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Constitution of 'Iraq
[Distributed to the Official No. : C. 49. 1929. VI. Members of the Council.] [C.P.M.834] Geneva, February 20th, 1929. LEAGUE OF NATIONS CONSTITUTION OF ‘IRAQ (ORGANIC LAW) Note by the Secretary- General : The Secretary-General communicated to the Council, on August 23rd, 1924 (document C.412.1924.VI, C.P.M. 166),1 a letter from the British Government transmitting a translation of the Organic Law of ‘Iraq passed by the Constituent Assembly of ‘Iraq on July 10th, 1924. In a letter dated November 28th, 1928, the British Government transmitted the following document : The ‘Iraq Constitution, March 21st, 1925, recently published by the Government of ‘Iraq. The British Government points out, in the above-mentioned letter, that the publication of the document in question was necessitated by the discovery of considerable discrepancies between the Arabic text of the Organic Law, as passed by the ‘Iraq Constituent Assembly in July 1924, and the English translation which was communicated to the Secretariat in 1924. The British Government adds that the new text embodies the modifications introduced by the Organic Law Amendment Law, 1925,2 and was approved by the ‘Iraq Government as superseding all translations of the law hitherto published. The Secretary-General has the honour to communicate to the Council the text of the document transmitted by the British Government on November 28th, 1928. 1 See Official Journal, November 1924, page 1759. * The Organic Law Amendment Law, 1925, was published as an Appendix to the Annual Report on the Adminis tration of ‘Iraq for 1925, pages 175-177. S.d.N. -
Middle East 1 Middle East
Middle East 1 Middle East Middle East Map of the Middle east. (Green color) Countries 18–38 (varying definitions) Languages Middle East: Arabic, Aramaic, Azerbaijani, French, Greek, Hebrew, Kurdish, Persian, Somali, Turkish Greater Middle East: Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Balochi, Berber, Dari, French, Greek, Georgian, Hebrew, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Somali, Tigrinya, Turkish, Urdu Time Zones UTC +3:30 (Iran) to UTC +2:00 (Egypt) (traditional definition) Largest Cities In rank order: Istanbul, Cairo, Tehran, Baghdad, Riyadh, Jeddah, Ankara The Middle East[1] is a region that roughly encompasses Western Asia. The term is considered to be Eurocentric and used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner. The largest ethnic group in the middle east are Arabs,[2] with Turks, Turkomans, Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Copts, Jews, Maronites, Assyro-Chaldeans, Circassians, Armenians, Druze and numerous other ethnic groups forming other significant populations. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and throughout its history, the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs. When discussing ancient history, however, the term Near East is more commonly used. The Middle East is also the historical origin of major religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as the less common Baha'i faith, Mandaeism, Druze faith and others. The Middle East generally has an arid and hot climate, with several major rivers providing for irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas, especially in Mesopotamia and the rest of the Fertile Crescent. Many countries located around the Persian Gulf have large quantities of crude oil, which has resulted in much wealth particularly for nations in the Arabian peninsula. -
United Arab Republic 1 United Arab Republic
United Arab Republic 1 United Arab Republic ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا ةيروهمجلا Al-Gumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-MuttahidahUnited Arab Republic ← → 1958–1961 ← (1971) → ← → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Oh My Weapon[1] Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic [2] Religion Secular (1958–1962) Islam (1962–1971) Government Confederation President - 1958–1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser United Arab Republic 2 Historical era Cold War - Established February 22, 1958 - Secession of Syria September 28, 1961 - Renamed to Egypt 1971 Area - 1961 1166049 km2 (450214 sq mi) Population - 1961 est. 32203000 Density 27.6 /km2 (71.5 /sq mi) Currency United Arab Republic pound Calling code +20 Al-Gumhuriyah al-Arabiyahةدحتملا ةيبرعلا ةيروهمجلا :The United Arab Republic (Arabic al-Muttahidah/Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah), often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal Abdel Nasser. During most of its existence (1958–1961) it was a member of the United Arab States, a confederation with North Yemen. The UAR adopted a flag based on the Arab Liberation Flag of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, but with two stars to represent the two parts. This continues to be the flag of Syria. In 1963, Iraq adopted a flag that was similar but with three stars, representing the hope that Iraq would join the UAR. The current flags of Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are also based on Arab Liberation Flag of horizontal red, white, and black bands. -
A Pilot Study of Airborne Hazards and Other Toxic Exposures in Iraq War Veterans
