THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Minister approved this conservation advice and included this species in the Critically Endangered category, effective from 07/12/2016

Conservation Advice Euastacus dharawalus

Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish

Taxonomy

Conventionally accepted as Euastacus dharawalus Morgan, 1997.

Summary of assessment

Conservation status

Critically Endangered: Criterion 2 B1(a),(b)(v)

The highest category for which Euastacus dharawalus is eligible to be listed is Critically Endangered.

Species can be listed as threatened under state and territory legislation. For information on the listing status of this species under relevant state or territory legislation, see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

Reason for conservation assessment by the Threatened Species Scientific Committee

This advice follows assessment of information provided by New South Wales as part of the process to systematically review species that are inconsistently listed under the EPBC Act and relevant state and territory legislation/lists.

Public Consultation

Notice of the proposed amendment and a consultation document was made available for public comment for 33 business days between 28 July 2015 and 11 September 2015. Any comments received that were relevant to the survival of the species were considered by the Committee as part of the assessment process.

Species Information

Description

The Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish ( Euastacus dharawalus ) is a medium-sized, long-lived freshwater crayfish of the Euastacus genus. The Euastacus (spiny-shelled) and Cherax (smooth-shelled) genera form the two most specious groups of freshwater crayfish species in Australia, with Euastacus having the highest number of species, with 50 named by 2012 and this number is likely to increase (McCormack 2012). Euastacus crayfish are generally identified from other groups of Australian freshwater crayfish by having a spiny outer, often referred to as lateral, edge to their claws (McCormack 2012). Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish are commonly olive green or green in colour, sometimes brown, on the head and back, lightening to pale orange to cream on the underside (McCormack 2012). Claws are green with yellow or orange spotting on their edges, with purple tips. Individuals grow to at least 86 mm occipital carapace length (OCL) (a standard measure unit for crayfish, which is defined as the length from between the eyes and end of main body segment) and 300 g in weight (McCormack 2012). Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 1 of 12 Distribution

The Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is only found in part of the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment, a small catchment which is a part of the Shoalhaven River catchment, a large, eastern-draining, river system which meets the sea on the south coast of New South Wales (McCormack 2012; NSW DPI 2012, McCormack 2013). Field observations from preliminary surveys undertaken between 2006 and 2011, as part of the Australian Crayfish Project, have found this species in the main creekline of Wildes Meadow Creek and in all feeder streams from the permanent water to the headwater ephemeral areas (McCormack 2013). The species is only found within the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment above Fitzroy Falls, which is an 80 m drop on the main creekline that forms a natural barrier to other, more aggressive species of freshwater crayfish, including other related species of spiny crayfish such as the widely-distributed; southern lobster (E. yanga ), and eels (Anguilla australis and A. reinhardtii ), which inhabit the creek below the falls (McCormack 2012; 2013). Surveys of the surrounding catchments have detected other species of freshwater crayfish, including the southern lobster, the giant spiny crayfish ( E. spinifer ), the hairy crayfish ( E. hirsutus ) and the translocated Murray-Darling species (the freshwater yabby, Cherax destructor ) (McCormack 2013) but not the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish.

The naturally occurring distribution of the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is limited to a stretch of approximately 12 km of waterway along Wildes Meadow Creek, of which 750 m downstream of the Fitzroy Falls Reservoir is considered high quality habitat for the species, as it is protected within the northern tip of Morton National Park (NSW DPI 2012). 3.2 km of the original creekline of Wildes Meadow Creek has been inundated by the Fitzroy Falls Reservoir, which was constructed in 1974, and surveys have indicated that the species does not inhabit the reservoir (NSW FSC pers. comm. 2015). The remainder of the waterway, upstream of the reservoir, is bordered by agricultural land (NSW FSC 2011).

Since the reservoir’s construction, there are now two populations of the species isolated from each other, one below the wall and one upstream of the reservoir water. Surveys have indicated that mainly smaller (likely immature) individuals inhabit the headwater and ephemeral feeder streams of the catchment system (McCormack 2013).

Relevant Biology/Ecology

Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish seem to be active at day and night with field observations indicating that peak activity is in the late afternoon and early evening (McCormack 2012). Observations have noted that burrows can be found just above or below the waterline along the earthen banks of the creek, but only the burrows below the waterline are inhabited and that individuals often wander for food outside their burrows during daylight (McCormack 2012; 2013).

