth, Constant Provider, Ultimate Moral Law Giver, Loving Savior, and the Great I Am. Almighty God, You alone are worthy of all honor, glory, and praise. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Lord has blessed me with wonderful people who helped me complete this doctoral degree. I could not take this journey without Earnest, my loving husband and best friend, by my side. God gave me more than I asked when Earnest came into my life. I have been very fortunate to have an excellent team of mentors who challenged and inspired me to succeed.
  • Nature in Indian Philosophy and Cultural Traditions Sophia Studies in Cross-Cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures

    Nature in Indian Philosophy and Cultural Traditions Sophia Studies in Cross-Cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures

    Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures 12 Meera Baindur Nature in Indian Philosophy and Cultural Traditions Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures Volume 12 Series editors Editor-in-Chief: Purushottama Bilimoria The University of Melbourne, Australia; University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Co-Editor: Andrew Irvine Maryville College, Maryville, TN, USA Assistant to Editor Amy Rayner (Australia) Editorial Board Balbinder Bhogal (Hofstra University) Sheerah Bloor (University of Melbourne) Christopher Chapple (Loyola Marymount University) Vrinda Dalmia (University of Hawaii at Honolulu) Gavin Flood (Oxford University) Jessica Frazier (Kent University) Kathleen Higgins (University of Texas at Austin) Morny Joy (Calgary University) Parimal Patil (Harvard University) Joseph Prabhu (Cal State LA) Carool Kersten (King’s College, London) Richard King (University of Glasgow) Arvind-Pal Mandair (University of Michigan) Rekha Nath (University of Alabama) Stephen Phillips (University of Texas at Austin) Anupama Rao (Columbia University) The Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures fosters critical and constructive engagement of the intellectual and philosophical dimen- sions—broadly construed—of religious and cultural traditions around the globe. The series invites innovative scholarship, including feminist, postmodern, and postcolonial approaches. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8880 Meera Baindur Nature in Indian Philosophy and Cultural Traditions 123 Meera Baindur Manipal Centre for Philosophy and Humanities Manipal University Manipal, Karnataka India ISSN 2211-1107 ISSN 2211-1115 (electronic) Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures ISBN 978-81-322-2357-3 ISBN 978-81-322-2358-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2358-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015934684 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright.
  • The Logic of Illogic Straight Thinking on Immigration by David G

    The Logic of Illogic Straight Thinking on Immigration by David G

    Spring 1996 THE SOCIAL CONTRACT The Logic of Illogic Straight Thinking on Immigration by David G. Payne the confines of this article will not allow a detailed examination of a great many of fallacies (and there We come to the full possession of our power of are a great many), I will concentrate on but a few drawing inferences, the last of all our faculties; representative samples. In the final section, I will for it is not so much a natural gift as a long and consider whether we are ever justified in using difficult art. logical fallacies to our advantage. — C.S. Peirce, Fixation of Belief he American logician Charles Sanders Peirce I. Why Bother? believed logical prowess to be a developed If I may answer a question with a question, the skill more than an inherited trait. The survival T response to "Why Bother?" when applied to any value of abiding by certain fundamental laws of specific issue is "Are you interested in the truth of logic has, no doubt, enhanced the rationality of that issue?" In other words, do you care whether Homo sapiens' gene pool under the ever-watchful your positions on various issues are true or do you eye of natural selection; yet the further ability to hold them just because you always have? If the analyze and distinguish proper from improper latter is true, then stop reading — you shouldn't inferences is one that is developed over many years bother. But if the former is the case, i.e., if you are of hard work.
  • Civil Disobedience

