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International Journal for Quality Research 12(4) 957–974 ISSN 1800-6450

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International Journal for Quality Research 12(4) 957–974 ISSN 1800-6450 International Journal for Quality Research 12(4) 957–974 ISSN 1800-6450 Laura Bravi MANUFACTURING LABS: WHERE NEW Federica Murmura DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES HELP Gilberto Santos1 IMPROVE LIFE QUALITY Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze where Do It Yourself (DIY) comes to life, investigating the economic reality Article info: Received 10.08.2018 of Italian Fabrication Laboratories, an international network Accepted 30.10.2018 of digital laboratories which provide a space with new technologies tools for digital manufacturing, identifying their UDC – 65.016.2 role both towards consumers and businesses in the Industry 4.0 DOI – 10.18421/IJQR12.04-11 era, with the purpose of helping to improve the quality of life. Data from Italian Fab Labs were collected using a questionnaire survey; 27 Fab Labs participated to the survey. The results show that, while some laboratories are still in an embryonic phase, with no or very few registered users, others are in full activity reaching over 100 users. Italian laboratories are characterized by ample space available, but limited capacity for investment in machinery and technology. The role of Fab Labs in the Italian economic panorama could be double, and affect the consumer side, transforming consumers in “co-designers” of products, and on the other side, helping businesses designing and building prototypes to improve products ‘quality. Keywords: Fabrication Laboratories, Industry 4.0, Digital technologies, Additive Manufacturing 1. Introduction 2015; Santos & Barbosa, 2006; Santos, Mendes & Barbosa, 2011). Another example The need for reduced development time of the introduction of IT, in the manufacturing together with the growing demand for more world, is the concept of computer-integrated customer-oriented product variants have led manufacturing (CIM). This concept was to the next generation of Information introduced in the late 1980s, favoring the Technology (IT) systems in manufacturing enhancement of performance, efficiency, (Chryssolouris et al., 2009) The possibility of operational flexibility, product quality, controlling through a computer the equipment responsive behavior to market for the Manufacturing production, that helped differentiations, and time to market (Cagliano to improve the quality of the production & Spina, 2003). Almost simultaneously the process, was a reality as early as the 80s, first 3D printers, which were used to realize when the first numerical control equipment plastic prototypes, developed. Unlike for milling, turning, drilling, etc. were numerical control machines, for a few introduced, according to the logic of decades this technology had important "subtraction from full ", typical of traditional applications in the process of development of manufacturing (Beltrametti & Gasparre, new products but its diffusion was relatively 1 Corresponding author: Gilberto Santos Email: [email protected] 957 limited and it started to be used into the final qualitative and quantitative meaning. In this production only about ten years later. As in sense, Digital Manufacturing expresses well the case of numeric control machines and the renewal of the manufacturing system robot, 3D printers manufacturing can be using digital technologies and 3D printing called "digital" since the designer must be technologies, that are used in an integrated able to use a software - the computer Aided way in order to reach product innovation, Design (CAD)- which gives a virtual testing, prototyping and the production of representation of the object that has to be goods, allowing also the optimization of the produced starting from its geometric manufacturing, marketing and distribution parameters that are transmitted from a processes in a virtual environment computer to a machine that realizes it (Pricewaterhouse & Confartigianato imprese, (Beltrametti & Gasparre, 2015). The CAD 2015). It should be stressed that the 3D systems have become indispensable to printing is just one of the technologies related today’s manufacturing firms, because of their to Digital Manufacturing; numerical control strong integration with advanced machines (CNC) and laser cutter technologies manufacturing techniques such as 3D are digital technologies as equals, although printing. CAD models are often considered already widely used and no longer directly sufficient for the production of the parts, since related to the concept of innovativeness and they can be used for generating the code renewal that it wanted to be described. The required to drive the machines for the word "Digital" connotes a wide range of production of the part. Rapid prototyping is Information Technologies and