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<I>Macropharyngodon</I>

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<I>Macropharyngodon</I> BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 28(4): 742-770, 1978 A REVISION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC LABRID FISH GENUS MACROPHARYNGODON, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES John E. Randall ABSTRACT The tropical Indo-Pacific labrid genus Macropharyngodon of small (to 125 mm SL) reef fishes is distinctive in its single large molariform tooth of the lower pharyngeal plate (flanked by 1 to 3 small blunt conical teeth), a large canine at the corner of the mouth, a restricted free margin of the preopercle, IX dorsal spines and 11 (12 in one species) dorsal and anal rays, and a continuous lateral line of 27 pored scales. Nine species are recognized (five described as new): geoffroy (Quoy and Gaimard), a blue- spotted Hawaiian endemic with 14 to 16 gill rakers and relatively deep body (depth 2.3-2.6 in SL); cyanoguttatus from Mauritius and Reunion, also blue-spotted (the females with whitish caudal fin and yellow dorsally on head and antero-dorsally on body) with 17 or 18 gill rakers; the common rneleagris (Valenciennes) in Cuvier and Valenciennes (pardalis, named for the female, is a junior synonym) from the central and western Pacific and Cocos-Keeling in the Indian Ocean, the females whitish with numerous large black spots, the males orange-red with a green spot on each scale, a black spot containing a few smaller yellow spots on shoulder, and green bands on head; ornatus from Indonesia, western Australia, and Sri Lanka, the females orange-red on head, thorax, and abdomen, with greenish yellow bands and spots, shading to blackish over most of body with yellow- green spots (one per scale), the males similar but darker generally; bipartitus Smith from the western Indian Ocean (varialvus, named for the female form, is a junior synonym), the females orange with white spots and a large black area over thorax and abdomen containing a reticulum of bright blue, the males with green bands on head and anteriorly on body and a large "U"-shaped blackish mark in caudal fin (a subspecies, rnarisrubri, is proposed for the Red Sea population based on different color pattern of the male and a slightly lower gill-raker count); choati from eastern Australia with 13 pectoral rays, distinctively colored white on body with irregular bands and blotches of orange, and a large black blotch topped with yellow on opercle; negrosensis Herre from western Oceania, Philippines, and Ryukus which is blackish on body with small pale spots (females) or scales edged with light greenish (males), the anal and pelvic fins black, the caudal fin abruptly pale (except blackish lobes in males); vivienae, known from a single specimen from Madagascar which is distinctive in having 8 to 18 pores in anterior lateral-line scales (1 to 4 on other species), 13 pectoral rays, and a very large black blotch containing small blue spots in humeral region and a yellow spot dorsally on opercular flap; and kuiteri from eastern Australia and New Caledonia with 12 dorsal and anal soft rays, spatulate teeth, and a large black spot, rimmed in blue, on opercle. Macropharyngodon is a genus of colorful nae), the largest of the nine subfamilies of tropical Indo-Pacific reef fishes of the family his classification. Labridae (popularly known as wrasses). The Macropharyngodon was established by fishes of this genus are relatively small (maxi- Bleeker (1861) for Julis geoffroy Quoy and mum standard length about 125 mm). The Gaimard, described from the Hawaiian Is- genus seems most closely related to Halichoe- lands. At that time only one other species res with which it is grouped by Norman now classified in M acropharyngodon was (1957) in the subfamily Julidinae (=Cori- known, Julis meleagris Valenciennes in Cu- 742 RANDALL: REVISION OF THE LABRID FISH GENUS MACROPHARYNGODON 743 vier and Valenciennes from the Caroline new species and one subspecies are described, Islands. Bleeker regarded the two as syn- largely from collections made in recent years onymous. by the author. In 1867, Kner described Leptojulis par- All species of Macropharyngodon are dalis from Fiji. Gunther (1871) and Seale sexually dichromatic, though to a varying (1901 ) each created synonyms for this degree (only one specimen of vivienae form. Curiously, pardalis was not recog- known, hence not considered in this respect) . nized as a Macropharyngodon until de Beau- No males were found in the primary color fort (1939). phase with the exception of one M. bipartitus In 1932, Herre named Macropharyngodon of the "varialvus" form which has a small negrosensis from the Philippines. gonad that appears to be a developing testis De Beaufort (1940) stated that three or (see account of biparti tus) . four species of the genus Macropharyngodon Macropharyngodon is not well represented have been described from the subtropical by specimens in the museums of the world. and tropical parts of the Pacific, adding that Nearly all from Pacific' collections