THE CROWN & THE HARP

A SERIES OF TWO WEBINARS

INTRODUCTION

This handout supports my recent pair of webinar lectures delivered in March, 2021. Given the complexity of events covered, a prose introduction is beyond the scope of this document. Those seeking to explore further the history which unites ‘our shared island spaces’ will, I hope, find adequate material in the Reading List below.

Full details of the lectures can be found here on our website.

Lists of images for both lectures are also included, primarily to aid those who are either unfamiliar with Irish place names, or who might wish to look at the lectures a second time.

READING LIST

This reading list is not meant to be comprehensive - Irish historic studies is already an over-populated territory. So, I have confined my suggestions to those areas which reflect the material covered in the lectures, based on my own interests and reading.

For the early periods of Irish archaeology and history, please refer to the reading list which accompanied the initial pair of lectures on Ancient Ireland, and the list for the group of four lectures on Ireland from the medieval period up to the Act of Union in 1800. If you have not already received these reading lists (they were sent out ONLY to those who registered for both series of lectures) copies can be forwarded via email to anyone who is interested.

Books mentioned will not always be in print so you may need to resort to a ‘google’ search to track down a particular title. Those marked with an asterisk * are also available in paperback. I am afraid I am not able to supply ISBN details for books mentioned below.

S. Duffy (ed.) Atlas of Irish History*, Gill & Macmillan, 1997 and later editions. R. Killeen Historic Atlas of , Gill & Macmillan, 2009 and later editions.

These two books cover much of the material discussed during my Irish webinars and were the source of most of the maps included - they are invaluable.

You will also find a series of good maps on The Ireland Story site, www.irelandstory.com

C. Brady (ed.) Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism 1938 – 1994*, Irish Academic Press, 1995.

First, and most important of all, we should be aware that the manner in which Irish history has been written about in the past often reflects either a specific ‘nationalist’ or ‘unionist’ viewpoint, not to mention the divide between ‘Whig’ and other schools of interpretation. I need do no other than quote a web review of the above book: ‘Ciaran Brady has done an excellent job in putting together a collection of documents which both traces the history of revisionism in Irish historiography and uncovers most of the contentious intellectual issues which revisionism raises’. Invaluable, it is highly recommended for serious students of Irish history.

1 R. Kee Ireland – A History*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980 and many later editions via other imprints. J. Lydon The Making of Ireland*, Routledge, 1998. R. F. Foster Modern Ireland 1600 – 1972*, Penguin Books, 1989. R. F. Foster (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland*, Oxford University Press, 1991. F.S.L. Lyons Ireland since the Famine*, HarperCollins, 1985. A. Jackson Ireland 1798 – 1998, Oxford, Blackwells, 1999. P. Bew Ireland, The Politics of Enmity 1789 – 2006*, Oxford University Press, 2007. M Mulholland Northern Ireland, A Very Short Introduction*, Oxford University Press, 2003.

A second point is that some of the older books with which you may be familiar are now likely to be out of date, given the wealth of archival material to emerge in recent decades. This is particularly true of first, the relationship between the two emerging Irish states post 1921and the London governments of the day and second, material concerning the recent ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. This is why I have limited my suggestions for general works on Irish history to those mentioned above.

All of the above reflect a sea-change in Irish historiography which has occurred over the last generation, notably reflected in Robert Kee’s book, written to support his ground-breaking TV series. Jim Lydon was one of THE great Irish medievalist of his time (from whose lectures at TCD I learnt much) and with his general history of Ireland you will be in safe hands. Leyland Lyons wrote a ‘ground breaking’ analysis of recent Irish history which influenced a new generation of historians. Roy Foster is the most prominent of these, making waves from the 1980s onwards, and indeed he continues to do so – his regular reviews in the TLS and elsewhere are always worth reading. The second title listed under his name is a series of extended essays written by some of the most stimulating of this ‘revisionist’ generation – it is a marvellous ‘read’.

With the two books by Alvin Jackson and Paul Bew we move up a gear – both reflect a new ‘muscularity’ in Irish historiography, seeking to trace the seeds of Irish political differences as manifest in the recent ‘troubles’ back to the later 18th century. Both men taught at Queen’s University, Belfast which, together with University College, has produced remarkable research and associated publications. Marc Mulholland’s book, part of OUP’s excellent ‘A Very Short Introduction’ series is gripping, no more, no less.

