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Transportation on the Minneapolis Riverfront
RAPIDS, REINS, RAILS: TRANSPORTATION ON THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT Mississippi River near Stone Arch Bridge, July 1, 1925 Minnesota Historical Society Collections Prepared by Prepared for The Saint Anthony Falls Marjorie Pearson, Ph.D. Heritage Board Principal Investigator Minnesota Historical Society Penny A. Petersen 704 South Second Street Researcher Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 Hess, Roise and Company 100 North First Street Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 May 2009 612-338-1987 Table of Contents PROJECT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 1 RAPID, REINS, RAILS: A SUMMARY OF RIVERFRONT TRANSPORTATION ......................................... 3 THE RAPIDS: WATER TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS .............................................. 8 THE REINS: ANIMAL-POWERED TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ............................ 25 THE RAILS: RAILROADS BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ..................................................................... 42 The Early Period of Railroads—1850 to 1880 ......................................................................... 42 The First Railroad: the Saint Paul and Pacific ...................................................................... 44 Minnesota Central, later the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (CM and StP), also called The Milwaukee Road .......................................................................................... 55 Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway ................................................................................. -
Precision Slam -- Problem Board 17 North Deals None Vul KQJ
Precision Slam -- Problem Board 17 ª K Q J North Deals © A K Q 6 None Vul ¨ J 10 5 § K 5 2 N W E S ª A 8 5 3 2 © 10 9 4 ¨ K 6 2 § A 6 West North East South 1 §1 Pass 1 ª2 2 NT3 3 ª Pass 3 NT4 Pass 4 §5 Pass 4 ¨6 Pass 4 ©7 Pass 4 ª8 Pass 5 ©9 Pass 6 ª10 All pass 1. Precision: artificial, 16+ HCP (17+ if balanced). 2. 5+ spades, 8+ HCP, forcing to game. 3. 5-5 or longer in minors. 4. Falsely alerted as showing serious slam interest. 5. First or second round control. 6. First or second round control. 7. Last Train to Clarksville, an artificial bid saying we have a problem. 8. I do not have a heart control. 9. My hearts are great, but I have no other controls to bid. 10. Well, I could have only 8 HCP, and my ¨K is protected from the lead. 6 ª by South Lead: © 8 On this deal, the Precision system easily finds the spade fit. Standard bidding would be murkier. The "Serious 3 NT" convention is an excellent tool to help with slam bidding. However, it's better to play 3 NT as natural in competition. Suits may break badly, and the opponents might get some ruffs in a suit contract. On this deal, South would easily take ten or eleven tricks in notrump, but North thought Serious 3 NT was on. When North mis-alerts 3 NT as showing serious slam interest, South must ignore that unauthorized information. -
System Notes
System Notes James Sundstrom Nathan Savir April 9, 2009 Notation Legend M Either Major. If used multiple times, it always refers to the same major. For example, 1M-2| -2M means either the auction 1~ -2| - 2~ or 1♠ -2| -2♠ , no other auction. m Either minor. As per M. OM Other major. This is only used after 'M', such as 1m-1M-2NT-3OM. om Other minor. As per OM. R Raise. Used in some of the step based system to mean a simple raise, such as 1~ -2~ . DR Double Raise. Q Cuebid. Acknowledgements Special thanks are owed to Blair Seidler, without whose teaching I probably would not ever have written these notes. If I did write them, they surely would not be nearly as good as they are. These notes are a (mostly very-distant) relative of his Carnage notes, though a few sections have been borrowed directly from Carnage. 1 Contents I Non-Competitive Auctions4 1 Opening Bid Summary6 2 Minor Suit Auctions7 2.1 Minor-Major................................7 2.1.1 Suit Bypassing Agreements...................7 2.1.2 New Minor Forcing........................7 2.1.3 Reverses..............................8 2.2 Minor Oriented Auctions.........................8 2.3 NT Oriented auctions...........................8 2.4 Passed Hand Bidding...........................8 3 Major Suit Auctions9 3.1 1 over 1 Auctions.............................9 3.2 Major Suit Raise Structure........................9 3.2.1 Direct Raises...........................9 3.2.2 Bergen...............................9 3.2.3 Jacoby 2NT............................9 3.2.4 3NT................................ 10 3.2.5 Splinters.............................. 10 3.3 Passed Hand................................ 10 3.3.1 Drury.............................. -
