4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, and RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
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Strontium-90
EPA Facts about Strontium-90 What is strontium-90? The most common isotope of strontium is strontium-90. Radioactive strontium-90 is produced when uranium and plutonium undergo fission. Fission The time required for a radioactive substance to is the process in which the nucleus of a lose 50 percent of its radioactivity by decay is radionuclide breaks into smaller parts. Large known as the half-life. Strontium-90 has a half- amounts of radioactive strontium-90 were life of 29 years and emits beta particles of produced during atmospheric nuclear weapons relatively low energy as it decays. Yttrium-90, its tests conducted in the 1950s and 1960s. As a decay product, has a shorter half-life (64 hours) result of atmospheric testing and radioactive than strontium-90, but it emits beta particles of fallout, this strontium was dispersed and higher energy. deposited on the earth. How are people exposed to strontium- 90? What are the uses of strontium-90? Although external exposure to strontium-90 Strontium-90 is used in medical and agricultural from nuclear testing is of minor concern because studies. It is also used in thermoelectric devices environmental concentrations are low, that are built into small power supplies for use strontium in the environment can become part of the food chain. This pathway of exposure in remote locations, such as navigational beacons, remote weather stations, and space became a concern in the 1950s with the advent vehicles. Additionally, strontium-90 is used in of atmospheric testing of nuclear explosives. electron tubes, radioluminescent markers, as a With the suspension of atmospheric testing of radiation source in industrial thickness gauges, nuclear weapons, dietary intake has steadily and for treatment of eye diseases. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Calcined Bone Provides a Reliable Substrate for Strontium Isotope Ratios As Shown by an Enrichment Experiment
Research Article Received: 8 August 2014 Revised: 15 October 2014 Accepted: 16 October 2014 Published online in Wiley Online Library Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2015, 29, 107–114 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7078 Calcined bone provides a reliable substrate for strontium isotope ratios as shown by an enrichment experiment Christophe Snoeck1*, Julia Lee-Thorp1,RickSchulting1,JeroendeJong2, Wendy Debouge2 and Nadine Mattielli2 1Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK 2G-Time Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/02, 50, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium RATIONALE: Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) are used in archaeological and forensic science as markers of residence or mobility because they reflect the local geological substrate. Currently, tooth enamel is considered to be the most reliable tissue, but it rarely survives heating so that in cremations only calcined bone fragments survive. We set out to test the proposition that calcined bone might prove resistant to diagenesis, given its relatively high crystallinity, as the ability to measure in vivo 87Sr/86Sr from calcined bone would greatly extend application to places and periods in which cremation was the dominant mortuary practice, or where unburned bone and enamel do not survive. METHODS: Tooth enamel and calcined bone samples were exposed to a 87Sr-spiked solution for up to 1 year. Samples were removed after various intervals, and attempts were made to remove the contamination using acetic acid washes and ultrasonication. 87Sr/86Sr was measured before and after pre-treatment on a Nu Plasma multi-collector induced coupled plasma mass spectrometer using NBS987 as a standard. -
THE NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY of the BIOSPHERE (Prirodnaya Radioaktivnost' Iosfery)
XA04N2887 INIS-XA-N--259 L.A. Pertsov TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN Published for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations L. A. PERTSOV THE NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF THE BIOSPHERE (Prirodnaya Radioaktivnost' iosfery) Atomizdat NMoskva 1964 Translated from Russian Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1967 18 02 AEC-tr- 6714 Published Pursuant to an Agreement with THE U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION and THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Copyright (D 1967 Israel Program for scientific Translations Ltd. IPST Cat. No. 1802 Translated and Edited by IPST Staff Printed in Jerusalem by S. Monison Available from the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Va. 22151 VI/ Table of Contents Introduction .1..................... Bibliography ...................................... 5 Chapter 1. GENESIS OF THE NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF THE BIOSPHERE ......................... 6 § Some historical problems...................... 6 § 2. Formation of natural radioactive isotopes of the earth ..... 7 §3. Radioactive isotope creation by cosmic radiation. ....... 11 §4. Distribution of radioactive isotopes in the earth ........ 12 § 5. The spread of radioactive isotopes over the earth's surface. ................................. 16 § 6. The cycle of natural radioactive isotopes in the biosphere. ................................ 18 Bibliography ................ .................. 22 Chapter 2. PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES. ........... 24 § 1. The contribution of individual radioactive isotopes to the total radioactivity of the biosphere. ............... 24 § 2. Properties of radioactive isotopes not belonging to radio- active families . ............ I............ 27 § 3. Properties of radioactive isotopes of the radioactive families. ................................ 38 § 4. Properties of radioactive isotopes of rare-earth elements . -
The Chemistry of Strontium and Barium Scales