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article A Pilot Study of Airborne Hazards and Other Toxic Exposures in Iraq War Veterans Chelsey Poisson 1,2,3 , Sheri Boucher 2,3,4, Domenique Selby 3,5,6, Sylvia P. Ross 2, Charulata Jindal 7, Jimmy T. Efird 8,* and Pollie Bith-Melander 9 1 Emergency Medicine, SMG Norwood Hospital, Norwood (Greater Boston Area), MA 02062, USA; [email protected] 2 School of Nursing, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI 02908, USA; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (S.P.R.) 3 HunterSeven Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA; [email protected] 4 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02905, USA 5 Joint Trauma System, Defense Center of Excellence (CoE), Fort Sam Houston, Houston, TX 02905, USA 6 Emergency Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD), San Diego, CA 92134, USA 7 Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Newcastle 2308, Australia; [email protected] 8 Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Health Services Research and Development, DVAHCS (Duke University Affiliate), Durham, NC 27705, USA 9 Department of Social Work, California State University, Stanislaus, Stanislaus, CA 95382, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: Jimmy.efi[email protected]; Tel.: +1-650-248-8282 Received: 16 April 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 9 May 2020 Abstract: During their deployment to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), many Veterans were exposed to a wide array of toxic substances and psychologic stressors, most notably airborne/environmental pollutants from open burn pits. Service members do not deploy whilst unhealthy, but often they return with a multitude of acute and chronic symptoms, some of which only begin to manifest years after their deployment. -
ISIS Success in Iraq: a Movement 40 Years in the Making Lindsay Church a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirem
ISIS Success in Iraq: A Movement 40 Years in the Making Lindsay Church A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES: MIDDLE EAST University of Washington 2016 Committee: Terri DeYoung Arbella Bet-Shlimon Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Jackson School of International Studies !1 ©Copyright 2016 Lindsay Church !2 University of Washington Abstract ISIS Success in Iraq: A Movement 40 Years in the Making Lindsay Church Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Terri DeYoung, Near Eastern Language and Civilization In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)1 took the world by surprise when they began forcibly taking control of large swaths of territory in Iraq and Syria. Since then, policy makers, intelligence agencies, media, and academics have been scrambling to find ways to combat the momentum that ISIS has gained in their quest to establish an Islamic State in the Middle East. This paper will examine ISIS and its ability to build an army and enlist the support of native Iraqis who have joined their fight, or at the very least, refrained from resisting their occupation in many Iraqi cities and provinces. In order to understand ISIS, it is imperative that the history of Iraq be examined to show that the rise of the militant group is not solely a result of contemporary problems; rather, it is a movement that is nearly 40 years in the making. This thesis examines Iraqi history from 1968 to present to find the historical cleavages that ISIS exploited to succeed in taking and maintaining control of territory in Iraq. -
Iraq: Post-Conflict Stabilization Redux
Iraq: Post-conflict Stabilization Redux fpri.org/article/2017/02/iraq-post-conflict-stabilization-redux/ February 17, 2017 E-Notes C. Alexander Ohlers C. Alexander Ohlers, Ph.D. specializes in warfare and politics with a focus on transnational insurgent movements. He is also a former Senior Analyst and diplomatic liaison for the U.S. Department of State in Baghdad, Iraq, under the Iraq Reconstruction and Management Office, and holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics and Political Science.Read More U.S. Soldiers conduct a key leader engagement at Qayyarah West Airfield As the U.S.-backed forces in Iraq move to reclaim west Mosul, the Islamic State’s (IS) final territorial stronghold in Iraq, U.S. policymakers are certain that the group will be eradicated, but are uncertain as to what will follow. As retired U.S. Army General David Petraeus notes: There is no question that the Islamic State will be defeated in Mosul; the real question is what comes afterward. Can the post-Islamic State effort resolve the squabbling likely to arise over numerous issues and bring lasting stability to one of Iraq’s most diverse and challenging provinces? Failure to do so could lead to ISIS 3.0.[1] Accordingly, the Islamic State has executed a string of attacks in Baghdad, including January bombings in the Shiite neighborhood of Sadr City and other parts of Baghdad that killed over fifty-six Iraqis. IS also retains operational units in liberated areas of Anbar province and, in November of last year, used a car bomb to kill seventeen Iraqis attending a wedding in Amiriyah, Al-Fallujah and exploded two car bombs near a government building, killing nine. -
Iraq, August 2006
