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Ber Elsabe.Indd עריכה: %d¹d∫ איתן ברונשטיין, עומר אגבריה. ≈W¹—U³ž« dLŽ ¨s¹UDA½ËdÐ ÊU²¹ הפקה: ≈�b»—∫ עמותת זוכרות (ע“ר πµ≤≠∞≥∏≠µ∏ ÂÆî å «d�«–ò WOFLł (6-952-038-58≠∂© איסוף חומר וכתיבה: WÐU²J�«Ë …œU*« lLł∫ עומר אגבריה, סרגיי סנדלר, ספא אבו רביעה WFOЗ uÐ√ ¡UH� ¨d�bMÝ tOOłdÝ ¨W¹—U³ž« dLŽ עיצוב כריכה: öG�« rOLBð·∫ טליה פריד b¹d� UO�UÞ מפה בכריכה אחורית: dOš_« ·öG�« WD¹dš∫ סלמן אבו סיטה W²Ý uÐ√ ÊULKÝ צילומים: »�uB—∫ שוהם יוגב, סרגיי סנדלר, d�bMÝ tOOłdÝ ¨·Ułu¹ r¼uý¨ www.palestineremembered.com www.palestineremembered.com ראיונות וצילומי וידאו: �u¹bO� d¹uBðË 5¾łö�« WKÐUI∫ רנין ג‘רייס —½f¹dł 5 תמלול: %öÐUI*« d¹d ∫ רנין ג‘רייס —½f¹dł 5 תרגום: WLłdð∫ עומר אגבריה W¹—U³ž« dLŽ סיוע בארגון הסיור והראיונות: ��öÐUI*«Ë …—U¹e�« rOEMð w� …bŽU ∫ סלימאן אבו עבייד bÒ?O³Ž uÐ√ ÊULOKÝ גרפיקה: rOLBð∫ רהאדה שביטה —¼WDO³ý …œU הדפסה: WŽU³Þ∫ דפוס כחיל - רמלה �WK�d�« ≠ qO×� WF³D יולי u9 2006“ ‰Ó„˜‰ ביר א-סבע הוקמה ע“י האימפריה העות‘מאנית בתחילת המאה ה20-. עיר מודרנית קטנה שגודלה לא עלה מעל ל7,000- נפש. גרו בה סוחרים מעזה ומחברון, מוסלמים, יהודים, נוצרים, דרוזים, בדואים ועוד. ביר א-סבע היתה מחוץ לגבולות תכנית החלוקה של האו“ם מנובמבר 1947 ובכל זאת נכבשה ע“י ישראל. זה קרה במסגרת ”מבצע יואב“ באוקטובר ונובמבר 1948, בפיקודו של יגאל אלון, שבמהלכו נכבשו וגורשו גם כל תושבי היישובים הבאים: אלחַ‘לְסה, ֵית טִימא, DמTְה, aֵית גִ‘Yג‘א, Bיר סֻנֵיד, הaXְִיא, אל- מג‘דל, TַaYַaה, חַמַאמה, אלגִ‘יה, אלחִ‘סַאס, נִעִלְיא, עUִאק סְוֵויAאן, עUִאק אלמַנְשִיה, עַג‘וּר, Eֻkנא, Uעְנא, זXְkִין, Bיר אלaHַאן, אלaRֵיaֶה, חִ‘Yבֶּת אֶם Yֻaג‘, aֵית גִ‘aְרין, אלAוַואיְמֶה, Bיר נַחַ‘אס, אלג‘וּTה. ביר א-סבע נכבשה ב20-21/10/1948- בסיוע הפצצה אווירית. חלק מהגברים נותרו בה לזמן מה כדי לסייע לצה“ל לנקות את העיר ומאוחר יותר הם הועברו למחנות שבויים. ככל הנראה לא נותרו בתחומי מדינת ישראל פליטים שחיו בעיר. חוברת זו מופקת ע“י זוכרות לרגל ביקור בעיר ובשרידיה ביולי 2006. מטרתה להעיר משהו מהנכבה של ביר א-סבע. יש בה עדויות של פליטים פלסטינים שחיו באזור העיר וכן חומר מחקרי ממקורות שונים. זוהי החוברת היא מספר 17 בסדרת החוברות של זוכרות. קדמו לה החוברות על דיר יאסין, ליפתא, עין ע‘זאל, אלחרם (סידנא