There is a lack of focussed research on the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish to enable reliable estimates of species’ longevity, average life span or generation length. However, there is a common and consistent suite of biological characteristics that apply to species in this genus. Euastacus species are generally very slow growing and long lived (between 20 to 50 years), as evidenced in other species such as the Glenelg spiny freshwater crayfish ( E. bispinosus ) (Honan & Mitchell 1995) and the blue spiny crayfish ( E. sulcatus ) (Furse & Wild 2004; Coughran 2013). Considering the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish occupies habitat at a reasonably high altitude (approximately 600 m above sea level), in relatively cool temperate conditions year-round, and it being a relatively large species in the genus (Coughran 2008); it is reasonable to assume that growth rates will be slow and that the species will be long-lived. Breeding starts with fertilisation in May and June, with females releasing juveniles in December (NSW FSC 2011; McCormack 2012). Recent field observations counted 512 crimson/burgundy coloured eggs on a large female individual (McCormack 2013). Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 2 of 12 Threats

Barriers to movement have been created by the impoundment water that is Fitzroy Falls Reservoir and the dam wall. These stop the two isolated populations of Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish, one below the dam wall and one upstream of the reservoir, from mixing (McCormack 2013). The 3.2 km of stream length which has been inundated by the reservoir has removed habitat for the species and stops the species moving through this area. Sampling by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries in Fitzroy Falls Reservoir has not detected the species living within its lentic habitats (NSW FSC pers. comm. 2015).

Fitzroy Falls Reservoir is part of the Shoalhaven Scheme for water supply and hydro-electric power generation. Water is transferred between Lake Yarrunga, Bendeela Pondage and Fitzroy Falls Reservoir. Intake screens prevent large fish being transferred between water storages, but translocation of juvenile or small fish, including alien species, is still possible (WaterNSW pers. comm. 2015).

The smaller headwater and feeder streams of the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment have rural farm dams constructed across them, limiting the available habitat area and restricting water flow (McCormack 2013). While it is unclear to what extent surveying has focussed on locating the species in these farm dams, there are as yet no definitive reports of the species occurring in the habitats that these farm dams provide (McCormack 2013). Farm dams restrict water flow in the feeder streams within the upper parts of the catchment (McCormack 2013). A desktop analysis of recent topographical and satellite imagery maps for the area counted at least 40 farm dams or impoundments within the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment upstream of Fitzroy Falls Reservoir (DoL 2006; Google Maps 2015). The presence of stream flow seems to be important to the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish, as surveys indicate it does not utilise lentic waters and is restricted to parts of the catchment where there are flowing stream conditions (McCormack 2013; NSW FSC pers. comm. 2015). The presence of these farm dams in the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment represents another potential threat to the species.

Another potential threat to the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is the damage to, or removal of, riparian vegetation. A majority of the upstream habitat area within the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment has been cleared for agriculture, and feeder streams meander through grazing paddocks (DoL 2006; McCormack 2013; Google Maps 2015). Field observations have noted that freshwater crayfish burrows, and the banks in which these occur, are being impacted by stock trampling (McCormack 2013). There are also observations of the effect of stock grazing on stream riparian vegetation on these stream banks (McCormack 2013).

In addition, the New South Wales Fisheries Scientific Committee’s 2011 listing determination for the species noted that river regulation of water to Wildes Meadow Creek downstream of Fitzroy Falls Reservoir may potentially be impacting on the species (NSW FSC 2011).

Another likely threat to the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is illegal fishing. While the species is totally protected in New South Wales and the use of yabby traps is not permitted in Wildes Meadow Creek (NSW DPI 2014), there are suggestions that illegal recreational take of this species is seriously impacting it (McCormack 2012). The common suite of biological and ecological characteristics for Euastacus species generally indicates that the many species of the genus are unsuitable for any level of human exploitation (Furse et al., 2016).

A potential threat to the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is competition and predation on juveniles from other species of crayfish not native to the region, such as the freshwater yabby (Coughran et al., 2009). Research on aggressive interactions between the freshwater yabby and another Euastacus species, the Murray Cray ( E. armatus ), has shown the dominance of the freshwater Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 3 of 12 yabby in interactions with size-matched Murray Cray individuals (Hazlett et al., 2007). The freshwater yabby demonstrates a rare ‘cheliped punch’ behaviour (Hazlett et al., 2007) that could inflict injuries similar to those observed on Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish individuals in a 2008 survey (Coughran et al. 2009). The threat that the freshwater yabby potentially poses to the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish has been noted in conservation assessments of the species and other scientific publications (Coughran & Furse 2010; NSW DPI 2011; Coughran & Daly 2012; McCormack 2012; 2014). Both the freshwater yabby and the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish attain a similar size and share the same food resources (McCormack 2014). Compared to the growth rate of the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish (see under “Relevant Biology/Ecology”), the freshwater yabby is an extremely fast growing crayfish species, potentially giving the freshwater yabby a competitive advantage. Laboratory studies have measured growth from 0.1 g to 40 g in approximately 230 days (Wingfield 2002), and it reaches sexual maturity in less than a year (Morrissy et al., 1990). In New South Wales, the freshwater yabby’s natural historical range occurs west of the Great Dividing Range but the species has been translocated to, and has established in, eastern draining catchments. The freshwater yabby was first recorded in Wildes Meadow Creek above Fitzroy Falls in 2006 (Coughran et al., 2009). Surveys undertaken between 2006 and 2008 in Wildes Meadow Creek, below the reservoir and above the falls, appear to indicate increasing abundance of the freshwater yabby (Coughran et al., 2009). Coughran et al. (2009) suggests that the reproductive traits of the freshwater yabby equip it to outcompete the endemic Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish.