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Iraq, August 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: IRAQ August 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Iraq (Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah). Short Form: Iraq. Term for Citizen(s): Iraqi(s). Click to Enlarge Image Capital: Baghdad. Major Cities (in order of population size): Baghdad, Mosul (Al Mawsil), Basra (Al Basrah), Arbil (Irbil), Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah (As Sulaymaniyah). Independence: October 3, 1932, from the British administration established under a 1920 League of Nations mandate. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1) and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein (April 9) are celebrated on fixed dates, although the latter has lacked public support since its declaration by the interim government in 2003. The following Muslim religious holidays occur on variable dates according to the Islamic lunar calendar, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian calendar: Eid al Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice), Islamic New Year, Ashoura (the Shia observance of the martyrdom of Hussein), Mouloud (the birth of Muhammad), Leilat al Meiraj (the ascension of Muhammad), and Eid al Fitr (the end of Ramadan). Flag: The flag of Iraq consists of three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green, five-pointed stars centered in the white band. The phrase “Allahu Akbar” (“God Is Great”) also appears in Arabic script in the white band with the word Allahu to the left of the center star and the word Akbar to the right of that star. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Contemporary Iraq occupies territory that historians regard as the site of the earliest civilizations of the Middle East. -
Part I - Electrocution of Staff Sergeant Ryan D
INSPECTOR GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 400 ARMY NAW DRIVE ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22202·4704 JUL 2 4 2009 MEMORANDUM FOR DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR ACQUISITION AND TECHNOLOGY COMMANDER, U.S. CENTRAL COMMAND COMMANDER, MULTI-NATIONAL FORCES - IRAQ COMMANDER, ARMY SUSTAINMENT COMMAND DIRECTOR, DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT AGENCY ARMY ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF FOR INSTALLATION MANAGEMENT SUBJECT: Review ofElectrocution Deaths in Iraq: Part I - Electrocution of Staff Sergeant Ryan D. Maseth, U.S. Army (Report No. IE-2009-006) We are providing this final report for review and COlUlnent. We considered luanagelnent COlnlnents to a draft ofthis repOli in preparing this final report. We requested and received nlanagenlent COlluuents from the COlumander, U.S. Central Conunand; Conl111ander, Multi National Forces - Iraq; C0l11111ander, Multi National Corps - Iraq; Director, Joint Staff; U.S. Anny Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Managenlellt; and the Director, Defense Contract Managelllent Agency. We also received ll1anagement COl1unents fronl the COlnnlander, Al'111Y Materiel COllll11and, and the COll1l11ander, U.S. Ar1l1Y Crilllinal Investigation Conulland. All COn1l11ents confornled to the requirelllents of DoD Directive 7650.3, "Follow-up on General Accounting Office (GAO), DoD Inspector General (DoD IG), and Internal Audit Reports," June 3,2004. As a result of l11anagelllent COllllnents, we 111ade changes to recoll1111endatiol1s A.l.2, A.4, and B.4. The COllllnander, Multi National Corps - Iraq, disagreed with recol1Ullendation A.l.2. We request that the Comlnander, Multi National Corps - Iraq, reconsider his position and provide additional conllnents to this final report. A response by August 15, 2009, would be appreciated. Please provide COllunents that COnfOl'l11 to the requirelnents ofDoD Directive 7650.3. -
Maps of the Middle East
Flags of the Middle East Overview: In this lesson plan, students will become acquainted with some of the country flags from the Middle East. By examining the symbolism in the flags, students will begin to think about the country’s geography, traditions, and histories. This is a good introduction to the Middle East, which can be paired with units and activities on geography lessons. (See Currency Unit, Capitals Unit, Mobility Unit, etc.) Objectives: Students will: 1. Examine a selection of flags from the Middle East and match them with the flag descriptions. 2. Consider how flags tell a narrative about the values of the peoples they represent by discussing the symbols on the flags. 3. Create a personal flag. Activity: 1. Provide students with the handout including the pictures of the flags and the descriptions of the flags. Ask them to match the country flag to its description. 2. Assign groups one particular flag to work with and ask them to discuss their particular flag. Why are the symbols important? What story does it tell about the country? (For a longer exercise, have the groups become “experts” on that country through research projects and then teach their classmates about the country. See lesson plan on capitals for more ideas.) 3. Allow students to relate to the activity by making connections between Middle Eastern flags and that of the United States. Discuss what the flag of the United States represents and then allow students to create their own personal flag. Teachers: Please contact Angela Williams, CSAMES Outreach Coordinator, at [email protected], for the answer key to the Questions on Flags of the Middle East. -
British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1 British Mandate of Mesopotamia