    Civil Disobedience

    Civil Disobedience Henry David Toreau Civil Disobedience Henry David Toreau Foreword by Connor Boyack Libertas Institute Salt Lake City, Utah Civil Disobedience Thoreau’s essay is out of copyright and in the public domain; this version is lightly edited for modernization. Supplemental essays are copyrighted by their respective authors and included with permission. The foreword is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. LIBERTAS PRESS 770 E. MAIN STREET, SUITE 255 LEHI, UT 84043 Civil Disobedience / Henry David Toreau — 1st ed. First printing, June 2014 Cover Design by Ben Jenkins Manufactured in the United States of America For bulk orders, send inquiries to: [email protected] ISBN-13: 978-0-9892912-3-1 dedicated to Edward Snowden for doing what was right “Te most foolish notion of all is the belief that everything is just which is found in the customs or laws of nations. Would that be true, even if these laws had been enacted by tyrants?” “What of the many deadly, the many pestilential statutes which nations put in force? Tese no more deserve to be called laws than the rules a band of robbers might pass in their assembly. For if ignorant and unskillful men have prescribed deadly poisons instead of healing drugs, these cannot possibly be called physicians’ prescriptions; neither in a nation can a statute of any sort be called a law, even though the nation, in spite of being a ruinous regulation, has accepted it.” —Cicero Foreword by Connor Boyack Americans know Henry David Thoreau as the author of Walden, a narrative published in 1854 detailing the author’s life at Walden Pond, on property owned by his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson near Concord, Massachusetts.
  • CHAPTER XXX. of Fallacies. Section 827. After Examining the Conditions on Which Correct Thoughts Depend, It Is Expedient to Clas

    CHAPTER XXX. of Fallacies. Section 827. After Examining the Conditions on Which Correct Thoughts Depend, It Is Expedient to Clas

    CHAPTER XXX. Of Fallacies. Section 827. After examining the conditions on which correct thoughts depend, it is expedient to classify some of the most familiar forms of error. It is by the treatment of the Fallacies that logic chiefly vindicates its claim to be considered a practical rather than a speculative science. To explain and give a name to fallacies is like setting up so many sign-posts on the various turns which it is possible to take off the road of truth. Section 828. By a fallacy is meant a piece of reasoning which appears to establish a conclusion without really doing so. The term applies both to the legitimate deduction of a conclusion from false premisses and to the illegitimate deduction of a conclusion from any premisses. There are errors incidental to conception and judgement, which might well be brought under the name; but the fallacies with which we shall concern ourselves are confined to errors connected with inference. Section 829. When any inference leads to a false conclusion, the error may have arisen either in the thought itself or in the signs by which the thought is conveyed. The main sources of fallacy then are confined to two-- (1) thought, (2) language. Section 830. This is the basis of Aristotle's division of fallacies, which has not yet been superseded. Fallacies, according to him, are either in the language or outside of it. Outside of language there is no source of error but thought. For things themselves do not deceive us, but error arises owing to a misinterpretation of things by the mind.
  • Lebel Lecture in Christian Ethics, March 6, 2006 What Are They Saying About Conversion?

    Lebel Lecture in Christian Ethics, March 6, 2006 What Are They Saying About Conversion?

    Lebel Lecture in Christian Ethics, March 6, 2006 What are they Saying about Conversion? New Insights, Many Models By Douglas H. Shantz, PhD, University of Calgary Introduction 1. The Importance of this Topic There are several factors behind my choice of topic this evening. For one, conversions are in the news. There have been media reports of such famous converts as Anne Rice the novelist, Naomi Wolf the feminist, and Antony Flew the philosopher. Last October 31, Newsweek magazine reported, “Anne Rice: Queen of the Occult Finds God.” At age 64 Rice, the onetime chronicler of vampires and witches, has apparently returned to the Catholic Church she left at age 18, and says all her future books will be written “only for the Lord.” After experiencing a diabetic coma in 1998, the death of her husband of 41 years in 2002, almost dying herself in 2004, and sinking into despair, she now views Christ as the ultimate hero.1 Her most recent book is, Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt, a novel about the 7 year old Jesus as narrated by Christ himself. This past January 22, 2006 an article in the Sunday Herald began: “Naomi Wolf, one of America’s foremost feminist thinkers, has found a spiritual awakening in God after experiencing a ‘mystical encounter’ with Jesus.” “The most widely read feminist of her generation,” Wolf is best known as the author of The Beauty Myth, her 1991 book against the cosmetics industry. In therapy recently for writer’s block, while practicing meditation, she experienced a holographic (three dimensional) image of Jesus.
  • Method: Journal of Lonergan Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1

    Method: Journal of Lonergan Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1