Rivista N. 07-08.1988
CAMPIONATO ITALIANO COPPIE MISTE 1998 CHIUSURA ISCRIZIONI PER TUTTI I PARTECIPANTI ALLA FASE LOCALE/REGIONALE: 25 settembre 1998 PER LE COPPIE AVENTI DIRITTO ALLA FASE DI FINALE NAZIONALE: 25 settembre 1998 QUOTE ISCRIZIONE e PRESTITI La quota iscrizione per le coppie partecipanti alla fase locale/regionale è di lire 120.000 da inviare ai Comitati Regionali di competenza. Gli eventuali prestiti delle coppie iscritte alla fase locale/provinciale sono classificati come prestiti regionali (lire 50.000) se effettuati tra Società della stessa Regione, diventano invece Prestiti Nazionali se effettuati tra Società di diversa Regione. Le coppie promosse dalla fase locale/regionale alla fase Finale Nazionale integreranno la loro iscrizione (lire 80.000) direttamente a SALSOMAGGIORE TERME il giorno 30 ottobre 1998 al momento della conferma della partecipazione. La quota iscrizione per le coppie aventi diritto alla fase di Finale Nazionale è di lire 200.000 da inviare assieme agli elenchi delle formazioni alla segreteria FIGB - via C. Menotti 11/C-20129 MILANO (Sez. Campionati e Tornei) entro la data di chiusura delle iscrizioni. Le coppie non confermate entro il 25 settembre 1998 perderanno il diritto alla partecipazione alla fase Finale Nazionale. Gli eventuali prestiti delle coppie aventi diritto alla fase di Finale Nazionale sono Prestiti Nazionali. DATE DI SVOLGIMENTO Fase Locale/Regionale: a cura dei Comitati Regionali, entro il 25 ottobre 1998. Fase Finale Nazionale: Salsomaggiore Terme dal 30 ottobre all’1 novembre 1998. ELENCHI DELLE COPPIE -
CONTEMPORARY BIDDING SERIES Section 1 - Fridays at 9:00 AM Section 2 – Mondays at 4:00 PM Each Session Is Approximately 90 Minutes in Length
CONTEMPORARY BIDDING SERIES Section 1 - Fridays at 9:00 AM Section 2 – Mondays at 4:00 PM Each session is approximately 90 minutes in length Understanding Contemporary Bidding (12 weeks) Background Bidding as Language Recognizing Your Philosophy and Your Style Captaincy Considering the Type of Scoring Basic Hand Evaluation and Recognizing Situations Underlying Concepts Offensive and Defensive Hands Bidding with a Passed Partner Bidding in the Real World Vulnerability Considerations Cue Bids and Doubles as Questions Free Bids Searching for Stoppers What Bids Show Stoppers and What Bids Ask? Notrump Openings: Beyond Simple Stayman Determining When (and Why) to Open Notrump When to use Stayman and When to Avoid "Garbage" Stayman Crawling Stayman Puppet Stayman Smolen Gambling 3NT What, When, How Notrump Openings: Beyond Basic Transfers Jacoby Transfer Accepting the transfer Without interference Super-acceptance After interference After you transfer Showing extra trumps Second suit Splinter Texas Transfer: When and Why? Reverses Opener’s Reverse Expected Values and Shape The “High Level” Reverse Responder’s Options Lebensohl Responder’s Reverse Expected Values and Shape Opener’s Options Common Low Level Doubles Takeout Doubles Responding to Partner’s Takeout Double Negative Doubles When and Why? Continuing Sequences More Low Level Doubles Responsive Doubles Support Doubles When to Suppress Support Doubles of Pre-Emptive Bids “Stolen Bid” or “Shadow” Doubles Balancing Why Balance? How to Balance When to Balance (and When Not) Minor Suit Openings -
A Great Day Out
Editor: Brian Senior • Co-Editor: Ron Klinger Bulletin 7 Layout-Editor: George Georgopoulos Sunday, 14 August 2005 A GREAT DAY OUT The Sydney Opera House as seen from the dinner cruise ship The weather was just perfect for other local landmarks.All in all, one of the yesterday's outing, allowing everyone to best rest days of recent youth champ- have a great time. After leaving the hotel ionships. around lunchtime the first stop was at the Those who did not go on the dinner Koala Park, where there was time to relax cruise would have been impressed with the for a while before enjoying the barbecue organisation and atmosphere surrounding lunch. the rugby union international in the Telstra There was plenty of time after lunch to Stadium, just next to the hotel. Unlike soc- explore the park and, as well as seeing the cer crowds in many parts of the word, the many different species of Australian Australian and New Zealand fans mixed animals, including getting up close enough together happily with no hint of trouble to cuddle koalas, wallabies and even wom- and a good time was had by all — even if bats, there was an exhibition of sheep- the result (a 30-13 win for New Zealand) shearing. Anyone who had never seen an would not have pleased the majority of the expert sheep-shearer at work would have crowd. been amazed at the speed and skill dis- played. VUGRAPH The evening featured a dinner cruise with MATCHES an excellent menu of well-prepared local Poland - Australia 10.00 food. -