British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1 British Mandate of Mesopotamia نيرهنلا نيب ام دالب ىلع يناطيربلا بادتنالا British Mandate of Mesopotamia Mandate of the United Kingdom ← 1920–1932 ← → ← Flag Capital Baghdad Language(s) Arabic, Kurdish, Aramaic Religion Islam, Christianity, Judaism Political structure League of Nations Mandate High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox National leader King Faisal I Historical era Interwar period - San Remo conference April 26, 1920 - Treaty of Sèvres August 10, 1920 - Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 1930 - Independence October 3, 1932 ) was a League of Nations Class Aقارعلا ىلع يناطيربلا بادتنالا :The British Mandate of Mesopotamia (Arabic mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to Britain when the Ottoman Empire was divided in August 1920 by the Treaty of Sèvres following World War I. This award was prepared on April 25, 1920, at the San Remo conference in Italy. France controlled the Mandates of Lebanon and Syria. Faisal ibn Husayn, who had been proclaimed King of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920, was ejected by the French in July of the same year. British Mandate of Mesopotamia 2 The civil government of postwar Iraq was headed originally by the High Commissioner, Sir Percy Cox, and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson. British reprisals after the murder of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of north Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists, who felt betrayed at being accorded mandate status. Early unrest Three important anticolonial secret societies had been formed in Iraq during 1918 and 1919. -
Switching Sides: Political Power, Alignment, and Alliances in Post-Saddam Iraq
SWITCHING SIDES: POLITICAL POWER, ALIGNMENT, AND ALLIANCES IN POST-SADDAM IRAQ by Diane L. Maye A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Political Science Committee: _________________________________________ Mark N. Katz, Chair _________________________________________ Colin Dueck _________________________________________ T. Aric Thrall _________________________________________ Ming Wan, Program Director _________________________________________ Mark J. Rozell, Dean Date: ____________________________________ Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Switching Sides: Political Power, Alignment, and Alliances in post-Saddam Iraq A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University. by Diane L. Maye Master of Arts Naval Postgraduate School, 2006 Bachelor of Science United States Air Force Academy, 2001 Director: Mark N. Katz, Professor School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2015 Diane L. Maye All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my wonderful husband, without whose love and support this dissertation would have not been completed. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge those who assisted me throughout my doctoral studies over the years. I would first like to acknowledge my chairman, Dr. Mark N. Katz, for agreeing to serve as my advisor and mentor during this process. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Colin Dueck, and Dr. T. Aric Thrall for serving as committee members. A very special thanks to my dear friend Sa’ad Ghaffoori for our countless meetings, emails, and conversations. I would also like to thank Governor Ahmed al Dulaymi, Thamir Hamdani, Waleed Mashhadani, Colonel Dale Kuehl, Colonel William Wyman, Colonel Richard Welch, Colonel Simon Gardner, as well as, Michael Pregent, Michael Sweeney, Paul D. -
Tufts Inquiry --Final Paper Minorities
Iraqi Minorities Coalition Delegation (NICHOLS SCHOOL) Introduction: Iraq has been in a constant state of turmoil for the past few decades. The country’s diversity amongst its citizens proves to be problematic, often affecting the political and social realms of society. Minorities, especially Sunni Muslims, Shi’a Muslims, Kurds, Yezidis, and Jews, have found it increasingly difficult to live in Iraq, as they face persecution for their different beliefs. Minorities have two choices; to either fight for representation or leave Iraq altogether. Seven Democracy and Sectarianism Issues Facing Iraqi Minorities: 1) Power struggle between Sunni Muslims and Shi’a Muslims 2) Lack of protection for minority groups 3) Rapid loss of minority populations 4) Persecution by private groups and the government—particularly hate crimes—aimed at minorities 5) Limited representation for minority groups in government 6) Discrimination against specific minority groups 7) Decline of female attendance in schools Background of Iraq: Iraq has a long and distinguished history. It was home to one of the earliest known civilizations, the Sumerian civilization, which cultivated Mesopotamia. The region which is now known as modern Iraq changed hands many times in the subsequent years, being conquered by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. The Abbasid caliphate was ushered out by a Mongol invasion force which destroyed much of Baghdad. Later, Iraq was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, which was based in Turkey. Because the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers in the First World War, Great Britain invaded the Ottomans’ Middle Eastern holdings in World War I and gained control of Iraq.