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Tidal Lagoon Tidal Power in the UK Engagement report - Public and stakeholder engagement programme A report by Opinion Leader and The Environment Council for the Sustainable Development Commission October 2007 SDC Tidal Power Public and stakeholder engagement programme September 2007 1 Contents 1. Executive Summary……………………………………………………………..………3 2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..……..8 2.1 Background…………………………………………………………………..……..8 2.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………..…….8 2.3 Methodology & Sample………………………………………………………..…..9 2.3.1 Identifying topics for public and stakeholder engagement……………..…9 2.3.2 Public engagement…………………………………………………….………9 2.3.3 Stakeholder engagement…………………………………………………….12 2.3.4 Other SDC engagement activity…………………………………………….14 3. Main findings……………………………………………………………………………15 3.1 Views on sustainable energy………………………………………….……..…..15 3.2 Current knowledge and attitudes to tidal power………………………………..16 3.2.1 Public……………………………………………………………..……………16 3.2.2 Stakeholders…………………………………………………………………..22 3.3 Sustainable development aspects of tidal power technologies……………....23 3.3.1 Environmental…………………………………………………………………23 3.3.2 Economic costs and benefits………………………………………………..27 3.3.3 Social costs and benefits…………………………………………………….31 3.4 The Severn tidal power proposals……………………………………………….34 3.5 Pentland Firth tidal example proposal…………………………………………..44 3.6 Government roles on decision making and financing…………………………48 3.6.1 Public………………………………………………………………………….48 3.6.2 Stakeholders………………………………………………………………….51 3.7 Views on tidal power after deliberation…………………………………………54 3.8 Conditions for acceptability………………………………………………………57 4. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..60 5. Appendix………………………………………………………………………………..63 5.1 Scoping workshop agenda 5.2 Objectives for the public and stakeholder engagement programme 5.3 Public workshop agenda 5.4 Discussion guide for focus groups 5.5 Omnibus questionnaire 5.6 Stakeholder workshop agenda 5.7 Briefing materials 5.7.1 Public consultation 5.7.2 Stakeholder consultation 5.8 Transcripts for the stakeholder events 5.9 List of stakeholders invited to the workshops 2 1. Executive Summary Background and objectives The Sustainable Development Commission has undertaken a UK-wide study on tidal power with a broad coalition of support and funding from the UK government (Department for Trade and Industry (DTI)), the Devolved Administrations (Welsh Assembly Government, Scottish Executive and Department for Enterprise, Trade and Investment, Northern Ireland), and the South West Regional Development Agency . The SDC has appointed Opinion Leader and The Environment Council to conduct a programme of public and stakeholder engagement on tidal power alongside a wider research programme. The key objectives for the public and stakeholder engagement programme are to understand: • attitudes towards tidal power • attitudes to the sustainable development aspects of tidal power technologies • attitudes to proposals in the Severn Estuary • views on financing and decision-making • the conditions for public and stakeholder acceptability of tidal power For the public engagement programme, Opinion Leader conducted a programme of national, regional and local consultation with members of the public. This included an omnibus survey of 1,000 adults across the UK, three regional workshops in areas which are close to sites that may be affected by tidal power developments and six focus groups in each of three local communities which could be directly affected by potential tidal power schemes: around the Severn Estuary at Lavernock Point and Brean Down, and in the Orkney Islands. The stakeholder engagement comprised two workshops with key stakeholders from a range of backgrounds. One workshop was conducted in the North (Aberdeen) and one in the South (Cardiff). Awareness and attitudes to tidal power Public Just over half of the UK population is aware of tidal power (55%). This is similar to wave power (57%). Awareness of tidal power is highest amongst males (67%) and amongst those who live close to a potential Severn barrage site. There is a wide range in the public’s levels of knowledge about tidal power. Most have a superficial understanding, and some confuse tidal power with wind/wave technologies. However, a few are well informed and understand how tidal power works. 