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Šumarski Fakultet Preddiplomski Studij View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Zagreb Repository ŠUMARSKI FAKULTET PREDDIPLOMSKI STUDIJ ŠUMARSTVO JOSIP ŽAČEK TAKSONOMSKI STATUS, RASPROSTRANJENOST I MORFOLOŠKE ZNAČAJKE AUTOHTONIH VRSTA RODA IRIS L. U HRVATSKOJ ZAVRŠNI RAD ZAGREB, rujan 2015. Zavod: Zavod za šumarsku genetiku, dendrologiju i botaniku Predmet: Šumarska botanika Mentor: Prof. dr. sc. Jozo Franjić Asistent: Dr. sc. Daniel Krstonošić Student: Josip Žaček JMBAG: 0068210787 Akad. godina: 2014/2015 Mjesto,datum Zagreb, 25. rujna 2015. godine obrane: Sadržaj rada: Slika: 18 Tablica: 0 Navoda literature: 10 Sažetak: Rod Iris L. je rasprostranjen na Sjevernoj polutci. Rod se odlikuje velikim brojem vrsta, podvrsta, varijeteta i križanaca. Za područje Europe navodi se oko 30 vrsta, a u hrvatskoj flori 15 vrsta i 1 podvrsta. Od kojih su za šumska staništa značajne vrste – hrvatska perunika (I. croatica Horvat et M. D. Horvat), germanska perunika (I. germanica L.), uskolisna perunika (I. graminea L.), sibirska perunika (I. sibirica L), ilirska perunika (I. illyrica L.), žuta perunika (I. pseudacorus L.), šarena perunika (I. variegata L.). Sadržaj 1. Uvod .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Prirodno stanište ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Morfološke značajke................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Ljekovitost i primjena ................................................................................................. 2 2. Obrada teme ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Opće značajke roda Iris L. .......................................................................................... 3 2.2. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost autohtonih vrsta roda Iris L. ........................ 4 2.2.1. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost jadranske perunike (Iris adriatica L.) .. 5 2.2.2. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost hrvatske perunike (Iris croatica Horvat et M. D. Horvat) ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2.3. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost germanske perunike (Iris germanica L.) ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.4. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost uskolisne perunike (Iris graminea L.) .. 8 2.2.5. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost ilirske perunike (Iris illyrica L.) ........... 9 2.2.6. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost močvarne žute perunike (Iris pseudacorus L.). .......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.7. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost sibirske perunike (Iris sibirica L.) ...... 11 2.2.8. Taksonomski status i rasprostranjenost šarene perunike (Iris variegata L.) ..... 11 2.3. Morfološke značajke autohtonih vrsta roda Iris L.................................................... 12 2.3.1. Morfološke značajke jadranske perunike (Iris adriatica L.) ............................. 12 2.3.2. Morfološke značajke hrvatske perunike (Iris croatica Horvat et M. D. Horvat) ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3. Morfološke značajke germanske perunike (Iris germanica L.) ........................ 14 2.3.4. Morfološke značajke uskolisne perunike (Iris graminea L.) ............................ 15 2.3.5. Morfološke značajke ilirske perunike (Iris illyrica Tomm.) ............................. 16 2.3.6. Morfološke značajke močvarne žute perunike (Iris pseudcorus L.) ................. 17 2.3.7. Morfološke značajke sibirske perunike (Iris sibirica L.) .................................. 18 2.3.8. Morfološke značajke šarene perunike (Iris variegata L.) ................................. 19 3. Zaključak ......................................................................................................................... 21 4. Literatura ......................................................................................................................... 