J. Crowley, W.J. Smyth & M. Murphy (eds.) Atlas of the Great Irish Famine 1845 - 1852, Cork University Press, 2012.

‘Monumental’ is a somewhat devalued word in the lexicon of book reviews. If ever a work on Irish history deserves this distinction, this is it. Weighing in at almost 3.8 kilos, amounting to 712 pages of text, statistical tabulations, maps and related illustrations, this bald description hardly does justice to a remarkable work of scholarship to which fifty-eight scholars contributed essays of varying length. It seeks to give us the story of the Irish Famine in all its horrific details as never before told, baldly presenting the facts, not the fictions, of this tragic chapter in Irish history that is unflinching, powerful and coherent. The editors (all members of ’s Department of Geography) deserve our gratitude. It is available to purchase on various websites for between £35 and £50.

2 IRISH HSITORY & THE VISUAL ARTS

My original aim in hosting these webinars was to present the history of Ireland via the visual arts, a task which I hope I have somewhat fulfilled? I also hope you will forgive my not including in this reading list a section on Irish architecture as for these two lectures the focus has shifted from buildings to events and people; and the literature on Irish architecture was covered in the reading lists for the two earlier series of webinar lectures, to which you should make reference if needed.

That said, much of the visual impact for this third series relies on paintings and illustrations from a variety of collections and publications, I include below details of the books from which some of these were sourced for scanning purposes. In addition, the two books by Duffy and Killeen with their invaluable series of maps detailed above, were also ‘plundered’, though annoyingly they did not always reveal the original source from which their non cartographic material came.

V. Pakenham The Big House in Ireland, Cassell, 2000.

In Valerie Pakenham’s book, her illustrations are taken partly from contemporary engravings and paintings, with lots of photographs of now long gone houses and follies - the latter category including a few of the owners. This is a true GEM of a book, without which my lectures would have been much reduced in terms of visual impact, not to mention her many printed sources from which I quoted.

A.O. Crookshank & The Knight of Glin The Painters of Ireland 1660 – 1920, Barrie & Jenkins, 1978. A.O. Crookshank & The Knight of Glin The Watercolours of Ireland, Barrie & Jenkins, 1994. A.O. Crookshank & The Knight of Glin Ireland’s Painters 1600 – 1940, Yale University Press, 2002.

The three books jointly written by Anne Crookshank and The Knight of Glin (Desmond Fitzgerald) are a milestone in Irish art history. Anne taught me History of Art at TCD and over the years, first as student and then as friend, I was privileged to observe from close quarters this formidable pair at work. I think it is fair to record that the written text of much of these three books is largely Anne’s, while the opinions and conclusions expressed are the agreed result of oft fraught, indeed heated, exchanges between these two devoted friends. The result is a monument to their joint commitment to a subject which many in mid to late 20th century Ireland viewed with at best indifference, and at worst, hostility. It is to Anne’s credit that through her teaching so many young (and not so young!) art historians have gone on to ‘fight the good fight’, scaling the rockface of widespread Irish indifference to the country’s artistic heritage.

A NOTE ON FURTHER IRISH WEBINARS

I shall give a series of webinars on Irish Gardens on Tuesdays, April 13th and 20th, with later this year a further group on Painting in Ireland. Dates for these have yet to be decided.

3 FIRST WEBINAR – QUIS SEPERABIT: WHO WILL SEPARATE US?

LIST OF PLACES AND INDIVIDUALS MENTIONED IN THE LECTURE

Most of the sites included in the list below can be visited, unless otherwise indicated by the use of an asterisk*. Buildings in government or commercial ownership are normally not open, unless by appointment. Most of the works of art listed are in public collections, unless otherwise indicated by the abbreviation PC, or Private Collection. I am sorry but we cannot identify these sources.

Lecture Title Slide: Quis Seperabit: Who Will Separate Us?