Association of Water Technologies October 20 -23, 2010 Reno, NV, USA The Chemistry of Strontium and Barium Scales Robert J. Ferguson and Baron R. Ferguson French Creek Software, Inc. Kimberton, PA 19442 (610) 935-8337 (610) 935-1008 FAX [email protected] [email protected] Abstract New ‘mystery scales’ are being encountered as cooling tower operators increase cycles to new highs, add ‘reuse’ water to the make-up, and utilize new make-up water sources as part of an overall water conservation strategy. Scales rarely, if ever, encountered in the past are emerging as potential problems. This threat of unexpected scale is compounded because most water treatment service companies do not include barium and strontium in their make-up water analyses. Water sources with even as little 0.01 mg/L of Ba (as Ba) can become very scale-forming with respect to barite (BaSO4) when tower concentration ratios are increased and sulfuric acid used for pH control. Make-up waters incorporating reverse osmosis concentrate can also provide a strontium and barium source. In some cases, produced waters are also being used in an effort for greener water use. This paper discusses the chemistry of the barium and strontium based scales barite (BaSO4), celestite (SrSO4), witherite (BaCO3) and strontianite (SrCO3). Conditions for formation and control from a water treater’s perspective are emphasized. Indices for prediction are discussed. Scale Prediction and the Concept of Saturation A majority of the indices used routinely by water treatment chemists are derived from the basic concept of saturation. A water is said to be saturated with a compound (e.g. -
Properties of Selected Radioisotopes
CASE FILE COPY NASA SP-7031 Properties of Selected Radioisotopes A Bibliography PART I: UNCLASSIFIED LITERATURE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION NASA SP-7031 PROPERTIES OF SELECTED RADIOISOTOPES A Bibliography Part I: Unclassified Literature A selection of annotated references to technical papers, journal articles, and books This bibliography was compiled and edited by DALE HARRIS and JOSEPH EPSTEIN Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Scientific and Technical Information Division / OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1968 USP. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D.C. PREFACE The increasing interest in the application of substantial quantities of radioisotopes for propulsion, energy conversion, and various other thermal concepts emphasizes a need for the most recent and most accurate information available describing the nuclear, chemical, and physical properties of these isotopes. A substantial amount of progress has been achieved in recent years in refining old and developing new techniques of measurement of the properties quoted, and isotope processing. This has resulted in a broad technological base from which both the material and information about the material is available. Un- fortunately, it has also resulted in a multiplicity of sources so that information and data are either untimely or present properties without adequately identifying the measurement techniques or describing the quality of material used. The purpose of this document is to make available, in a single reference, an annotated bibliography and sets of properties for nine of the more attractive isotopes available for use in power production. Part I contains all the unclassified information that was available in the literature surveyed. Part II is the classified counterpart to Part I. -
Adsorption of RNA on Mineral Surfaces and Mineral Precipitates
Adsorption of RNA on mineral surfaces and mineral precipitates Elisa Biondi1,2, Yoshihiro Furukawa3, Jun Kawai4 and Steven A. Benner*1,2,5 Full Research Paper Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 393–404. 1Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.42 Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA, 2Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA, Received: 23 November 2016 3Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, 2 Chome-1-1 Accepted: 15 February 2017 Katahira, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 980-8577, Japan, Published: 01 March 2017 4Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama This article is part of the Thematic Series "From prebiotic chemistry to 240-8501, Japan and 5The Westheimer Institute for Science and molecular evolution". Technology, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA Guest Editor: L. Cronin Email: Steven A. Benner* - [email protected] © 2017 Biondi et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut. License and terms: see end of document. * Corresponding author Keywords: carbonates; natural minerals; origins of life; RNA adsorption; synthetic minerals Abstract The prebiotic significance of laboratory experiments that study the interactions between oligomeric RNA and mineral species is difficult to know. Natural exemplars of specific minerals can differ widely depending on their provenance. While laboratory-gener- ated samples of synthetic minerals can have controlled compositions, they are often viewed as "unnatural". Here, we show how trends in the interaction of RNA with natural mineral specimens, synthetic mineral specimens, and co-precipitated pairs of synthe- tic minerals, can make a persuasive case that the observed interactions reflect the composition of the minerals themselves, rather than their being simply examples of large molecules associating nonspecifically with large surfaces. -
Strontium-90 and Strontium-89: a Review of Measurement Techniques in Environmental Media