phenomena just an example of such a technology caused or affected by these technologies. The (Chryssolouris et al., 2009). list can be shorter or longer, but experts, Over the past few decades, the extensive use universities and consulting firms tend to of IT in manufacturing has allowed these converge in considering in it Mobile, Social technologies to reach the stage of maturity, Media Collaboration, Cloud Computing, Big and to be now used as high quality tools to Data and Internet of Things (IoT), along with process and production quality management the innovative 3D technology of AM (Pwc & (Doiro et al., 2017; Rebelo et al., 2016; Confartigianato imprese, 2015). Stefanovic et al., 2009). The aim of this paper is to analyze where DIY In this context, Digital Manufacturing comes to life, investigating the economic represents the natural evolution of the reality of Italian Fab Labs. These laboratories manufacture: 3D Printing, Generative work with the typical mechanisms of the Manufacturing, e-Manufacturing, sharing economy: they provide a space with Constructive Manufacturing, Additive Layer tools and equipment for digital Manufacturing, Direct Digital Manufacture, manufacturing, making them available to Freeform Fabrication, Rapid Manufacturing individual users, small businesses and are just some of the terms that are used to schools. In detail the aim is to analyze the describe "features" or "impacts" of digital Italian economic reality of Fab Labs technologies and the technologies of 3D identifying their role both towards consumers printing on the production systems. Thus it and businesses in the Industry 4.0 era with the was born the need to arrive at a clear purpose of helping to improve the quality of definition of business models that exploit this life. The work tries to cover a literary gap, set of new technologies. In this sense, the since only few and specific qualitative works definition of Digital Manufacturing is have been done on Fab Labs. The novelty justified by the need to describe an already resides in the experimental techniques used, extensive system, not necessarily tied to a in fact while some qualitative case studies specific technology, which in the next few have been developed in the field, no previous years promises to evolve further in its quantitative analysis have been developed on 958 L. Bravi, F. Murmura, G. Santos a sample of Fab Labs. Dougherty and his team provided the catalyst The research questions, which the paper for a tech-influenced Do-It-Yourself (DIY) investigates are the following: community that has come to be identified as RQ1: How is the structure and organization the Maker Movement (Dougherty, 2012). The of an Italian Fab Lab? maker movement refers broadly to the growing number of people who are engaged RQ2: Which are Italian Fab Labs’ main in the creative production of artefacts in their customers and which kind of services they daily lives and who find physical and digital deliver to them? forums to share their processes and products RQ3: Which are the main Italian Fab Labs with others (Halverson & Sheridan, 2014). skills? According to Manzo & Ramella (2015), makers might be called the new craftsmen of The paper is divided as follows: section two the digital era. Many of them are hobbyists defines the theoretical framework, section and amateurs. Werner Sombart (1916) would three presents the research methodology used. have classified them as «Sunday inventors». Subsequently section four describes the Others, however, are proto-entrepreneurs results of the empirical research and discusses who use their creative and professional skills them. Finally section five draws the to launch new products and activities. These conclusions of the work, explaining the main would have been defined by Sombart (1916) implications and the limitations of it. as “weekday inventors” or “inventors of anything”. 2. Theoretical Framework. Makers are often young people with a passion for personal fabrication: they combine DIY 2.1. Digital Manufacturing and the with the use of digital technologies, thus International Maker Movement giving rise to new economic phenomena. In some cases, these are activities that are not Digital Manufacturing represents for large- primarily motivated by reasons of scale manufacturing the opportunity to acquisitiveness and are not aimed at approach the customer's specificity and producing goods for the market: they follow product uniqueness, while maintaining the a different logic, based on cooperation, the dimensional characteristics that are typical of dissemination and sharing of knowledge and industrial production (Doiro et al., 2017; the application of open source principles to Marques et al., 2018). Digital, artisan or the manufacture of material objects. In other industrial manufactures offer the ability to cases, these are activities that do not exclude design and produce
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