Map of Ireland showing the Georgian economy of Ireland – from Duffy, see bibliography. View of , from Charles Brooking, A map of the city and suburbs of Dublin…, London, 1728, lecturer’s collection. Willian van der Hagen?, The State Ball at Dublin Castle, 1731, Stopford Sackville Collection, Drayton*, Northamptonshire. Map of Dublin indicating the site of Dublin Castle & the new Irish Parliament House, within the fast expanding early Georgian city of c.1725, from Killeen, see bibliography. The Parliament House, reconstruction by Stephen Conlin suggesting the original design. James Latham, Charles Tottenham MP, ‘in his Boot’s’, 1740s, National Gallery of Ireland (NGI), Dublin. Charles Jervas, Jonathon Swift, 1720s, NGI, Dublin. James Malton, St Patrick’s Cathedral, watercolour, 1794, NGI, Dublin. St Patrick’s Cathedral, choir area showing the banners of members of the Order as in 1869, at the Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by Gladstone. Pompeo Batoni, James Caulfield, 1st Earl of Charlemont, 1748, Mellon Centre for British Art, Yale.

Section Title Slide: The Act of Union and Beyond.

Francis Wheatley, The Dublin Volunteers Meeting on College Green, 1781/2, NGI, Dublin. Francis Wheatley, The Irish House of Commons, 1780, Lotherton Hall, near Leeds, Leeds City Art Galleries. James Barry, Self Portrait with Edmund Burke as Ulysses & Companions escaping Polyphemus, 1776, Crawford Art Gallery, Cork. Unknown artist, Theobald Wolfe Tone, mid 1790s, Private Collection (PC). Map of Ireland showing extent of Radicalism and Rebellion in Ireland, mid 1790s, from Duffy. Aerial view of College Green area of central Dublin, showing Parliament House (with arrows) and Trinity College. Dublin Castle, Presence Chamber (now the ‘Throne’ Room as prepared for visit of George V). Richard Castle, (originally Kildare) House*, 1740s onwards; from a mid 18th century engraving, lecturer’s collection. Richard Castle and others, , 18th and 19th centuries, Co Kildare. *, 1780s, Co Wicklow. Merrion Square, mid to late 18th century, Dublin. Cartoon showing ‘Revels in a Dublin House’, early 19th century – from Pakenham, see bibliography. Map of Ireland showing positions of both and . James Wyatt, Castle Coole, 1790s to 1820s, Co Fermanagh. Hugh Douglas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Belmore, Belmore Collection, Castle Coole. Various architects, Baronscourt*, 18th to 20th centuries, Co Tyrone.

4 Section Title Slide: Church and State.

Clonmacnoise, site of early Christian monastery, Co Offaly. George Petrie, The Last Circuit of Pilgrims at Clonmacnoise, c.1838, NGI, Dublin. Glendalough, site of early Christian monastery, Co Wicklow. Joseph Peacock, The Pattern at Glendalough, 1813, Museum, Belfast. Map of Medieval Dublin, showing position of Christ Church and St Patrick’s Cathedrals, from Killeen. Christ Church Cathedral, 12th century onwards, Dublin. St Patrick’s Cathedral, 13th century onwards, Dublin. John Bowden, St Stephen’s Church, 1821, Mount St., Dublin. John Semple, St Mary’s Chapel of Ease (the ‘Black Church’)*, 1830, St Mary’s Place, Dublin. Unknown Artist, George Nugent Temple Grenville, 1St Marquess of Buckingham (also 2nd Earl Temple) in his robes as Grand Master of the Order of St Patrick, founded in 1783, PC. William Turner de Lond, George IV entering Dublin, 1821, NGI, Dublin. Joseph Haverty, Daniel O’Connell, 1830s, Reform Club*, London. Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1st Duke of Wellington, late 1820s, Royal Collection, Windsor Castle. Unknown architect, St Mary’s ‘Pro’ Cathedral (formerly known as the Metropolitan Chapel), 1814 onwards, Marlborough St., Dublin. Daniel O’Connell addresses an election meeting at Trim, Co Meath, 1833 – from Pakenham.

Section Title Slide: The Famine.