עלי), עין אלמנסי, חיפה, עכא, ליד, רמלה, חירבת ג‘לאמה, איסדוד ומג‘דל, שייח‘ מואניס, הגולן, סוחמתא, א-לג‘ון, איג‘ליל. חוברת זו היא ביטוי לרצון של א/נשים החיים בארץ הזו ומבקשים לסיים את הסכסוך ביניהם ולהביא בית ישן ובניה חדשה בבאר שבע לפיוס בין העמים. l³��« d¾Ð w� Y¹bŠ ¡UMÐË .b� XOÐ W�b?I� W¹«bÐ w� WO½UL¦F�« W�Ëb�« bNŽ w� l³��« d¾Ð WM¹b� X�Ý√ œbŽ œe¹ r� …dOG� W¹dBŽ WM¹b� X½U� Æs¹dAF�« ÊdI�« W¹dI�«Ë WM¹b*« s� UN½UJÝ ¡Uł ÆWL�½ ·ô¬ WF³Ý sŽ UN½UJÝ UNMJÝË ¨“Ë—œË œuN¹Ë È—UB½Ë ÊuLK�� ¨WIDM*« w� W¹œU³�«Ë ÆqOK)«Ë …ež s� —U& r� ¨±π¥∑ d³L�u½ w� …bײ*« 3_« sŽ —œUB�« rO�I²�« —«d� l�Ë ¨W¹œuNO�« W�Ëb�« œËbŠ w� l³��« d¾Ð WM¹b� qšb¹ W¹dJ�F�« å·¬u¹ WKLŠò sL{ p�–Ë ¨UN�ö²ŠUÐ «u�U� p�– WKL(« ‰öš ÆÊu�√ ‰U¾G¹ …œUOIÐ ¨±π¥∏ d³L�u½Ë dÐu²�√ w� ¨ULOÞ XOÐ ¨WBK)« ∫UNK¼√ b¹dAðË WIDM*« Èd� ‰ö²Š« - ¨W�ULŠ ¨…dÐdÐ ¨‰b−*« ¨UOÐd¼ ¨bOMÝ d¹œ ¨Ułdł XOÐ ¨…d�œ ¨—u−Ž ¨WOAM*« ‚«dŽ ¨Ê«b¹uÝ ‚«dŽ ¨UOKF½ ¨’UB)« ¨WÒ?O'« XOÐ ¨ÃdÐ Â√ WÐdš ¨W³O³I�« ¨ÊUÐb�« d¹œ ¨s¹d�“ ¨UMŽ— ¨U½b� Æ…—u'« ¨”U�½ d¹œ ¨W1«Ëb�« ¨s¹d³ł s� nB� …b½U�0 ±π¥∏‹±∞‹≤±≠≤∞ a¹—U²Ð XK²Š« l³��« d¾Ð Æu'« œuM'« «ËbŽU�O� WM¹b*« w� wIÐ√ l³��« d¾Ð ‰Uł— s� r�� ÆÈdÝ_« ULO�* «ËbO²�« p�– bFÐË UNHOEMð vKŽ 5OKOz«dÝù« w¾łô s� Í√Ò qOz«dÝ≈ W�Ëœ œËbŠ qš«œ o³²¹ r� t½√ Ëb³¹ Æl³��« d¾Ð WM¹b� W³ÝUM0 å ËdšË“ – «d�«–ò q³� s� VÒ?O²J�« «c¼ —b�√ dO�c²�« t�b¼ Æ≤∞∞∂ “u9 w� UN�öÞ√Ë WM¹b*« v�≈ …—U¹“ Ø5¾łô «œUNA� ÎUIOŁuð tðUOÞ 5Ð Íu×¹ Æl³��« d¾Ð W³JMÐ p�c�Ë l³��« d¾Ð WIDM� w� «uýUŽ s2 5OMOD�K� « ÆWHK²�� —œUB� s� WO�¹—Uð U�uKF� —b� Æå ËdšË“ò U³O²� WK�KÝ w� ±∑ r�— VO²J�« u¼ «c¼ U½bOÝ® Âd(« ¨‰«ež 5Ž ¨U²H� ¨5ÝU¹ d¹œ ∫sŽ U³O²� tK³� œËbÝ« ¨WLK'« WÐdš ¨WK�d�« ¨bK�« ¨UJŽ ¨UHOŠ ¨w�M*« 5Ž ¨©wKŽ ÆqOKł≈ ¨Êu−K�« ¨UðUL×Ý ¨Êôu'« ¨f½u� aOA�« ¨‰b−*«Ë Êu³B¹ œö³�« Ác¼ w� ÊuAOF¹ ”U½√ W³ž— fJF¹ VO²J�« «c¼ ÆW(UB*«Ë ‰bF�« v�≈ Êu�u²¹Ë Ÿ«dB�« ¡UN½≈ v�≈ Forward Beersheba was founded by the Ottoman em- prisoner of war camps. As far as is known, pire at the beginning of the 20th century, a there are no remaining refugees from the small, modern city which size never grew city living within the borders of the State of beyond 7,000 inhabitants. It was home to Israel. merchants from Gaza and Hebron, Mus- lims, Jews, Christians, Druze, Bedouin