STRONTIUM-90 AND STRONTIUM-89: A REVIEW OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA Robert J. Budnitz Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 91*720 1. IntroiUiction 2. Sources of Enivronmental Radiostrontium 3. Measurement Considerations a. Introduction b. Counting c. •»Sr/"Sr Separation 4. Chemical Techniques a. Air b. Water c. Milk d. Other Media e. Yttrium Recovery after Ingrowth f. Interferences S- Calibration Techniques h. Quality Control 5. Summary and Conclusions 6. Acknowli'J.jnent 7. References -NOTICE- This report was prepared as an account of worK sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United Slates Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any wananty, express or implied, or asjumes any legal liabili:y or responsibility for the accuracy, com pleteness or usefulness of any Information, apparatus, J product or process disclosed, or represents that its use I would not infringe privately owned rights. Mmh li\ -1- 1. INTRODUCTION There are only two radioactive isotopes SrflO of strontium of significance in radiological measurements in the environment: strontium-89 Avg.jS energy 196-1 k«V and strontium-90. 100 Strontium-90 is the more significant from the point of view of environmental impact. 80 Energy keV 644 This is due mostly to its long half-life % Emission 100 (28.1 years). It is a pure beta emitter with 60 Typ* of only one decay mode, leading to yttrium-90 •mission by emission of a negative beta with HUBX * 40 h S46 keV. -
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT Strontium CAS#: 7440-24-6
PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT Strontium CAS#: 7440-24-6 Division of Toxicology April 2004 This Public Health Statement is the summary External exposure to radiation may occur from chapter from the Toxicological Profile for natural or man-made sources. Naturally occurring strontium. It is one in a series of Public Health sources of radiation are cosmic radiation from space Statements about hazardous substances and their or radioactive materials in soil or building materials. health effects. A shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is Man-made sources of radioactive materials are also available. This information is important found in consumer products, industrial equipment, because this substance may harm you. The effects atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on hospital waste and nuclear reactors. the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other If you are exposed to strontium, many factors chemicals are present. For more information, call determine whether you’ll be harmed. These factors the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. include the dose (how much), the duration (how _____________________________________ long), and how you come in contact with it. You must also consider the other chemicals you’re This public health statement tells you about exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, strontium and the effects of exposure. lifestyle, and state of health. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in 1.1 WHAT IS STRONTIUM? the nation. These sites make up the National Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for Strontium is a natural and commonly occurring long-term federal cleanup activities. -
Strontium Minerals from Wise County, Virginia - an Update 1 2 D
Vol. 29 May 1983 No. 2 STRONTIUM MINERALS FROM WISE COUNTY, VIRGINIA - AN UPDATE 1 2 D. Allen Penick and Lynn D. Haynes The two principal minerals containing Strontianite crystallizes in the ortho- strontium, celestite and strontianite, have rhcanbic crystal system, and in Wise Funty been found in relative abundance in the area usually forms dull globular msses terrmnat- around East Stone Gap in Wise County, Vir- ed by acicular crystals. Crystals are gen- @ ginia. Celestite is strontium sulfate erally white and often can be seen as small (SrS04) and contains 56.4 percent strontium sprays attached to the celestite crystals. oxide. The name celestite is derived fm The mineral has a specific gravity of 3.7, the Latin mrd caelistis "of the sky" in hardness of 3.5 to 4, and good primtic reference to the typical blue color. Crys- cleavage. tals are predminantly blue and zoned in According to R. V. Dietrich (1970) and J. color but can also be red, green, or brown. A. Speer (1977) , strontium minerals have The mineral crystallizes in the ortho- been reported frcm seven different areas in rhcmbic crystal system and can fom thin to Virginia. These localities, all in the Val- thick heavy tabular crystals elongated along ley and Ridge Province, extend frcm Wise the b-axis; prismatic crystals elongated County in Southwest Virginia to Frederick along the a-axis; or equant crystals elon- County in the northwestern corner of the gated on the c-axis. Crystals can also have State (Figure 1). All exposures except two pyramidal faces with good terminations. -
Sequential Isotopic Determination of Plutonium, Strontium, Americium
Sequential Isotopic Determination of Plutonium, Americium, Uranium, and Strontium in Soil Sample Jeng-Jong Wang, Shing-Fa Fang, and Tzu-Wen Wang Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract A procedure is developed to provide sequential analysis of 238Pu, 239/240Pu, 241Am, 238U, and 90Sr in soil sample. Tracers and/or carriers (242Pu, 243Am, 232U, and stable strontium) are added into the soil sample as chemical yield monitors, and then digested and extracted with nitric acid. Plutonium, strontium, americium, and uranium are sequential separated and purified by Dowex ion-exchange resin, EiChroM Sr-resin, EiChroM TRU-resin, and Chelate-100 resin, respectively. 90Sr is measured by Cerenkov counting. The actinides are determined by alpha-particle spectrometer. This method is verified by analyzed the U.S. National Institute of Standard and Technology NRIP2000 soil samples. The analytical results of 241Am, 238Pu, 239/240Pu, 238U, and 90Sr agree with the NIST values within +5.7%, +2.4%, +1.6%, -2.2%, and -2.7%, respectively. According to the traceability limits defined in ANSI N42.22 criteria and measurement traceability to NIST for low-level radionuclides has been demonstrated to be better than 23%, 22%, 22%, 22% and 34% for 241Am, 238Pu, 239/240Pu, 238U, and 90Sr, respectively. Keywords: sequential analysis, NIST, traceability Introduction 238Pu, 239/240Pu, 241Am, 238U, and 90Sr in the environmental samples, such as soil, vegetation, and water, are frequently analyzed for both emergency and routine radiation monitoring. Health physicists use the analytical results of environmental samples to estimate the amount of radioactive material present in the environment, calculating its burden for the radiological workers and the general public. -
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.