John George Mulvany, A Cottage Interior, 1830s, PC. Monument to Sir Walter Ralegh’s introduction of the potato into Ireland, Killua, 1810, Co Westmeath. Weighing Potatoes, uncredited illustration from Duffy. Map of Ireland showing the Pre-Famine Economy, from Duffy. Cartoon attacking export of potatoes from Ireland, 1830s, uncredited illustration from Pakenham. Sketch showing distressed poor queuing for soup and Indian meal at Poul-na-curra House, Co Cork, 1847, PC. Cartoon attacking extravagance of Irish landlords, 1847, uncredited illustration from Pakenham. Sir Charles Trevelyan, Assistant Secretary, British Treasury, in charge of ‘Famine Relief’ 1845 – 1850, with disastrous consequences. Map of Ireland showing Ireland at height of the Famine, from Duffy. Erskine Nichol, An Ejected Family, 1853, NGI, Dublin. Emigrant Ship leaves Cork for America, 1849, Illustrated London News. Map of Ireland showing level of Emigration 1690 – 1845, from Duffy. Map of Ireland showing level of Emigration 1851 - 1911, from Duffy. Abandoned Village of Tullig, Co Clare, 1848, Illustrated London News. James Richard Marquis, Sunshine and Showers - at home in Killarney, c.1882, PC. Joseph Haverty, The Limerick Piper, 1840s, NGI, Dublin. Daniel Maclise, The Marriage of Aoife and Strongbow, c.1854, NGI, Dublin.

Section Title Slide: A Temporary Interlude – Ireland 1855 – 1880.

Michelangelo Hayes, Sackville Street, Dublin (now O’Connell St, looking north), 1853, NGI. Henrietta St, Dublin, series Georgian houses in pre-restoration decrepitude, late 1970s, lecturer’s photograph. Ballsbridge, Dublin, mid Victorian terraced housing. James Mahony, The Visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to the Fine Art Hall of the Irish 5 Industrial Exhibition, Dublin, 1853, c.1853, NGI. Richard Castle, Leinster (originally Kildare) House*, 1740s onwards; from a mid 18th century engraving, lecturer’s collection. Unknown draftsman, proposed reconstruction of service buildings to provide a National Library and National Museum, flanking the entrance forecourt, from Killeen. Leinster House central block today, which houses the Irish parliament, the Dail. , The National Library, Dublin, completed 1890, exterior from forecourt of Leinster House. Thomas Newenham Deane, The National Museum, Dublin, completed 1890, entrance hall rotunda and main exhibition hall. & , The Museum Building, Trinity College, 1853, Dublin. Thomas Deane & Benjamin Woodward, The Kildare Street Club, 1858 – 1861, Dublin. (NB that this Thomas Deane was the father of Thomas Deane who designed the National Library and Museum). Erskine Nicol, A Deputation, 1865, PC. Charles Russell, Parade in Dublin to mark the Centenary of Daniel O’Connell’s Birth, c.1875, NGI. The Murder of Lord Mountmorres, September 1880, from a contemporary French newspaper, illustrated in Pakenham. Gladstone drafting the 1881 Land Act, an unfriendly image from the contemporary Tory press, illustrated in Pakenham. Charles Stewart Parnell, uncredited image from Duffy.

End of Lecture.

6 SECOND WEBINAR – A TERRIBLE BEAUTY: THE BIRTH OF TWO NATIONS

LIST OF PLACES AND INDIVIDUALS MENTIONED IN THE LECTURE

Most of the sites included in the list below can be visited, unless otherwise indicated by the use of an asterisk*. Buildings in government or commercial ownership are normally not open, unless by appointment. Most of the works of art listed are in public collections, unless otherwise indicated by the abbreviation PC, or Private Collection. I am sorry but we cannot identify these sources.

Lecture Title Slide: A Terrible Beauty: The Birth of Two Nations

Charles Russell, Parade in Dublin to mark the Centenary of Daniel O’Connell’s Birth, c.1875, NGI. Joseph Haverty, Daniel O’Connell, 1830s, Reform Club*, London. Daniel O’Connell addresses an election meeting at Trim, Co Meath, 1833 – from Pakenham. Daniel McDonald, The Discovery of the Potato Blight, late 1840s, Department of Irish Folklore, University College, Dublin. Poor and Destitute outside a Workhouse, unsourced image from Duffy. Map of Ireland showing Ireland at height of the Famine, from Duffy. Distressed group at a Government Inspector’s Office, hoping to take ship to America, unsourced image from Duffy. Map of Ireland showing level of Emigration 1690 – 1845, from Duffy. Map of Ireland showing level of Emigration 1851 - 1911, from Duffy.