are M. perhaps they are only varieties of a single meleagris. Material of the genus was exam- species. ined at the following institutions: Academy Smith (1957) described two species in the of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Aus- genus, bipartitus and varialvus, from the tralian Museum in Sydney, Bernice P. Bishop western Indian Ocean. Museum in Honolulu, British Museum (Nat- Schultz in Schultz and collaborators ural History) in London, California Acad- (1960) included only three species in his emy of Sciences in San Francisco, Museum key to M acropharyngodon: geoffroy (which National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, Na- he correctly cited as restricted to Hawaii), tional Taiwan University in Taipei, Sencken- meleagris, and pardalis. He overlooked the berg Museum in Frankfurt, United States species described by Herre and by Smith. National Museum of Natural History in His key is based solely on color. This is Washington, D.C., University of Tokyo, understandable, for the species of this genus Z0610gisch Museum in Amsterdam, and are relatively uniform in meristic and Zoologisches Museum in East Berlin. morphometric characters. The holotypes and some paratypes of the Bauchot (1963) stated that the holotype new species are in the Bishop Museum of Julis lamarii Valenciennes in Cuvier and (BPBM). Other para types have been vari- Valenciennes could not be a Thalassoma, ously deposited in the Australian Museum as other authors have indicated, but placed (AMS) , California Academy of Sciences it in Macropharyngodon. The author ex- (CAS and SU), Hebrew University, Jerusa- amined the type of Julis lamarii in Paris. lem (HUJ), J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthy- Although the condition of the specimen is ology, Grahamstown, South Africa (RUSI), poor, it can be identified as Halichoeres U.S. National Museum of Natural History marginatus Ruppell. Axelrod and Emmens (USNM), Western Australian Museum at ( 1969) also made the mistake of identifying Perth (WAM), and the Z0610gischMuseum Halichoeres marginatus as a Macropharyn- at Amsterdam (ZMA). The author grate- godon; they named it M. meleagris. fully acknowledges the assistance of the In the present paper it will be shown that staffs of the departments of ichthyology of pardalis is the female form of meleagris, and all these institutions. varialvus the female of bipartitus. In each Special thanks are due Rudie H. Kuiter case the name of the male has priority. of Sydney, Barry C. Russell of the Aus- Thus, the known species of Macropharyngo- tralian Museum, and Pierre Fourmanoir of don are reduced to four: geoffroy, meleagris, ORSTOM, Noumea, for providing specimens negrosensis, and bipartitus. In addition, five and photographs of Macropharyngodon kui- 744 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 28, NO.4, 1978 ted, Gerald R. Allen of the Western Aus- upper with 4 or 5 longitudinal plicae and tralian Museum for specimens of M. ornatus the lower with 1 or 2 (inner ones more and M. choati, and Mireille L. Harmelin- fleshy and papillose); teeth conical (except Vivien of the Station Marine d'Endoume et in kuiteri where they approach a spatulate Centre d'Oceanographie in Marseille for the form), projecting diagonally forward in jaws, specimen and drawing of M. vivienae. the upper jaw with two pairs of enlarged The opportunity to make fish collections canines anteriorly, the first pair nearly in Oceania, which included valuable speci- straight and strongly projecting, the second mens of Macropharyngodon, was provided markedly recurved (except in kuiteri where by grants from the National Geographic they serve to buttress the anterior pair); Society; in Indonesia and Sri Lanka indirectly teeth on sides of jaws in one row, pro- from the Foreign Currency Program of the gressively smaller posteriorly, except for a Smithsonian Institution; in Mauritius from large canine at rear of upper jaw which the American Philosophical Society; and in projects diagonally forward and downward the Red Sea from the U.S.-Israel Binational from corner of mouth; lower pharyngeal Science Foundation. plate with a large oval molariform tooth Counts and measurements were made in (the occlusal surface of which is broadly the manner described by Randall (1972). concave) in mid-posterior position, the In the descriptions of new species and the greatest length of the enamel portion con- one subspecies, data presented in parentheses tained 3.5 to 4.8 times in snout length (Fig. apply to paratypes if different from the holo- 1c, d), large molar with one to three small type. More complete measurement data are low conical teeth antero-Iaterally on each given in the tables than in the text. Charac- side (except kuiteri in which one of the three ters such as the number of lateral-line scales teeth is a bicuspid of moderate size) ; median and vertebrae which are the same for all limb of lower pharyngeal plate with a row the species are given only in the generic of 5 to 9 low conical teeth (the first gen- description.
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