and This brochure was prepared by Zochrot to others. Beersheba was located outside the accompany an organized visit to the city and UN participation plan of November 1947, its remains on 8 July 2006. Its purpose is to but nonetheless it was conquered by Israel shed some light on the Nakba of Beersheba. in October – November 1948 in the frame- It includes testimonies of Palestinian refu- work of Operation Yoav. The operation was gees who lived in the area of the city as well headed by Southern Front commander Yigal as research material from different sources. Allon, and in its course all the residents of the following communities were conquered This is the seventeenth in a series of such and expelled: al-Khalasa, Bayt Tima, Dimra, brochures by Zochrot. Prior brochures have Bayt Jirja, Dayr Sunayd, Hiribya, al-Ma- been produced on Deir Yassin, Lifta, Ayn jdal, Barbara, Hamama, al-Jiyya, al-Khisas, Ghazzal, al-Haram (Sidna Ali), Ayn al- Ni'ilya, Iraq Suwaydan, Iraq al-Manshiyya, Mansi, Haifa, Acre, Lydda, Ramleh, Jalame, Ajjur, Kudna, Ra'na, Zikrin, Dayr al-Dub- Isdud and Majdal, Sheikh Muwannis, the ban, al-Qubayba, Khirbat Umm Burj, Bayt Golan, Suhmata, al-Lajjun, and Ijlil. Jibrin, al-Dawayima, Dayr Al-Nakhkhas, and al-Jura. Beersheba was conquered on This brochure is an expression of the desire 20-21 October 1948 with the use of aerial of individuals who live in this country to end bombardment. Some of the men remained the conflict between them and bring about for a short time afterward to help the IDF reconciliation between their peoples. clear the city; later they were transferred to ˙ȯÂËÒȉ ‰¯È˜Ò ¯Ï„Ò ÈÈ‚¯Ò ∫·˙ΠÛÒ‡ מראה כללי של באר-שבע משנת 1911. Æ±π±± WMÝ s� l³��« d¾³� WK�Uý …—u� ביר א-סבע הייתה ישוב יוצא דופן בפלסטינה: עיר ללא הפרעה והקלו על עומס החום. בין הרחובות מחוז בגודל של כפר גדול; עיר מזרחית בסגנון הבנייה נותרו חלקות של 60×60 מטר לבניית בתים. כל ומערבית בסגנון התכנון; עיר נידחת שניהלה קשרים חלקה כזו חולקה לארבעה מגרשים, והמתיישבים בינלאומיים; עיר שנודעה בשוק שלה, ולא היה בה בעיר קיבלו כל אחד מגרש, ובנו בו את בתיהם לפי מבנה לשוק; עיר