Section Title: The Land Wars.

Erskine Nicol, A Deputation, 1865, PC. Charles Stewart Parnell, unsourced image from Duffy. Unknown artist, Thomas Davis, unsourced image from Duffy. The New Patent Tenant-crushing Machine, from the Dublin Weekly News, December 1877. Eviction Scene, now discredited as a ‘staged’ eviction, unsourced image from Duffy. Crom Castle, Co Fermanagh (seat of the Earls of Erne). Christmas in Ireland, 1880, a contemporary English cartoon – sourced from Pakenham. Captain Boycott with Orangemen and members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (the RIC), November 1880, sourced from Pakenham. The Murder of Lord Mountmorres, September 1880, from a contemporary French newspaper, sourced from Pakenham. Gladstone drafting the 1881 Land Act, an unfriendly image from the contemporary Tory press, sourced from Pakenham. St Patrick’s Cathedral, choir area showing the banners of members of the Order as in 1869 at the Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by Gladstone. Howard Helmick, News of the Land League, 1881, NGI. Summary Chart of Land Reforms introduced between 1870 and 1903, from Duffy. Map of Ireland showing the phases of the ‘Land Question), from Duffy. Charles Stewart Parnell, unsourced image from Duffy. Burial of Parnell at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, October 1891.

Section Title: Ireland Marks Time, 1893 – 1916.

Thomas Roberts, A View of Powerscourt with the Sugarloaf Mountain, c.1770, PC. Richard Castle and others, Powercourt House, 1740s and later, Co Wicklow. Powerscourt with its newly terraced gardens, late 19th century, Co Wicklow. 7 , Co Mayo, seat of Lord Ardilaun. Richard Thomas Moynan, Military Manoeuvres, 1891, NGI, Dublin. Lady Butler (Elizabeth Thompson), Listed for the Connaught Rangers, 1878, Bury Art Gallery and Museums, Lancashire. Map of Ireland, The Growth of Irish Nationalism, from Duffy. Map of Ireland, The Ulster Question and the 1910 Election, from Duffy. Shipyard Workers leaving the Harland & Wolff yard in Belfast, early 20th century, photo from Duffy. William Conor, The Twelfth, 1918, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Co Down.

Section Title: A Nation Divides, 1916 – 1921.

Map of the First World War, 1914 – 1918, with place marked with a green star where Irish Regiments were involved, from Duffy. Michelangelo Hayes, Sackville Street, Dublin (now O’Connell St, looking north), 1853, NGI. Sackville St at the end of hostilities, April, 1916, photo taken from the top of Nelson’s Column. Map of Dublin detailing the Easter Rising, 24 – 29 April, 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic, 1916, with photos of the leaders of the Rising, all executed. Grace Plunkett, Constance Markiewicz (née Gore-Booth) emerges from the Royal College of Surgeons, 1916, PC. John Butler Yeats, William Butler Yeats, c.1900, NGI. Èamon de Valera (1882 – 1975), under arrest, photo taken April 1916. Michael Collins (1890 – 1922), photo taken 1921. Èamon de Valera reviewing Sinn Féin troops in Co Clare, 1921. Map of Ulster, showing religious majorities in each of the Ulster counties, plus historic Ulster border in green, and suggested limit to the proposed border in 1920 (not accepted) in red, from Duffy. May of Ireland, indicating stages of separation, 1916 – 1923, from Duffy. King George V opens the first parliament of the new Northern Ireland, 21 June, 1921.

