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Bronze Corrosion and Outdoor Pollution

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Bronze Corrosion and Outdoor Pollution NCPTT NOTES National Center for Preservation Technology and Training UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • N \TIOY\I. I'VR^JKIHBJ Preservation Training Changes/ Exchanges: A Bronze Corrosion Symposium for the Training and Outdoor Community Pollution Information Management ore often than not we encounter bronze • National sculpture or monuments whose surfaces Register are streaked and covered with green and M Information black corrosion. We are accustomed to bronze cor­ System rosion as a sign of "natural" aging of sculptures. We may not he aware that before the industrial revolu­ Detail of the New Jersey monument at Valley tion sculptures did not readily take on this appear­ Forge National Historic Park, Pennsylvania ance and the damage observed is caused by the effects of air pollution. Preservation Combined effects of air pollutants and moisture containing a corrosion inhibitor, benzotriazole. Research arc the most pervasive dangers to outdoor bronze. Wax usually is applied over the Incralac coating Electronic Prime corrosive agents are gaseous sulfur dioxide, as a sacrificial topcoat. Marker sulfates found in particulate matter, and sulfur and NCPTT's Materials Research Program sup­ Systems: nitrogen oxides — which, when combined with mois­ ports research in three main areas: 1) under­ A New Tool ture in the atmosphere, can form "acid" rain. Once standing cultural resources decay caused by air for Protect­ in contact with the metal surface, these corrosive pollution, 2) developing new mitigation strategies ing Archeo- agents can react chemically or eleetrochemically to prevent damage, and 3) investigating new treat­ logical Sites leading to corrosion and metal loss observed as ments and technologies to minimize the deteriora­ pitting or streaking of the surface1. tion of cultural resources by pollutants. Although Regular maintenance by cleaning and coating the majority of MRP research has focused on" with a protective material is the most common ap­ stone deterioration, pollutant effects on orna­ proach used to preserve outdoor bronze and pre­ mental and sculptural bronze also have been • vent corrosion2'!'4. Coatings provide a barrier that investigated. Four MRP research projects on prevents pollutants from interacting with the bronze bronze are highlighted in this article. 1999 surface of the monument. Important properties of Among early MRP efforts were two bronze Preservation coating systems include durability, adhesion, ease research projects based on in-situ measurements Technology of maintenance and surface appearance. Waxes, of environmental exposure and resulting corro­ and Training such as beeswax, microcrystalline wax, polyethyl­ sion for selected bronze monuments5. The first Grants Call, ene wax, or carnauba wax, are the most commonly project considered aerodynamic processes that for Proposals, used coatings for bronzes. The most frequently used page 2 lacquer is Incralac, a proprietary acrylic lacquer Continued on Page 3 ^m— NCPTT NOTES 1999 PTTGrants Call for Proposals PTTPublicalions he National Center for Preservation tive work in research, training and informa­ No. 1998-26 Technology and Training has issued its tion management on technical issues in historic T 1999 call for proposals for NCPTT's architecture, archeology, historic landscapes, Editor Preservation Technology and Training Grants ohjeets and materials conservation, and inter­ Mary F. Striegel program. The PTTGrants program has awarded pretation. Grants are available in eight catego­ Publications Manager over $500,000 eaeli year since 1994 for innova­ ries — Sarah B. Luster • Information management • Technology transfer Contributors • Training and education • Analytical facility support Mary S. Carroll Joy Davis • Applied/fundamental research • Conference support Frances Gale • Environmental effects of outdoor pollutants • Publications support. John Hohhins Danic! V i\ inn Application deadlines are mid-December 1998, as specified in the call for proposals. The 1999 PTTGrants Call for Proposals is available via — Image Credits > . Page I: Nick Vcloz Page 3: Dennis Montagna E-mail Send a blank message to <[email protected]> and the call for proposals will return automatically. Address Fax-on-demand Call 318/357-3214 and follow the recorded instructions to receive a catalog of NCPTT NSC Box 5682 documents that includes the (-all for proposals. Natchitoches, LA 71497 Web Visit <www.ncptt.nps.gov> and click on "Preservation Technology and Train­ ing Grants.'' Telephone Brochure Request a printed call for proposals by sending an e-mail message to 318/357-6464 <[email protected]>, telephoning 318/357-6464, or writing NCPTT, NSC Facsimile Box 5682, Natchitoches, LA 