Another potential threat to juvenile Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is predation by alien fish species. Fitzroy Falls Reservoir and Wildes Meadow Creek upstream of the reservoir are listed trout waters in New South Wales (NSW DPI 2014). Alien rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) have been stocked at a rate of between 5000 and 7500 fingerlings per annum in Fitzroy Falls Reservoir between 2005 and 2012 (NSW DPI 2015). Trout predate on young individuals of another species of freshwater spiny crayfish, the alpine crayfish ( E. crassus ) (Lintermans & Osborne 2002). Alien carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) are also considered to be established in the reservoir (McCormack 2013).

An Australian native fish species, the Australian bass ( Macquaria novemaculeata ), which did not naturally occur in Wildes Meadow Creek above Fitzroy Falls poses a potential threat to the juvenile Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish as it is a known predator of small freshwater crayfish, given that recreational fishers traditionally use small yabbies as bait when fishing for the species (McCormack 2013). For the first time since 2005, 15 000 Australian bass were stocked into Fitzroy Falls Reservoir over 2012/13 (NSW DPI 2015). Juvenile Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish are likely to be particularly vulnerable to predation by Australian bass (McCormack 2013).

Other potential threats to the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish are predation and habitat disturbance by exotic terrestrial species that have been found to generally impact on freshwater spiny crayfish, such as the European red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) (Green & Osborne 1981; Carey et al., 2003). Feral foxes are considered to occur in the northern part of Morton National Park (NSW OEH 2011), within the general vicinity of the rest of the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment.

It is suggested that agricultural chemical usage within the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment is common, and herbicides are often used to control weeds along stream banks (McCormack 2013). A laboratory experiment on red claw crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus ) juveniles, which is another Australian species of freshwater crayfish, found that exposure to a glyphosate and polyoxyethylene amine mixture slowed crayfish capacity for body-weight gain, which in turn was found to be strongly correlated to a decrease in muscle protein levels driven by a decrease in both glycogen and lipid reserves (Frontera et al., 2011).

Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 4 of 12 Reduction in growth rates caused by exposure to the herbicide chemicals glyphosphate and polyoxyethylene has been observed in other freshwater crustacean species native to locations overseas (Mensah et al., 2012; Frontera et al., 2014). While the precise impact such agricultural chemicals are having on the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish is unclear, it is possible that their use within Wildes Meadow Creek catchment is negatively impacting the species.

For another Euastacus species, the strong crayfish ( E. valentulus ), a mass mortality was recorded following a single, high intensity rainfall event that led to a flash flood in the Numinbah Valley in southeast Queensland in 2008 (Furse et al., 2012). It demonstrates the vulnerability of freshwater crayfish species to such severe weather events which occupy single localities with highly restricted ranges (Furse et al., 2012).

How judged by the Committee in relation to the EPBC Act Criteria and Regulations

Criterion 1. Population size reduction (reduction in total numbers) Population reduction (measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations) based on any of A1 to A4 Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Very severe reduction Severe reduction Substantial reduction A1 ≥ 90% ≥ 70% ≥ 50% A2, A3, A4 ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30% A1 Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred or suspected in the past and the causes of the reduction (a) direct observation [ except A3 ] are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased. A2 Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred (b) an index of abundance appropriate to or suspected in the past where the causes of the the taxon reduction may not have ceased OR may not be based understood OR may not be reversible. (c) a decline in area of occupancy, on any extent of occurrence and/or quality of A3 Population reduction, projected or suspected to be of the habitat met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) [(a) following cannot be used for A3 ] (d) actual or potential levels of A4 An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or exploitation suspected population reduction where the time period must include both the past and the future (up to a (e) the effects of introduced taxa, max. of 100 years in future), and where the causes of hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, reduction may not have ceased OR may not be competitors or parasites understood OR may not be reversible.