עתיקה (כך היא נקראת בבאר-שבע ראות עיניהם. לרחובות העיר לא היו שמות, מלבד כיום) שנוסדה במאה ה20-. רחוב אטעונה (היום רחוב החלוץ). הקמתה של ביר א-סבע הייתה חלק ממגמה כללית המדיניות הייתה לעודד בדואים מהנגב להתיישב באימפריה העות‘מאנית בסוף המאה ה19- וראשית בעיר, ולכן חולקו המגרשים בעיר בחינם או במחיר המאה ה20- לחזק את נוכחות השלטון באזורי ספר נמוך לבדואים, בעוד אחרים היו צריכים לקנות של האימפריה. בשנת 1900 הוחלט לבנות עיר מחוז מגרשים בכסף מלא, ובכל-זאת התיישבו בעיר בעיקר בצומת דרכים חשובות ליד חורבות העיר הביזנטית סוחרים מעזה ומחברון. מבחינה דתית הייתה רוב בירוסביוס. הקרקע, כ2500- דונם, נרכשה בשנת אוכלוסיית העיר מוסלמית, אך הייתה גם קבוצה של 1901, והוחל בבניית בית הממשל (”הסראיה“. כיום נוצרים, יהודים, דרוזים, כמה בהאים ואחרים. שייך למשטרה). הקאימקאם (מושל העיר) אסף ביי, נודע בתנופת על תכנון העיר הופקדו קצין גרמני, מהנדס שוויצרי הבנייה שיזם. בתקופתו (1904-1907) נבנו בעיר ושני המהנדסים הפלסטינים סעיד ונאג‘ב נאשאשיבי. המסגד הגדול, בית המושל הסמוך לו, בית הספר העיר נבנתה במתכונת של שתי וערב, בניגוד למקובל לילדי השייחים ועוד - בניינים שנחשבו בזמנו ליפים באזור. כל הרחובות היו ברוחב 15 מטרים, והרחוב מסוגם בארץ. כמו-כן ניטעו בעיר עצים רבים וטופחו הראשי – ברוחב 20 מטרים (הוא גם נקרא ”רחוב 20 כמה גנים ציבוריים. המטרים“. כיום רחוב קק“ל). הרחובות נבנו מצפון מערב לדרום מזרח בכיוון אחד ומצפון מזרח לדרום רוב הבתים נבנו מהחוץ פנימה: חומה שימשה כקיר מערב בכיוון השני. כיוון זה הביא לניצול אופטימאלי החיצוני לכל חדרי הבית ובאמצע נותרה חצר פנימית של זרימת הרוחות באזור: הבריזות מצפון מערב זרמו (שלפעמים כוסתה בגג והפכה לחדר אורחים). סטנדרט הבנייה בעיר היה גבוה מאוד יחסית לתקופה. האינטלקטואל והפוליטיקאי הפלסטיני עארף אל- עארף. ספריו על ביר א-סבע ועל הבדואים נחשבים בשנות מלחמת העולם הראשונה, הטורקים ריכזו עד היום לטקסטים קלאסיים בתחום. אל-אערף ידוע בביר-א-סבע כוחות צבא, חיברו אליה קו רכבת, במיוחד בזכות מחקרו ההיסטורי המקיף על הנכבה הקימו דפוס ומפעל לייצור קרח, וכמה ממבני הציבור הפלסטינית. ביתו הפרטי, הנמצא מול בית המושל, חוברו לחשמל. מן הצד השני, עבור הבריטים, כיבוש שומר ושופץ והוא אחד היפים בעיר. ביר א-סבע היה המפתח לכיבוש פלסטינה כולה.
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