71497. ' 318/357-6421 Electronic mail PTTGrants are funded by Federal appropriation; awards are subject to availability of funds. [email protected] World Wide Web www .neptt.nps.gov Fax-on-demand Historic Landscapes Research — 318/357-3214 Special Topics for the 1999 PTTGrants Program Newsletter Design Terra Incognita www.lerraiin-oanita.eoni As part of the 1999 PTTGrants program, NCPTT encourages submissions of proposals that address issues in historic landscapes research, including — • Database development VCPTT Vnraa ii puUtehed hi Ihe Ha • Interface of natural and cultural resources in historic landscapes I,..M:,I Park Sarviec'e National (.,• r far 'Preaervaiion Teeknoidgv. and Training. • • Interpreting landscape processes The mail list for VCPTT Volar ir tuhjeel |.> reqtteal under tl»- Fr lam afinfortna- • Landscape Construction Technology and Techniques li.in 1,1. IV, ,. .„• orjaiiiiati.ii,, „,„ wattling la have mail [iai iafor ton ill.. • Effects of historic advances in technology on landscapes ctfMed .lm.,1.1 <„,.,,I...-, .I,.. • Vegetation management Cm,,,,,-,II. and itema of .real far the next ttewetetter aepd ,<> NCPTT'apuhhw a- • Impact of modern standards on historic landscapes li.m, manager, Seeah II I aetee. • Technology transfer In NCPTT Notes 26, these issues are described further (page 3), and the issues are incorporated into the 1999 PTTGrants Call for Proposals as described in the addendum (page 2). For more information on the historic landscapes research special topics, contact NCPTT Research Coordinator Mark Gilherg. © NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training Corrosion and Pollution were placed at various locations on the posure environment data -— winds, tem­ monument. Surrogate surfaces were used perature and rainfall precipitation—were Continued from page 1 to.control boundary layer characteristics compiled. The Environmental Protection so that the various steps in the deposition Agency's Aerometric Information Re­ process-could be quantified. trieval System database provided air pol­ influence the delivery of gases and par­ Study results suggest that the relative lution data for major urban areas, and ticles to outdoor monuments. The second importance of aerodynamic, boundary regional aeid rain data came from the evaluated specific forms of bronze corro­ layer and surface resistances can vary National Acid Deposition Program coor­ sion on a series of replicate, statues called greatly for surfaces exposed to the ambi- dinated by Colorado State University. The the "Hiker" by T.A.R. Kitson. Two cur­ " ent atmosphere. Deposition varied greatly National Atmospheric and Oceanic- rent bronze research projects study the Administration's National Climate Data effects of marine environments on bronze Center keeps long-term weather records corrosion, and investigate new coating and provided information on the-expo­ systems for potential use on outdoor sure environment for each statue. bronze sculpture and ornamentation. Secondly, John Meakin and his group documented the geography of each statue, Dry Deposition Field Study paying particular attention to the statue's A series of experiments was designed as a proximity to trees, shrubs and roads, and first step to understanding the role of accessibility to people and animals. The object shape and air* turbulence in the history of. maintenance treatments was delivery of pollutant gases and particles to obtained from'the statue owners — in monuments and buildings. The7 project Antoni Popeil (sculptor), Kosciuszko most cases the local parks departments. sought insights into transport mechanisms Monument, 1910, Washington, DC Thirdly, the nature and severity of by which pollutants are. deposited on corrosion observed on many of the ex­ bronze objects. both by sampling location on the statue posed statues included streaking, pitting The General Meade Monument at and day to day, with some locations re­ and uniformity effects. Before 1987, the Gettyshurg National Military Park, Penn­ ceiving more deposition than other loca­ study focused on photographically docu­ sylvania was the study site. The Meade tions. Sulfate particles showed preferen­ menting the corrosion on the statues. The monument research team included Cliff tial deposition while sulfur dioxide gas photographic enlargements were mapped Davidson, Yee-Lin Wu, Robert Gandley was evenly distributed on the statue. A for corrosion using computer-aided de- and Armistead Russell from Carnegie highly variable surface resistance may sigh software. Analysis of the patterns Mellon University and Donald Dolske from often be the rate-limiting factor in deter­ and chemistry of Hiker corrosion posed the Atmospheric Chemistry Section, Illi­ mining the overall dry deposition. significant problems in theoretical inter­ nois State Water Survey'1-'.
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