VI. Slam-Bidding Methods
this page intentionally left blank We-Bad System Document January 16, 2011 “We-Bad”: Contents IV. Competitive-Bidding Methods page numbers apply to PDF only A. Competition After Our Preempt 32 B. Competition After Our Two-Club Opening 32 Introduction 4 C. Competition After Our One-Notrump Opening 33 I. Definitions 5 D. Competition After Our Major-Suit Opening 34 II. General Understandings and E. Competition After Our Minor-Suit Opening 35 Defaults 6 F. Competition After Any Suit One-Bid 36 III. Partnership-Bidding Methods V. Defensive-Bidding Methods A. Opening-Bid A. Initial Defensive-Action Requirements 39 Requirements 10 A2. All-Context Actions 46 B. Choice of Suit 11 B. After Our Double of a One-Bid 46 C. After Our Preempt 12 C. After Our Suit Overcall of a One-Bid 47 D. After Our Two Clubs 13 D. After Our One-Notrump Overcall 48 E. After Our Two-Notrump- E. After We Reopen a One-Bid 48 Family Opening 14 F. When the Opener has Preempted 48 F. After Our One-Notrump G. After Our Sandwich-Position Action 50 Opening 16 G. Delayed Auction Entry 50 G. After Our Major-Suit VI. Slam-Bidding Methods 51 Opening 20 VII. Defensive Carding 59 H. After Our Minor-Suit VIII. Related Tournament-Ready Systems 65 Opening 25 IX. Other Resources 65 I. After Any Suit One-Bid 26 Bridge World Standard following 65 3 of 65 1/16/2011 9:52 AM 3 of 65 We-Bad System Document Introduction (click for BWS) We-Bad is a scientific 5-card major system very distantly descended from Bridge World Standard. -
About Overcalling
All About Overcalling It is annoying when the opponents open the bidding in front of you, but that doesn’t mean to say that you are constrained to pass for ever. In fact there are quite of number of reasons why it would be right and proper for you to enter the bidding and these can be classified as follows: 1) Because you have a good hand! 2) Because you want to take up bidding space to make things more difficult for the opponents. 3) Because you want to indicate a lead to partner should the hand on your left end up as declarer. 4) Because you might want to pave the way for a possible sacrifice. Sometimes it is better to concede a penalty than let the opponents end up declaring. 1. You have a good hand Suppose you hold: S AQ765 H K2 D A87 C 75 and hear the hand on your right open 1H. As you would have opened the bidding if you had been declarer it seems only sensible that you should bid now and a bid of 1S seems a stand out. And so it is, but there is one requirement that is absolutely sacrosanct whatever the reason you have for overcalling and that is that you must hold at least a five card suit. We shall see in a moment that the suit must have some quality about it, but that is less important if you have a good hand. 2. You want to be difficult In the early days of bridge it was almost considered to be bad form to bid when you didn’t have much in the way of high cards, but that has all changed. -
Supreme Court of the United States ______
No. 16-1275 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States __________ VIRGINIA URANIUM, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. JOHN WARREN, ET AL., Respondents. __________ On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit __________ BRIEF OF PREEMPTION LAW PROFESSORS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS __________ DEREK T. HO Counsel of Record JULIUS P. TARANTO MICHAEL S. QIN KELLOGG, HANSEN, TODD, FIGEL & FREDERICK, P.L.L.C. 1615 M Street, N.W. Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 326-7900 September 4, 2018 ([email protected]) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ...................................... iii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 2 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................... 3 ARGUMENT ............................................................... 4 I. A Legislative-Motive Inquiry Here Would Be Unique In Preemption Doc- trine And An Outlier In Constitutional Doctrine Generally ........................................... 4 A. This Court Has Consistently Held That States’ Intent Is Irrelevant to Preemption .................................................. 4 B. Judicial Scrutiny of Legislative Motive Is Disfavored in Constitu- tional Law Generally .................................. 8 II. Preemption Should Not Turn On Subjec- tive Legislative Intent .................................... 10 A. Legislative-Intent Inquiries Raise Serious Conceptual Problems ................... 11 B. Legislative-Intent -
