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Animals Left Behind: Multispecies Vulnerability in Post-3-11 Japan

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Animals Left Behind: Multispecies Vulnerability in Post-3-11 Japan ANIMALS LEFT BEHIND: MULTISPECIES VULNERABILITY IN POST-3-11 JAPAN By Seven Marie Mattes A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology — Doctor of Philosophy 2018 ABSTRACT ANIMALS LEFT BEHIND: MULTISPECIES VULNERABILITY IN POST-3-11 JAPAN By Seven Marie Mattes The disaster that struck Japan on March 11, 2011 was a catastrophic combination of a 9.0-magnitude earthquake, tsunami, and a damaged nuclear power plant, resulting in the death and displacement of thousands. Due to radioactive leakage, residents within a fluctuating zone were ordered to evacuate. Temporary shelters were established for the human residents – often not permitting companion animals. Officials initially told evacuees they would return home in a few days but were not permitted back for weeks. During this time, officials did not provide for the domesticated animals left behind in the no-go zone, resulting in large-scale mortality. Non- profit animal rescue organizations rescued hundreds of domesticated animals during the immediate aftermath, though not without significant long-term financial, institutional, and internal struggles. Non-human animal vulnerability is addressed in literature and policy primarily as an extension of human vulnerability, in that not including animals increases risk for humans. Engaging literature on the political ecology of natural hazards and human-animal studies, this project establishes an understanding of how vulnerabilities for humans and animals are co- produced, exacerbated, and alleviated by our multispecies entanglements. Working as a volunteer, I conducted 12 months of multispecies ethnographic fieldwork from 2014-15 with non-profit animal rescue organizations who participated in the disaster aftermath. This project was carried out with qualitative research methods, specifically participant observation, semi- structured interviews (n=64), and questionnaires (n=75). The findings of this study illuminate how non-human animal vulnerability is thoroughly entwined in the people and institutions associated with their lives. Despite cultural animal infatuation and the rising rate of pet ownership, domesticated animals in Japan are minimally protected legally and politically. The animal rescue non-profit organizations and volunteers present are marginalized due to a variety of intersectional identities, struggling to navigate systems of power in which their associations with foreignness, gender, and species result in compounded challenges. Given the multispecies nature of vulnerability, this study found that building resiliency for domesticated animals strengthens the larger, more-than-human society in which they are a part. Copyright by SEVEN MARIE MATTES 2018 This dissertation is dedicated to the animals who perished during the March 11th, 2011 Tōhoku disaster. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation’s foundation is constructed with fur, slobber, barks, and purrs. This work would be nothing without the friendly and patient non-human animal participants. Thank you, especially, to PuiPui – your smile produced warmth and joy even on the coldest days of winter. Thanks, as well, to another fuzzy contributor - much of the data gathered for this project would not have been obtainable without my hard-working research assistant, and partner, Andrew Mattes. Thank you, Andrew, for supporting me throughout my career and mirroring my enthusiasm for four-legged critters. The conception, background, analysis and writing of this work was completed with consultation from the phenomenal community formed by the Animal Studies Program at Michigan State University. Thank you for always being there to talk, collaborate, and offer advice – from discussions of research design to the best vegan snickerdoodles ever baked. Additionally, this project would not have risen off the ground without the help of another friend – Dr. Roger Bresnahan, MSU’s Fulbright advisor. Thank you for believing in this project, and in me. Your support was more significant than I can put into words. This project, from its conception to its completion, was financially supported by the Fulbright-Hays Program, the Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship Program, the Center for Gender in a Global Context, MSU’s Asian Studies Center, the Department of Anthropology, the Department of Sociology, and the Animal Studies Program. Finally, thank you to my committee members for offering guidance and advice throughout this process. Dr. Andrea Louie, Dr. Linda Kalof, Dr. Paul Hansen, Dr. Najib Hourani, vi Dr. Lucero Radonic, and past members, Dr. John Davis and Dr. Brandt Peterson, were all invaluable in turning a fierce interest and passion for human-animal studies into a dissertation. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xii Chapter One: Toward a Multispecies Vulnerability Paradigm..................................................... 1 THEORY AND EPISTEMOLOGY ........................................................................................... 2 Human-Animal Studies ........................................................................................................... 3 Disaster: Vulnerability and Resiliency .................................................................................... 5 Vulnerability......................................................................................................................... 6 Political Ecology of Disaster ............................................................................................... 8 Resiliency ........................................................................................................................... 10 Epistemologies....................................................................................................................... 10 Researching Multispecies Vulnerability and Resiliency .................................................... 11 RESEARCH FOCUS ................................................................................................................ 15 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 15 Positionality ........................................................................................................................... 17 Sites and Research Participants ............................................................................................. 18 Animal Refuge Kansai (ARK) ............................................................................................ 21 Heart Tokushima (Heart)................................................................................................... 27 Japan Cat Network (JCN).................................................................................................. 33 Animal Friends Niigata (AFN) .......................................................................................... 38 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 43 Personal Meaning Maps and Questionnaires......................................................................... 44 Semi-structured interviews .................................................................................................... 46 Participant Observation ......................................................................................................... 47 Photography ........................................................................................................................... 48 Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 49 OVERVIEW OF DISSERTATION.......................................................................................... 49 Chapter Two: The Shared Vulnerability and Resiliency of the Fukushima Animals and their Rescuers ........................................................................................................................................ 51 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 51 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 51 STORIES................................................................................................................................... 56 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................... 60 Institutional “Thinking” ......................................................................................................... 62 Livestock................................................................................................................................ 63 Emotional Connection ........................................................................................................... 65 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................ 66 Vulnerability of Animal Rescuers ........................................................................................
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