Evidence:

Insufficient data to determine eligibility

Abundance data over time for the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish are limited. Observational data collected over the past 10 years indicate that there could be a decline in abundance in the population that exists below the reservoir wall (between the base of the Fitzroy Falls Reservoir wall and the Fitzroy Falls). Field observations in the stream downstream of the reservoir between 2006 and 2008 indicated a stable population density but further observations in late-2011 indicated that this population may have declined (McCormack 2013). Field observations in the catchment above the reservoir have not recorded a decline (McCormack 2013) but this requires further investigation. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries also monitored catch per unit effort (CPUE) at three sites in late-2011 and in late-2014, and average CPUE was 7.7 (±4.06) in 2011 and 2.7 (±1.76) (NSW FSC pers. comm. 2015), but this also requires further investigation and focus.

Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 5 of 12 Given that time series data is lacking for the species and requires further investigation and focus, the Committee considers that there is insufficient information to determine the eligibility of the species for listing in any category under this criterion.

Criterion 2. Geographic distribution is precarious for either extent of occurrence AND/OR area of occupancy

Critically Endangered Vulnerable Endangered Restricted Limited Very restricted B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO) < 100 km 2 < 5,000 km 2 < 20,000 km 2

B2. Area of occupancy (AOO) < 10 km 2 < 500 km 2 < 2,000 km 2 AND at least 2 of the following 3 conditions: (a) Severely fragmented OR Number = 1 ≤ 5 ≤ 10 of locations

(b) Continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals

(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence:

Eligible under Criterion 2 B1(a),(b)(v) for listing as Critically Endangered

Using standardisation methods recommended by IUCN which applies a 2 x 2 km grid to occurrence data (TSSC 2014), when records of Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish are mapped, the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are calculated to be 34 km 2 and 12 km 2 respectively (DotE 2016). It is certain that the total extent of occurrence for the species is much less than 100 km 2, therefore smaller than the lowest threshold specified for this criterion.

The extent of occurrence classifies as very restricted under B1. The species now occurs in two separate locations that are isolated from each other given the presence of the Fitzroy Falls Reservoir and its dam wall which stop individuals moving between the two locations. Therefore, the species’ distribution is severely fragmented (B1(a)). Continuing decline is inferred given that field observations in the stream downstream of the reservoir between 2006 and 2008 indicated a stable population density but further observations in late-2011 indicated that this population may have declined (McCormack 2013), and the number of mature individuals across its range may be continuing to decline given that the threats negatively impacting upon the species may not have ceased. Therefore the species classifies under B1(a),(b)(v).

The Committee considers that the species’ extent of occurrence is very restricted, and the geographic distribution is precarious for the survival of the species because the distribution is severely fragmented and continued decline in the number of mature individuals may be inferred. Therefore, the species has been demonstrated to have met the relevant elements of Criterion 2 to make it eligible for listing as Critically Endangered.

Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 6 of 12 .Criterion 3. Small population size and decline

Critically Endangered Vulnerable Endangered Low Limited Very low Estimated number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 AND either (C1) or (C2) is true C1 An observed, estimated or projected Very high rate High rate Substantial rate continuing decline of at least (up to 25% in 3 years or 1 20% in 5 years or 2 10% in 10 years or 3 a max. of 100 years in future) generation generation generations (whichever is longer) (whichever is (whichever is longer) longer) C2 An observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline AND its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival based on at least 1 of the following 3 conditions:

(i) Number of mature individuals in ≤ 50 ≤ 250 ≤ 1,000 each subpopulation (a) (ii) % of mature individuals in one 90 – 100% 95 – 100% 100% subpopulation =

(b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals

Evidence:

Insufficient data to determine eligibility

There is no definitive information on the number of mature individuals of Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish. There are recent field observations reporting individual densities of the species at a number of sites along Wildes Meadow Creek (McCormack 2013). However, without any detail provided on the detectability of the species, methods to obtain these densities and statistical analysis of the information, the information is insufficient to produce a reliable estimate of the number of mature individuals. Therefore, the Committee considers that there is insufficient information to determine the eligibility of the species for listing in any category under this criterion.

Criterion 4. Very small population

Critically Endangered Vulnerable Endangered Very Low Low Extremely low

Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 < 1,000

Evidence:

Insufficient data to determine eligibility

As mentioned above, there is no definitive information on the number of mature individuals of Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish. There are recent field observations reporting for individual densities of the species at a number of sites along Wildes Meadow Creek (McCormack 2013). However, without any detail provided on the detectability of the species, methods to obtain these densities and statistical analysis of the information, the information is insufficient to produce a reliable Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 7 of 12 estimate of the number of mature individuals. Therefore, the Committee considers that there is insufficient information to determine the eligibility of the species for listing in any category under this criterion.