A Simple Strong Pass System George Cuppaidge Sept 2012 Jorj41
A Simple Strong Pass System ♠♥♦♣ George Cuppaidge Sept 2012 [email protected] It is such a simple concept, use the cheapest action of all to show a good hand. Give your side as much room as possible to find the ideal spot. You can play it at world championship level but you must practice it in a vacuum as many sponsoring organizations worldwide have, effectively, banned it. Strange! It has so many, self-evident advantages. Here are some. Pass, unlike a strong 1C or 2C, does not supplant a natural bid, so those vital bids are free to use in a natural sense. Knowing when your side holds the balance of power is fundamental. In this system, or any system, you must be able to announce that you hold the magic number, 10 points, or more. The system strong pass does just this. Presently pass shows say 0-9 points, an opening bid 10+ points (My own preference, see immediately above.) Why not take the opportunity, and the bidding space, to announce the same point range but your longest suit as well? Fit is important, sometimes it is all important. Knowing that you are facing length in a particular suit can often allow instant re-evaluation upwards. Sometimes, simply by showing a suit you will find a game when other players were never in the bidding. When the longest suit in any hand is made trumps, value is added to that hand. Often, your first chance will be your only chance to describe your hand. There is no need to alter your preemptive bidding structure, usually the bids from 2D upwards. -
Ha181026-2.Pdf
Board 6 October 26th, 2018 Dealer East, E-W Vul An interesting board for those who like gadgetry. You hold: Q 6 4 3, J 10 9 4 3, J, . 9 7 4, and Partner opens 1NT (15-17). What do you think about that? 1NT probably won’t make, so wouldn’t it be nice if you could find a major suit fit, if there is one. You could bid 2., but what would you do if Partner responds 2? The answer is to bid 2, used by many as Garbage Stayman. It says “I have a weak hand, am running away from 1NT, let’s play this in 2 or 2, you choose which.” Garbage Stayman can be useful when Partner opens 1NT and we have a weak hand with at least 4-4 in the majors. About half the time Partner will actually have a 4-card major which will be a great improvement on playing in 1NT. And when she doesn’t you’ll likely end up in a 4- 3 or 5-3 fit. However, on a bad day, you will use Garbage Stayman with 4-4 in the majors, only to find out that Partner has opened 1NT with 2-2-4-5 shape. Not to worry, playing in 4-2 fits can be most character-forming. ♠ Q 6 4 3 This is the actual layout, and we can see that Garbage ♥ J 10 9 4 3 Stayman hits the jackpot. 1NT has no play, whereas 2 ♦ J makes on the nose against perfect defense, but is likely to ♣ 9 7 4 make an overtrick in real life. -
Professional Slam Bidding Part II
Contents Bidding space ...................................................................................... 5 Splinters ........................................................................................... 30 Agreements ....................................................................................... 48 Last train ........................................................................................... 73 Blackwood ........................................................................................ 80 Ace asking at low levels ..................................................................... 83 Conditional RKCB ............................................................................. 91 Blackwood depending on the context. .................................................. 95 When Blackwood is urgently needed. ................................................... 99 Exclusion Keycard Blackwood .......................................................... 108 Turbo .............................................................................................. 115 Pick a slam ...................................................................................... 127 Another meaning for 5NT ................................................................. 136 In the Blackwood neighborhood ........................................................ 139 Decision ......................................................................................... 148 3 4 BIDDING SPACE Preemptive bidding has a great advantage – it takes