General Properties of Alkali Earth Metals
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The Radiochemistry of Beryllium
National Academy of Sciences National Research Council I NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry ·of Beryllium COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L. F. CURTISS, Chairman ROBLEY D. EVANS, Vice Chairman National Bureau of Standards MassaChusetts Institute of Technol0gy J. A. DeJUREN, Secretary ./Westinghouse Electric Corporation H.J. CURTIS G. G. MANOV Brookhaven National' LaboratOry Tracerlab, Inc. SAMUEL EPSTEIN W. WAYNE MEINKE CalUornia Institute of Technology University of Michigan HERBERT GOLDSTEIN A.H. SNELL Nuclear Development Corporation of , oak Ridge National Laboratory America E. A. UEHLING H.J. GOMBERG University of Washington University of Michigan D. M. VAN PATTER E.D.KLEMA Bartol Research Foundation Northwestern University ROBERT L. PLATZMAN Argonne National Laboratory LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C .. AEBERSOLD W.D.URRY Atomic Energy Commission U. S. Air Force J. HOW ARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT National Science Foundation Office of Naval Research SUBCOMMITTEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chairman HAROLD KIRBY University of Michigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE Florida State University. Oak Ridge National Laboratory GEORGE A. COW AN JULIAN NIELSEN Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Hanford Laboratories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG University of Washington Argonne National Laboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C. STEVENSON Brookhaven National Laboratory University of California (Livermore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE University of CalUornia (Berkeley) McGill University CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU WILLIAM MARLOW Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory N atlonal Bureau of Standards JAMESDeVOE University of Michigan CHF.MISTRY-RADIATION AND RADK>CHEMIST The Radiochemistry of Beryllium By A. W. FAIRHALL. Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington May 1960 ' Subcommittee on Radiochemistry National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Printed in USA. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Periodic Trends in the Main Group Elements
Chemistry of The Main Group Elements 1. Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but it accounts for less than 1% (by mass) in the Earth’s crust. It is the third most abundant element in the living system. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen (1H) - the most abundant isotope, deuterium (2H), and tritium 3 ( H) which is radioactive. Most of hydrogen occurs as H2O, hydrocarbon, and biological compounds. Hydrogen is a colorless gas with m.p. = -259oC (14 K) and b.p. = -253oC (20 K). Hydrogen is placed in Group 1A (1), together with alkali metals, because of its single electron in the valence shell and its common oxidation state of +1. However, it is physically and chemically different from any of the alkali metals. Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals (such as those of Group 1A and 2A) to for metal hydrides, where hydrogen is the anion with a “-1” charge. Because of this hydrogen may also be placed in Group 7A (17) together with the halogens. Like other nonmetals, hydrogen has a relatively high ionization energy (I.E. = 1311 kJ/mol), and its electronegativity is 2.1 (twice as high as those of alkali metals). Reactions of Hydrogen with Reactive Metals to form Salt like Hydrides Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals to form ionic (salt like) hydrides: 2Li(s) + H2(g) 2LiH(s); Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(s); The hydrides are very reactive and act as a strong base. It reacts violently with water to produce hydrogen gas: NaH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g); It is also a strong reducing agent and is used to reduce TiCl4 to titanium metal: TiCl4(l) + 4LiH(s) Ti(s) + 4LiCl(s) + 2H2(g) Reactions of Hydrogen with Nonmetals Hydrogen reacts with nonmetals to form covalent compounds such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2O, H2S, NH3, CH4, and other organic and biological compounds. -
Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime. -
Adsorption of RNA on Mineral Surfaces and Mineral Precipitates
Adsorption of RNA on mineral surfaces and mineral precipitates Elisa Biondi1,2, Yoshihiro Furukawa3, Jun Kawai4 and Steven A. Benner*1,2,5 Full Research Paper Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 393–404. 1Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.42 Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA, 2Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA, Received: 23 November 2016 3Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, 2 Chome-1-1 Accepted: 15 February 2017 Katahira, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 980-8577, Japan, Published: 01 March 2017 4Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama This article is part of the Thematic Series "From prebiotic chemistry to 240-8501, Japan and 5The Westheimer Institute for Science and molecular evolution". Technology, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA Guest Editor: L. Cronin Email: Steven A. Benner* - [email protected] © 2017 Biondi et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut. License and terms: see end of document. * Corresponding author Keywords: carbonates; natural minerals; origins of life; RNA adsorption; synthetic minerals Abstract The prebiotic significance of laboratory experiments that study the interactions between oligomeric RNA and mineral species is difficult to know. Natural exemplars of specific minerals can differ widely depending on their provenance. While laboratory-gener- ated samples of synthetic minerals can have controlled compositions, they are often viewed as "unnatural". Here, we show how trends in the interaction of RNA with natural mineral specimens, synthetic mineral specimens, and co-precipitated pairs of synthe- tic minerals, can make a persuasive case that the observed interactions reflect the composition of the minerals themselves, rather than their being simply examples of large molecules associating nonspecifically with large surfaces. -