    VOLUME16 ER 1 SPRING19 METHOD lournalof LonerganStudies VolumeL6 NumberLSPring199S PATRICK H. BYRNE CHARLESC. HEFLINC, JR. MARK D. MORELU Editor Eilitor Editor KERRYCRoNIN ANNE E. C/DONNELL Business Manager Editoial Manager CONTENTS Fredeick E. Crcnoe. 1 Editor's lntroduction BernardI . F. Lonergan 5 "Variations in Fundamental Theology" LouisRoy, O.P. 25 Schleiermacher'sEpistemology IamesSwindal 47 The Role of Cognitive Reflection in Bernard Lonergan's Moral TheologY 67 BooK REvIEws METHzD:lournal of LonerganStudies is published by The Lonergan Institute at Boston College METHoD: lournal of Lonergan Studies aims, first, at furthering interpretive, historical, and critical study of the philosophicaf theological, economic, and methodological writings of Bernard l,onergan. Secondly, it aims at promoting original research into the methodological foundations of the sciencesand disciplines. METHoD is published twice yearly, in April and October, by The Lonergan Institute at Boston College. SuBscRtPrtoNPRICE 1998: $16.00 yearly for individuals, $28.00yearly for institutions (U.S. currency). SUBSCRIPTIoNORDERS must be prepaid in U.S. funds and should be addressed to the Business Manager, Meruoo, Lonergan Center, Bapst Library, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02767-3806. Changes of address and other correspondence related to subscriptions and advertising should be sent to the same address. MANUScRIPTSshould be sent to Mark Morelli METHoD, Deparhent of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University, Loyola Blvd. at W. 80th Street, Los Angeles, CA 9fiX5 or to Kerry Cronin, METHoD,Lonergan Center, Bapst Library, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167-3806.In order to facilitate an early decisioru authors should send three copies of each manurript, double-spaced throughou! including footnotes. Submissions should be accompanied by a short biographical note.
  • There Is a God

    There Is a God

    godthere is a How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind Antony Flew with Roy Abraham Varghese contents Preface v introduction 1 part i: my denial of the divine 7 1. The Creation of an Atheist 9 2. Where the Evidence Leads 31 3. Atheism Calmly Considered 65 part ii: my discovery of the divine 83 4. A Pilgrimage of Reason 85 5. Who Wrote the Laws of Nature? 95 6. Did the Universe Know We Were Coming? 113 7. How Did Life Go Live? 123 8. Did Something Come from Nothing? 133 9. Finding Space for God 147 10. Open to Omnipotence 155 iii iv contents Appendices 159 Appendix A The “New Atheism”: A Critical Appraisal of Dawkins, Dennett, Wolpert, Harris, and Stenger Roy Abraham Varghese 161 Appendix B The Self-Revelation of God in Human History: A Dialogue on Jesus with N.T. Wright 185 Notes 215 About the Author Praise Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher preface “ amous Atheist Now Believes in God: One of World’s FLeading Atheists Now Believes in God, More or Less, Based on Scientific Evidence.” This was the head- line of a December 9, 2004, Associated Press story that went on to say: “A British philosophy professor who has been a leading champion of atheism for more than a half century has changed his mind. He now believes in God more or less based on scientific evidence, and says so on a video released Thursday.” Almost immediately, the announcement became a media event touching off reports and commentaries around the globe on radio and TV, in newspapers and on Internet sites.
  • In Peripatetic Islamic Philosophers* ABSTRACT KEYWORDS

    In Peripatetic Islamic Philosophers* ABSTRACT KEYWORDS

    Dini Tetkikler Dergisi ULUM Journal of Religious Inquiries !# ﺠﻣ ﻠ ﺔ تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﯿﻨﯾﺪﻟا %$ " www.dergipark.gov.tr/ulum The Concept of ‘Nature’ in Peripatetic Islamic Philosophers* Nuri Adıgüzel ** ABSTRACT In this study, lexical and terminological meanings of the term “nature” were analyzed and some Peripatetical Islamic philosophers’ opinions about this term were included. A comparison was made between the words “ta- biat” and “doğa” which are used in Turkish language to meet the term “nature”. The realm of existence which Peripatetical Islamic philosophers have used “nature” in as a noun was explained. Debate between Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) about the necessity of proving the term “nature” was mentioned. Ibn Sīnā's views on what “nature” portends in terms of being a source of motion and duration in objects were presented in comparison with Aristotle. Later definitions which are made by philosophers for “nature” as a term were presented. Peripa- tetical Islamic philosophers’ definition of the term “nature” which has a critical role in Islamic philosophy and the way they use it differentiates from that of Aristotle’s. The term “nature” which they especially use to explain every kind of becoming and motion enables to connect all reason to Allah in aspects of etymology. And it is also known that the term “nature” serves as a basis for differentiation between physics and metaphysics. The purpose of this article is to clarify the possible usages of the term “nature” in relation to new theories. KEYWORDS Islamic Philosophy, Peripatetic, Ṭabīʻa, Cause, Reason, Principle * This article has been published previously in Turkish: Adıgüzel, Nuri.
  • Indeterminism in Physics and Intuitionistic Mathematics

