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Life History and Fisheries of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

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Life History and Fisheries of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC - 370 {ffi3 Ilistorical Document: Life History and Fisheries of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Frank J. Mather, III Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 John M. Mason, Jr. New York Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Marine Resources East Setauket. New York I1733 Albert C. Jones U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center 75 Virginia Beach Drive Miami, Florida 33149 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center 75 Virginia Beach Drive Miami, Florida 33149 SH 11 .A2 s65 no -370 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-370 Historical Document: Life History and Fisheries of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Frank 1. Mather, III Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 John M. Mason, Jr.1 New York Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Marine Resources East Setauket, New York 17733 Albert C. Jones U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center 75 Virginia Beach Drive Miami, Florida 33149 U.S. Department of Commerce Ronald H. Brown, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Undersecretary for Oceans and Atmosphere National Marine Fisheries Service Rolland A. Schmitten, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 1 Formerly with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. This technical memorandum is used for documentation and timely communication of preliminary results, interim reports, or special purpose information, and has not undergone external scientific review. July 1995 NOTICE The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends, or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein or which has as its purpose any intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because ofNMFS publication. This report should be cited as follows: Mather, FJ., J.M. Mason, and A.C. Jones. 1995. Historical document: life history and fisheries of Atlantic bluefm tuna. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC - 370: 165 pp. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Contribution Number - 8986 AUTHORS' NOTE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is based on extensive studies of Atlantic blue fin tuna carried out over many years by the senior author. The report was prepared in the late I970s but not published. It is published now to provide a historical review of the biology and fisheries of blue fin tuna. based on knowledge available at that time. More recent studies have expanded the information base for bluefin tuna; however. that information is available, mostly in reports of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCA T). Consequently, we have not attempted to include a review of that information in this document. We acknowledge financial and other support received from the following institutions and persons: the National Science Foundation, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Sport Fishing Institute (now the American Sportfishing Association), the National Sea Grant Program, the Charles W. Brown, Jr. Foundation, the Lou Marron Science Fund, Mrs. Raymond J. Kunkel, Mr. William K. Carpenter. the Lerner Marine Laboratory, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the Associates of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. In addition ,to persons mentioned here and in the text, numerous individuals and fishery and research organizations contributed valuable information. Copies may be obtained by writing: National Marine Fisheries Service or National Technical Information Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center 5258 Port Royal Road 75 Virginia Beach Drive Springfield, Virginia 22161 Miami, Florida 33149 (703) 487-4650 FAX: (703) 321-8547 Rush Orders: (800) 336-4700 ii CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION I 3. Atlantic Oceanic Waters 29 4. Eastern Atlantic Islands 34 II. METHODS AND DEFINITIONS 2 a. Azores 34; A. Methods and Materials 2 b. Madeira 35 B. Definitions 2 c. Canary Islands 35 . I. Bluefin Tuna 2 5. Eastern Atlantic 36 a. Length 2 a. Northeastern Atlantic 37 b. Weight 3 b. Norway 37 2. Size-Age Groups 3 c. North Sea 38 3. Trap Fishery Terminology 3 d. Bay of Biscay 39 e. West Coast of Portugal 42 III. AGE AND GROWTH 5 f. West Coast of Morocco 42 A. Introduction 5 g. Ibero-Moroccan Bay Trap Fisheries 42 B. Methods of Determining Age and Growth and h. Trends in Eastern Atlantic Fisheries 46 Their Application to Bluefin Tuna 5 6. Mediterranean and Black Seas 46 1. Size Frequencies 5 a. Western Mediterranean 48 2. Counts of Marks on Hard Parts 5 b. Central Mediterranean 53 a. Scales 5 c. Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea 63 b. Vertebrae 6 d. Summary 66 c. Otoliths 7 3. Release-Recapture Data for Tagged Fish 8 V. SPAWNING 68 C. Results 8 A. Introduction 68 1. Sizes of Fish at Determinable Ages 8 B. Definitions 68 2. Growth of Bluefm Tuna in Its First Year C. Criteria for Determining Seasons and Areas of Life 9 of Spawning, and Their Limitations 68 3. Growth of Young Bluefin Tuna 11 I. Presence of Ripe Adults : 68 4. Seasonal Changes in the Length-Weight 2. Presence of Pelagic Eggs and Larvae 69 Relationship of Large Bluefin Tuna 12 D. Spawning Areas and Seasons 70 5. Differential Growth of Males and Females 13 1. Mediterranean and Black Seas 70 6. Ultimate Length 13 a. General Information 70 7. Discussion 14 b. Specific Occurrences 70 2. Eastern and Central North Atlantic and the IV. DISTRIBUTION AND FISHERIES 15 South Atlantic 72 A. General Distribution 15 a. General Information 72 B. Development of the Major Fisheries 15 b. Specific Occurrences 73 C. Distribution and Fisheries by Areas 18 3. Western North Atlantic , 80 I. Introduction 18 a. General Information 80 2. Western Atlantic 18 b. Specific Occurrences 80 a. Newfoundland to Cape Cod 18 E. Relationships Between Environmental Factors i. Newfoundland 18 and Spawning Behavior 84 ii. GulfofSt. Lawrence 19 I. Introduction 84 iii. Nova Scotia 19 2. Mediterranean Sea 86 iv. Cape Cod to Maine 22 3. Eastern Atlantic 87 b. Cape Hatteras - Cape Cod a. Distribution, Objectives and Nature of (Coastal Waters) 25 Research 87 c. Atlantic Ocean Outside 200 Meter Contour b. Portugal 88 N of 35°N and W of 400W 27 c. Spain 88 d. Bahamas and Southeastern Florida 27 d. Morocco 90 e. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea 29 e. Other Eastern Atlantic Areas 91 iii 4. Western Atlantic 91 2. Western Atlantic 113 a. Introduction 91 a. Introduction 113 b. Gulf of Mexico 91 b. Large Fish 113 c. Straits of Florida 91 c. Medium Fish 124 d. East and North of the Bahamas 91 d. Small Fish 127 e. Northeastern United States 92 e. Very Small Fish 129 F. Feeding Activity During the Spawning Season 92 3. Trans-Atlantic and Trans-Equatorial G. The Spawning Act. 92 Migrations, and Atlantic Stocks 129 H. Maturity and Fecundity 92 a. Introduction 129 I. Age and Si:ze at First Maturity: 92 b. Trans-Atlantic Migrations 129 2. Fecundity 93 i. Giant Fish 129 3. Maximum Size at which Bluefin Tuna ii. Medium Fish 130 Spawn 94 iii. Small fish 130 I. Discussion and Conclusions 94 c. Trans-Equatorial Migrations 132 1. Mediterranean and Black Seas 94 d. Stock Identification 132 2. Eastern Atlantic 95 i. Biometric Studies 132 3. Western North Atlantic 95 ii. Biochemical Studies 132 4. Overall Situation 95 iii. Conclusions 132 VI. MIGRATIONS AND STOCK VII. DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, IDENTIFICATION •.•...........•....•............•............•....96 AND CONCLUSIONS •.•..•....•.....•.........•.•..•...•.......133 A. Introduction 96 A. Introduction 133 B. Methods and Materials, and Definitions 96 B. Age and Growth 133 1. Methods and Materials 96 C. Distribution, Migrations, and Spawning 133 a. Deductive Methods 96 1. Introduction 133 b. Methods Used Mainly for Identifying a Very Small Fish 133 Stocks 96 b. Small Fish 133 c. Methods Used Mainly for Studying i. Immature Individuals 133 Migrations , 96 ii. Mature Individuals 133 d. Development of Bluefin Tuna Tagging 96 c. Medium Fish 133 e. Summary of Bluefin Tuna Tagging d. Large Fish 133 Programs , 97 2. Western Atlantic 134 2. Definitions 97 a. Very Small Fish 134 3. Hypothetical Migration Model 97 b. Small Fish 134 C. Studies of Migrations and Stock Identity 98 c. Medium Fish 134 1. Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic 98 d. Large Fish 135 a. Introduction 98 3. Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean 135 b. Migrations Between the Mediterranean a. Very Small Fish 135 and the Eastern Atlantic 99 b. Small Fish 136 c. Migrations and Stocks within the c. Medium Fish 137 Mediterranean 104 d. Large Fish 137 d. Migrations and Stocks in the Eastern 4. Comparison 139 Atlantic 108 D. Identification of Stocks 140 i. Large and Medium Fish 108 E. Recommendations 143 ii. Small Fish III iii. Very Small Fish 112 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHy .......••...........•......•....•.....•..145 A. Introductory Notes 145 B. References 145 iv I. INTRODUCTION The objective of this work is to ing less than 6.4 kg. Notwithstanding ment (National Marine Fisheries Ser- review and summarize available infor- the above regulation, the contracting vice, 1975, 1976) Canada, France, and mation on the fisheries, distribution, parties may grant tolerances to boats
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