4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, and RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
STRONTIUM 189 4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, and RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION 4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Strontium is an alkaline earth element in Group IIA of the periodic table. Because of its high reactivity, elemental (or metallic) strontium is not found in nature; it exists only as molecular compounds with other elements. The chemical information for elemental strontium and some of its compounds is listed in Table 4-1. Radioactive isotopes of strontium (e.g., 89Sr and 90Sr, see Section 4.2) are the primary cause of concern with regard to human health (see Chapter 3). 4.2 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES The physical properties of strontium metal and selected strontium compounds are listed in Table 4-2. The percent occurrence of strontium isotopes and the radiologic properties of strontium isotopes are listed in Table 4-3. Strontium can exist in two oxidation states: 0 and +2. Under normal environmental conditions, only the +2 oxidation state is stable enough to be of practical importance since it readily reacts with both water and oxygen (Cotton and Wilkenson 1980; Hibbins 1997). There are 26 isotopes of strontium, 4 of which occur naturally. The four stable isotopes, 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr, and 88Sr, are sometimes referred to as stable strontium. The most important radioactive isotopes, 89Sr and 90Sr, are formed during nuclear reactor operations and during nuclear explosions by the nuclear fission of 235U, 238U, or 239Pu. For example, 235U is split into smaller atomic mass fragments such as 90Sr by a nuclear chain reaction initiated by high energy neutrons of approximately 1 million electron volts (or 1 MeV). -
Interhalogen Compounds
INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS Smt. EDNA RICHARD Asst. Professor Department of Chemistry INTERHALOGEN COMPOUND An interhalogen compound is a molecule which contains two or more different halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine) and no atoms of elements from any other group. Most interhalogen compounds known are binary (composed of only two distinct elements) The common interhalogen compounds include Chlorine monofluoride, bromine trifluoride, iodine pentafluoride, iodine heptafluoride, etc Interhalogen compounds into four types, depending on the number of atoms in the particle. They are as follows: XY XY3 XY5 XY7 X is the bigger (or) less electronegative halogen. Y represents the smaller (or) more electronegative halogen. Properties of Interhalogen Compounds •We can find Interhalogen compounds in vapour, solid or fluid state. • A lot of these compounds are unstable solids or fluids at 298K. A few other compounds are gases as well. As an example, chlorine monofluoride is a gas. On the other hand, bromine trifluoride and iodine trifluoride are solid and liquid respectively. •These compounds are covalent in nature. •These interhalogen compounds are diamagnetic in nature. This is because they have bond pairs and lone pairs. •Interhalogen compounds are very reactive. One exception to this is fluorine. This is because the A-X bond in interhalogens is much weaker than the X-X bond in halogens, except for the F-F bond. •We can use the VSEPR theory to explain the unique structure of these interhalogens. In chlorine trifluoride, the central atom is that of chlorine. It has seven electrons in its outermost valence shell. Three of these electrons form three bond pairs with three fluorine molecules leaving four electrons. -
Strontium Minerals from Wise County, Virginia - an Update 1 2 D
Vol. 29 May 1983 No. 2 STRONTIUM MINERALS FROM WISE COUNTY, VIRGINIA - AN UPDATE 1 2 D. Allen Penick and Lynn D. Haynes The two principal minerals containing Strontianite crystallizes in the ortho- strontium, celestite and strontianite, have rhcanbic crystal system, and in Wise Funty been found in relative abundance in the area usually forms dull globular msses terrmnat- around East Stone Gap in Wise County, Vir- ed by acicular crystals. Crystals are gen- @ ginia. Celestite is strontium sulfate erally white and often can be seen as small (SrS04) and contains 56.4 percent strontium sprays attached to the celestite crystals. oxide. The name celestite is derived fm The mineral has a specific gravity of 3.7, the Latin mrd caelistis "of the sky" in hardness of 3.5 to 4, and good primtic reference to the typical blue color. Crys- cleavage. tals are predminantly blue and zoned in According to R. V. Dietrich (1970) and J. color but can also be red, green, or brown. A. Speer (1977) , strontium minerals have The mineral crystallizes in the ortho- been reported frcm seven different areas in rhcmbic crystal system and can fom thin to Virginia. These localities, all in the Val- thick heavy tabular crystals elongated along ley and Ridge Province, extend frcm Wise the b-axis; prismatic crystals elongated County in Southwest Virginia to Frederick along the a-axis; or equant crystals elon- County in the northwestern corner of the gated on the c-axis. Crystals can also have State (Figure 1). All exposures except two pyramidal faces with good terminations. -
WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12N 15/10 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/DK20 15/050343 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 11 November 2015 ( 11. 1 1.2015) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, (25) Filing Language: English PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (26) Publication Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: PA 2014 00655 11 November 2014 ( 11. 1 1.2014) DK (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/077,933 11 November 2014 ( 11. 11.2014) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/202,3 18 7 August 2015 (07.08.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (71) Applicant: LUNDORF PEDERSEN MATERIALS APS TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, [DK/DK]; Nordvej 16 B, Himmelev, DK-4000 Roskilde DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (DK). -
Chemistry of the Noble Gases*
CHEMISTRY OF THE NOBLE GASES* By Professor K. K. GREE~woon , :.\I.Sc., sc.D .. r".lU.C. University of N ewca.stle 1tpon Tyne The inert gases, or noble gases as they are elements were unsuccessful, and for over now more appropriately called, are a remark 60 years they epitomized chemical inertness. able group of elements. The lightest, helium, Indeed, their electron configuration, s2p6, was recognized in the gases of the sun before became known as 'the stable octet,' and this it was isolated on ea.rth as its name (i]A.tos) fotmed the basis of the fit·st electronic theory implies. The first inert gas was isolated in of valency in 1916. Despite this, many 1895 by Ramsay and Rayleigh; it was named people felt that it should be possible to induce argon (apy6s, inert) and occurs to the extent the inert gases to form compounds, and many of 0·93% in the earth's atmosphere. The of the early experiments directed to this end other gases were all isolated before the turn have recently been reviewed.l of the century and were named neon (v€ov, There were several reasons why chemists new), krypton (KpVn'TOV, hidden), xenon believed that the inert gases might form ~€vov, stmnger) and radon (radioactive chemical compounds under the correct con emanation). Though they occur much less ditions. For example, the ionization poten abundantly than argon they cannot strictly tial of xenon is actually lower than those of be called rare gases; this can be illustrated hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fl uorine and by calculating the volumes occupied a.t s.t.p. -
Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
BERYLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS Beryllium and beryllium compounds were considered by previous IARC Working Groups in 1971, 1979, 1987, and 1993 (IARC, 1972, 1980, 1987, 1993). Since that time, new data have become available, these have been incorporated in the Monograph, and taken into consid- eration in the present evaluation. 1. Exposure Data a very high strength-to-weight ratio. Beryllium is lighter than aluminium but is greater than 40% 1.1 Identification of the agents more rigid than steel. It has excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. Its only markedly Synonyms and molecular formulae for beryl- adverse feature is relatively pronounced brittle- lium, beryllium–aluminium and beryllium– ness, which restricts the use of metallic beryl- copper alloys, and certain beryllium compounds lium to specialized applications (WHO, 1990). are presented in Table 1.1. The list is not exhaus- Because of its low atomic number, beryllium tive, nor does it comprise necessarily the most is very permeable to X-rays. Neutron emission commercially important beryllium-containing after bombardment with α or γ rays is the most substances; rather, it indicates the range of beryl- important of its nuclear physical properties, lium compounds available. and beryllium can be used as a neutron source. Moreover, its low neutron absorptiveness and high-scattering cross-section make it a suitable 1.2 Chemical and physical properties moderator and reflector in structural materials of the agents in nuclear facilities; where most other metals absorb neutrons emitted during the fission Beryllium (atomic number, 4; relative atomic of nuclear fuel, beryllium atoms only reduce mass, 9.01) is a metal, which belongs to Group the energy of such neutrons, and reflect them IIA of the Periodic Table. -
Attachment 3-1 Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil
Attachment 3-1 Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) Eco-SSL Standard Operating Procedure (SOP # 1): Plant and Soil Invertebrate Literature Search and Acquisition OSWER Directive 92857-55 November 2003 This page intentionally left blank OVERVIEW Currently, there is a lack of clear guidance in setting terrestrial effect thresholds when conducting risk assessments. Without an EPA-approved, peer-reviewed, ecologically-based terrestrial effect database, the process to develop thresholds is problematic both to EPA, other federal agencies, states, and concerned private parties. Identification of published toxicity studies on invertebrates, microbial processes and plants is a key step in the derivation of benchmarks. The purpose of the Task Group 4, Standard Operating Procedure Number 1: Literature Search and Acquisition (referred to as TG4-SOP#1) is to document procedures used to identify and acquire potentially relevant toxicology literature for use in setting ecological soil screening levels. The literature search strategy is designed to locate worldwide terrestrial toxicity literature that includes the effects of chemicals of concern on terrestrial soil-dwelling invertebrates and plants. The literature acquisition process is designed to ensure timely acquisition of relevant publications. LITERATURE IDENTIFICATION Potentially relevant literature for developing ecological soil screening levels (Eco-SSLs) is identified by examining hard copies of relevant journals, bibliographies and guidance publications and through the use of a comprehensive computerized literature search strategy. These procedures are designed to locate worldwide terrestrial toxicology literature that includes the effects of specific toxic substances with an emphasis on exposure via soil. Paper-based Literature Identification The paper-based literature identification process includes the scanning of relevant review article bibliographies and key journals held in the U.S.