Section Title: Civil War & the Birth of the Irish Free State

John Lavery, The House of Commons during the Irish Treaty Debates, 1921, NGI John Lavery, Hazel Lavery Painting, 1910, Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin. Èamon de Valera. Michael Collins. John Lavery, For the Love of Ireland (Michael Collins lying in State), 1922, NGI. The burning of Lord Bandon’s Castle Bernard, Co Cork, June 1921 (mistakenly identified as Kilteragh, Co Dublin in my lecture, which was burned in 1923). Killeen Castle, Co Meath, seat of Lord Fingall, survived the Civil War, but was set on fire and partly burned by the IRA in 1970s, now a ruin. Spiddal House, Co Galway, seat of Lord Killanin, the last ‘big house’ to be burnt during the civil war. John Lavery, The Blessing of the Tricolour, 1923, Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin. Map of Ireland, General Election 1923, the Anti-Treat Vote, from Duffy. W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Irish Free State ‘Cumann na nGaedhael’ (afterwards know as Fine Gael) government, up to 1932. John Lavery, Lady Lavery as Cathleen ní Houliháin (?Mother Ireland), as used for the first Irish banknotes, Central Bank of Ireland, Dublin. Unknown Artist, Theobald Wolfe Tone, mid 1790s, PC. James Craig, Lord Craigavon, first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. William Conor, The Twelfth, 1918, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Co Down. Irish Weekly Independent, July 1935 – civil unrest in Belfast (a tradition then almost a century old). 8 Map of Ireland, showing performance of Fianna Fáil (the party founded by de Valera in 1926) in the Irish General Election of 1932, which led to de Valera taking power.

Section Title: De Valera’s Ireland – Europe’s North Korea?

Seán O’Sullivan, Èamon de Valera, 1943, Aras an Uachtaráin* (official residence of the President of the Republic of Ireland), Dublin John Charles McQuaid, Archbishop of Dublin, 1940 – 1972. Charles Lamb, A Quint Couple, 1930, Crawford Municipal Art Gallery, Cork. Map of Ireland, Plans for occupation of Ireland during World War II, known in Ireland as ‘the Emergency’. Henrietta St, Dublin, series of Georgian houses in pre-restoration decrepitude, late 1970s, lecturer’s photograph. Children playing in front of Georgian tenement building, early 1950s. Dublin Corporation housing estate, late 1950s. Paul Henry, Lakeside Cottages, c.1930, Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin. President John F Kennedy greeted by President Èamon de Valera, Dublin, June 1963.

Section Title: Seán Lemass - Ireland Looks Forward

Time Magazine Cover, 12 July, 1963, Seán Lemass, Irish Taoiseach (Prime Minister) 1959 – 1966. Jack Lynch, Taoiseach 1966 - 1973 & 1977 – 1979, signs the treat of accession to the European Economic Community on behalf of the Republic of Ireland, June 1973. European Union: GDP per capita 2004, with Ireland second of the then twenty-five member states. Dublin skyline seen at the height of the ‘Celtic Tiger’ economic boom. Charles J. Haughey, Taoiseach 1979 – 1981, March to December 1982 and 1987 – 1992. Inauguration of Mary Robinson as 7th President of Ireland, December 1990. John Charles McQuaid, Archbishop of Dublin. Èamon Casey, Bishop of Galway, 1976 – 1992. Charles Russell, Parade in Dublin marching from Sackville St to mark the Centenary of Daniel O’Connell’s Birth, c.1875, NGI. Sackville St at the end of hostilities, April, 1916, photo taken from the top of Nelson’s Column. O’Connell St, Dublin with the ‘Millennium Spire’ erected on the site of Nelson’s Column, 2002.

Section Title: Postscript – Some Personal Reflections

Sir William Chambers, The Casino, Marino, Dublin, c.1758 – 1770; built for James Caulfield, 1st Earl of Charlemont, saved from ruin by Percy le Clerc, prince amongst conservation architects in the Office of Pubic Works, for many years a champion of Ireland’s architectural heritage in the face of (to put it tactfully) official neglect and professional discouragement. Castle, Co Kildare, late 12th century onwards, from where the Hon Desmond Guinness and his first wife, Mariga, as co-founders of The Irish Georgian Society fought many a battle to save Ireland’s historic buildings. , Co. Kildare, the first Georgian ‘big house’ taken into Irish state care in 1994, an unexpected (and fortuitous) consequence of the initiation of the Irish ‘Peace Process’ by Prime Minister John Major and Taoiseach Albert Reynolds. HM The Queen addresses the guests at the Banquet in Dublin Castle, 17th May, 2011, marking her State Visit to Ireland. Jack Yeats, My Beautiful, My Beautiful, 1953, PC.

Tom Duncan, 1 April, 2021. 9