Criterion 5. Quantitative Analysis

Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Immediate future Near future Medium-term future

≥ 5 0% in 10 years or ≥ 2 0% in 20 years or Indicating the probability of extinction in 3 generations, 5 generations, ≥ 10% in 100 years the wild to be: whichever is longer whichever is longer (100 years max.) (100 years max.)

Evidence:

Insufficient data to determine eligibility

Population viability has not been undertaken for Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish.

Therefore, the Committee considers that there are insufficient data to demonstrate if the species is eligible for listing in any category under this criterion.

Conservation Actions

Recovery Plan

An approved Conservation Advice provides sufficient direction for recovery actions, monitoring and information priorities for the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish and it is unlikely that sufficient extra direction would be provided by a species-specific recovery plan. The threats to this species are also likely to be impacting on other species of freshwater spiny crayfish (genus Euastacus ) endemic to New South Wales, and on-ground actions can be implemented through a variety of other existing programs and mechanisms, such as community education programs, catchment management plans, guidelines for riparian corridors, fishery stocking strategies and provisions for dams under state legislation.

Primary Conservation Actions

1. Protect the stream habitats of Wildes Meadow Creek, by protecting riparian vegetation, installing fencing for livestock so they cannot access the riparian zone; and broaden spray buffer zones of agricultural chemicals.

2. Implement control program for species not-native to the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment upstream of Fitzroy Falls, such as carp and the freshwater yabby, including controlling the risk of supplementation or reintroduction of these species as juveniles between water storages of the Shoalhaven Scheme during water transfers.

Conservation and Management Actions

• Undertake a community education program to inform the public, especially fishers and owners of land adjacent to waterways within the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment, about the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish’s conservation status and protection and how to distinguish the species from the freshwater yabby.

• Cease stocking Australian bass and alien salmonids (such as rainbow trout) in Fitzroy Falls Reservoir and/or Wildes Meadow Creek catchment.

Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 8 of 12 • Implement steps to eliminate inadvertent take of the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish by fishers targeting other species, such as the freshwater yabby, in the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment.

• Consider installation of appropriate signage at road intersections with, and along, Wildes Meadow Creek with information about conservation of the species.

• Prohibit the installation of additional farm dams in the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment.

• Revegetate and protect riparian vegetation around Wildes Meadow Creek, upstream of the Fitzroy Falls Reservoir.

Survey and monitoring priorities

• Implement an appropriate monitoring program, including mark-recapture surveys, which reliably establishes a baseline estimate of the population and then monitors abundance annually to detect sudden and notable fluctuations.

• Implement a monitoring program to determine the effectiveness of the management actions implemented to recover the species.

Information and research priorities

• Focus research on the species’ biology and ecology, especially the species’ life history characteristics, including longevity, fecundity, and growth rates.

• Research the nature and extent of interactions between the freshwater yabby and the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish.

• Investigate the impacts on the Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish of agricultural chemical use in the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment and consider the modifying the size of buffer zones.

• Investigate the interactions of groundwater extraction and farm dam entrapment within the Wildes Meadow Creek catchment on stream flows (i.e. whether there is flow reduction) and the associated impacts upon the species.

• Identify methods to selectively capture and remove the freshwater yabby from the catchment while ensuring Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish are not impacted.

Recommendations

(i) The Committee recommends that the list referred to in section 178 of the EPBC Act be amended by including in the list in the Critically Endangered category:

Euastacus dharawalus

(ii) The Committee recommends that there not be a recovery plan for this species.

Threatened Species Scientific Committee

8 June 2016

Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 9 of 12 References cited in the advice

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Coughran, J. (2013). Biology of mountain crayfish Euastacus sulcatus Riek, 1951 (Crustacea: Parastacidae), in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(14) , 4840-4853.

Coughran, J., & Daly G (2012). Potential threats posed by a translocated crayfish: the case of Cherax destructor in coastal drainages of New South Wales, Australia. Crustacean Research Special Number 7, 5 – 13.

Coughran, J., McCormack, R.B., & Daly, G. (2009). Translocation of the Yabby Cherax destructor into eastern drainages of New South Wales, Australia. Australian Zoologist 35(1) , 100 – 103.

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Euastacus dharawalus (Fitzroy Falls spiny crayfish) Conservation Advice Page 12 of 12