22 1. Uvod 1.1. Prirodno stanište Stoljećima unazad perunika (Iris L.) predstavlja simbol kraljevskih porodica, najviše zbog svoga elegantnog izgleda. Perunika još od staroga Egipta predstavlja kraljevski i božanski simbol, a staroegipatski vladari držali su je kao žezlo u ruci, pokazujući svoju moć i uzvišenost. Tri dijela njezinog cvijeta predstavljala vjeru, mudrost te hrabrost. Latinski naziv roda (Iris) potječe od božice Iride koja je prema drevnim starogrčkim pričama bila glasnica bogova, te prenosila poruke bogova na zemlju pomoću duge. Tamo gdje bi pak, duga dotakla tlo, izrastao bi cvijet perunike u različitim duginim bojama. Hrvatski naziv perunika dobila je prema vrhovnom staroslavenskom bogu Perunu, odnosno prema imenu njegove žene Perunike. Rod Iris L. rasprostranjen je na Sjevornoj polutci. Rod se odlikuje velikim brojem vrsta, podvrsta, varijeteta i križanaca. Ovaj rod ima oko 210 vrsta, dok se za područje Europe navodi 30 vrsta, a u Hrvatskoj flori 15 vrsta i 1 podvrsta. Perunika se može naći u prirodnim, vlažnim i močvarnim staništima. Stanište seže od suhih brdskih travnjaka, šumskih rubova, medunčevih šuma i šikara, submediteranskih područja do močvarnih staništa. U Hrvatskoj osim na prirodnom staništu postoje i u komercijalnoj proizvodnji i u vrtovima. Brojne vrste perunika u nas rastu samoniklo i to na krševitim stijenama jadranske obale, a neke od njih, koje su ujedno i endemi naše flore jesu hrvatska perunika (Iris croatica), patuljasta jadranska perunika (I. adriatica), ilirska perunika (I. illyrica) i jadranska ili blijeda perunika (I. pseudopallida). Zbog nestanka staništa perunika predstavlja ugroženu vrstu stoga je i zaštićena zakonom. Važno je značenje perunika i u pučkoj medicini i kozmetici, o čemu postoje brojni povijesni zapisi, ali i danas se perunike koriste i kao lijek i kao kozmetičko sredstvo (npr. sapuni, toaletne vode, kupke i sl.). Podzemna stabljika je ljekovita te sadrži eterična ulja, iridin, škrob, šećer, sluzi, smole i tanine. Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti proglasila je peruniku nacionalnim cvijetom 2000. godine, čime se hrvatska pridružila mnogim zemljama koje na ovakav način slave svoja prirodna bogatstva. 1 1.2. Morfološke značajke Perunika (Iris), predstavlja rod biljaka iz razreda jednosupnica koja pripada porodici Iridaceae. To su zeljaste trajnice čiji su listovi većinom sabljasti, srpasti i raspoređeni su u dva reda. Cvjetovi su dvospolni najčešće plave boje. Stabljika je uspravna visoka od 10 cm pa do više od 1 m. Hrvatska perunika je endemska vrsta, a rasprostranjena je u brdskim područjima kontinentalne Hrvatske. Isto tako uspijevaju i na dobro ocjeditim tlima neutralne do blage alkalne reakcije i osunčanim položajima, premda podnose i zasjenjene položaje. 1.3. Ljekovitost i primjena Neko vrijeme u medicini se perunici nije pridavala osobita pozornost. Danas se u medicinske svrhe perunika se najviše koristi u Italiji. Korijen perunike sadrži eterična ulja, škrob, smolu i sluzave materijale koje se u prirodnoj medicini koriste protiv raznih bolesti. Ona potiče izlučivanje urina, čisti od kamenaca, utječe na mjesečnicu, ublažava grčeve u crijevima, donosi dobar san i uništava gliste. Ljekovita perunika sadrži od 0,1-0,2 % eteričnih ulja, čiji su glavni sastojci miristinska kiselina (85 %), a uz to se u hlapivom ulju nalaze i benzaldehid i drugi aldehidi. Ilirska perunika sadrži brojne izoflavone (tehtoridin i iridin te njihovi glikozidi tektorigenin i irigenin, kao i brojni drugi), ksanton mangiferin i benzofenon. Podanak perunike je izvrsno sredstvo protiv migrene, naročito ako je prouzrokovana želučanim smetnjama, kiselim povraćanjem i drugim. Podanak je vrlo djelotvoran kod nedovoljnoga rada trbušnih žlijezda, kod stalnoga povraćanja, žgaravice, kronične upale želuca i crijeva, u bolestima jetre i žuči i izostanka menstruacije. Vrlo dobri uspjesi postignuti su i kod prehlade čeonih šupljina (sinusa) i kod živčanih bolova nakon operacije udova. 2 2. Obrada teme 2.1. Opće značajke roda Iris L. Perunike su višegodišnje zeljaste kritosjemenjače koje su izuzetno otporne, te ovisno o vrsti, cvatu od ranoga proljeća do sredine ljeta. Ovaj biljni rod odlikuje se impresivnom raznolikošću, kako veličinom tako i oblicima i bojama. Iz valjkastoga, puzavoga i trajnoga podanka rastu uski, uspravni i sabljasti listovi, raspoređeni u dva reda. Listovi su bez peteljki te s vrlo izraženom prugastom nervaturom. Tri slobodna režnja vanjskih listića previnuta su unatrag ili strše, a tri unutarnja su uspravna i najčešće uža od vanjskih. Podzemna stabljika je zadebljana, a nadzemna uspravna, kod patuljastih perunika visoka oko 10 cm, a kod visokih oblika i više od jednoga metra. Dvospolni cvjetovi, većinom krupni i živopisnih boja, pravilno ocvijeće sa šest listića, koja su pri dnu međusobno srasli u kraću ili dulju cijev. Svaki cvijet ima uglavnom dva ovojna lista (spate), koji mogu biti ili zeleni ili opnasti i suhokožičasti ili katkad bjelkasti, ljubičasti i sl. te se njihov izgled najčešće koristi u razlikovanju nekih vrsta perunika. Cvjetovi se sastoje iz šest „listića“ (perigon) raspoređeni
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