3 Prior to deliberation, the public are equally split between being in favour and undecided in their opinions on tidal power. The main reasons for being in favour of tidal power are: the production of clean energy, concerned about global warming and alternative sources of energy such as nuclear. The main reasons for being undecided are the lack of knowledge about tidal power in terms of: the environmental impacts, how much it will cost, what it is and what it will look like. Stakeholders Stakeholders are aware of the potential of tidal power to become part of the UK’s energy mix, but have varying levels of knowledge about the various issues concerning tidal power and the potential effects of different tidal power technologies. Most stakeholders were positive about tidal power at the beginning of the workshops. However, in the Southern workshop stakeholders were split between being against and being neutral towards Severn Barrage proposals and only a few were positive. Attitudes to tidal power technologies Tidal barrages Many of the public think that tidal barrages could provide greater potential benefits than other tidal technologies. Key benefits are the significant generation of ‘clean’ energy, the 100+ year lifespan and the ancillary benefits of road/rail links. However, many also think that the disadvantages of tidal barrages are more profound than other technologies in terms of the environmental impacts on the estuary, the high capital cost and the construction impacts and effects on communities near the barrage. For most, the benefits of tidal barrages outweighed the disadvantages. Stakeholders perceive the potential benefits and disadvantages of the barrage to be very significant, however they perceive the disadvantages to be more profound than the public. The key benefits for stakeholders are the production of clean, limitless, predictable and secure power from proven technology, job creation, expertise in tidal technology and transport links. The key disadvantages for stakeholders are the reduction of biodiversity and impacts on wildlife and water quality, the public subsidy needed to help finance barrage schemes, the impacts on shipping and ports and the construction impacts and affects on other marine users. Tidal stream Many of the public think that tidal stream technology did not seem as viable and beneficial to the wider environment as tidal barrages. The main reasons for this perception are that tidal stream technology produces far less ‘clean’ energy, the technology is unproven, the electricity produced is presently expensive relative to barrages, devices need to be replaced every 20 years and there are few social benefits. However, the negative impacts of tidal stream technology are generally considered to be far 4 less severe than tidal barrages. The devices make minimal damage to marine environment with the exception of the risk of collision, there is low capital cost for each device and the main social concern is over visual impact of fixed devices. Stakeholders perceive tidal stream technology more positively than the public in terms of each of the sustainable development aspects. Many stakeholders are also more positively disposed to tidal stream technology than tidal barrages. The perceived key benefits for stakeholders are that there are fewer environmental and ecological impacts than barrages, the devices are modular and therefore offer better prospects for attracting investment and producing quicker results than large infrastructure projects. They also have comparatively minimal effect on visual amenity. Stakeholders also see the potential for UK industry to become leaders in tidal stream technology. The key disadvantages for stakeholders are the difficulty in controlling noise pollution, the R&D costs associated with unproven technology, the higher transmission and maintenance costs and the potential effects on navigation and search and rescue activities. Lagoons Most of the public considered that tidal lagoons would have environmental impacts on an estuary whilst producing lower levels of ‘clean’ electricity than a barrage; there were also concerns over the unproven concept, high capital cost and the perceived negative visual impact. Stakeholders perceive tidal lagoon technology more positively than the public. However, they perceive tidal lagoons to have greater negative environmental impacts than tidal stream technology. The key benefits for stakeholders from tidal lagoons are the less extensive environmental impacts on the estuary compared to a barrage, the potential for local ownership and UK technology leadership, as well as having minimal visual and noise impacts and few impacts on the Severn Bore. The key disadvantages for stakeholders are the effects of the construction materials used (especially concrete), issues associated with stagnant water, the loss of shallow water environment, comparatively high costs and the silting effects that could negatively affect tourism by creating muddy beaches and changing the estuary landscape. Severn proposals The majority of the public consulted in the Severn Estuary area are in favour of a barrage. However, a few people from the regional workshops are against, mainly due to the
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