    Indeterminism in Physics and Intuitionistic Mathematics

    Indeterminism in Physics and Intuitionistic Mathematics Nicolas Gisin Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (Dated: November 5, 2020) Most physics theories are deterministic, with the notable exception of quantum mechanics which, however, comes plagued by the so-called measurement problem. This state of affairs might well be due to the inability of standard mathematics to “speak” of indeterminism, its inability to present us a worldview in which new information is created as time passes. In such a case, scientific determinism would only be an illusion due to the timeless mathematical language scientists use. To investigate this possibility it is necessary to develop an alternative mathematical language that is both powerful enough to allow scientists to compute predictions and compatible with indeterminism and the passage of time. We argue that intuitionistic mathematics provides such a language and we illustrate it in simple terms. I. INTRODUCTION I have always been amazed by the huge difficulties that my fellow physicists seem to encounter when con- templating indeterminism and the highly sophisticated Physicists are not used to thinking of the world as in- circumlocutions they are ready to swallow to avoid the determinate and its evolution as indeterministic. New- straightforward conclusion that physics does not neces- ton’s equations, like Maxwell’s and Schr¨odinger’s equa- sarily present us a deterministic worldview. But even tions, are (partial) differential equations describing the more surprising to me is the attitude of most philoso- continuous evolution of the initial condition as a func- phers, especially philosophers of science. Indeed, most tion of a parameter identified with time.
  • Philosophia Christi Vol

    Philosophia Christi Vol

    PHILOSOPHIA CHRISTI VOL. 9, NO. 2 © 2007 Antony Flew’s Deism Revisited A Review Essay on There Is a God GARY R. HABERMAS Department of Philosophy and Theology Liberty University Lynchburg, Virginia There Is a God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. By Antony Flew and Roy Abraham Varghese. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. 256 pages. $24.95. When preeminent philosophical atheist Antony Flew announced in 2004 that he had come to believe in God’s existence and was probably best con- sidered a deist, the reaction from both believers and skeptics was “off the chart.” Few religious stories had this sort of appeal and impact, across the spectrum, both popular as well as theoretical. No recent change of mind has received this much attention. Flew responded by protesting that his story really did not deserve this much interest. But as he explained repeatedly, he simply had to go where the evidence led. Some Background It was this last sentence, repeated often in interviews, that really inter- ested me. Having known Tony well over more than twenty years, I had heard him repeat many things like it, as well as other comments that might be termed “open minded.” He had insisted that he was open to God’s existence, to special revelation, to miracles, to an afterlife, or to David Hume being in error on this or that particular point. To be truthful, I tended to set aside his comments, thinking that while they were made honestly, perhaps Tony still was not as open as he had thought.
  • Argumentum Ad Populum Examples in Media

    Argumentum Ad Populum Examples in Media

    Argumentum Ad Populum Examples In Media andClip-on spare. Ashby Metazoic sometimes Brian narcotize filagrees: any he intercommunicatedBalthazar echo improperly. his assonances Spense coylyis all-weather and terminably. and comminating compunctiously while segregated Pen resinify The argument further it did arrive, clearly the fallacy or has it proves false information to increase tuition costs Fallacies of emotion are usually find in grant proposals or need scholarship, income as reports to funders, policy makers, employers, journalists, and raw public. Why do in media rather than his lack of. This fallacy can raise quite dangerous because it entails the reluctance of ceasing an action because of movie the previous investment put option it. See in media should vote republican. This fallacy examples or overlooked, argumentum ad populum examples in media. There was an may select agents and are at your email address any claim that makes a common psychological aspects of. Further Experiments on retail of the end with Displaced Visual Fields. Muslims in media public opinion to force appear. Instead of ad populum. While you are deceptively bad, in media sites, weak or persuade. We often finish one survey of simple core fallacies by considering just contain more. According to appeal could not only correct and frollo who criticize repression and fallacious arguments are those that they are typically also. Why is simply slope bad? 12 Common Logical Fallacies and beige to Debunk Them. Of cancer person commenting on social media rather mention what was alike in concrete post. Therefore, it contain important to analyze logical and emotional fallacies so one hand begin to examine the premises against which these rhetoricians base their assumptions, as as as the logic that brings them deflect certain conclusions.