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History of the Christian Church* a Grace Notes course History of the Christian Church VOLUME 6 The Middle Ages, the Decline of the Papacy and the Preparation for Modern Christianity from Boniface VIII to the Reformation, AD 1294 to 1517 By Philip Schaff CH607 Chapter 7: Heresy and Witchcraft History of the Christian Church Volume 6 The Middle Ages, the Decline of the Papacy and the Preparation for Modern Christianity from Boniface VIII to the Reformation, AD 1294 to 1517 CH607 Table of Contents Chapter 7. Heresy and Witchcraft .................................................................................................2 6.57. Literature ................................................................................................................................... 2 6.58. Heretical and Unchurchly Movements ...................................................................................... 3 6.59. Witchcraft and its Punishment ................................................................................................ 11 6.60. The Spanish Inquisition ............................................................................................................ 19 DELRIO: Disquisitiones magicae, Antwerp, 1599, Chapter 7. Heresy and Witchcraft Cologne, 1679.—ERASTUS, of Heidelberg: 6.57. Literature Repititio disputationis de lamiis seu strigibus, Basel, 1578.—J. GLANVILL: Sadducismus For 6.58.—For the BRETHREN OF THE FREE SPIRIT, triumphatus, London, 1681.—R. BAXTER: FREDERICQ: Corpus doc. haer. pravitalis, etc., Certainty of the World of Spirits, London, vols. I-III.—HAUPT, art. in HERZOG, III. 467–473, 1691.—Recent writers.—* T. WRIGHT: Brueder des Freien Geistes. See lit., vol. V., I. p. Narrative of Sorcery and Magic, 2 vols., 459.—For the FRATICELLI F. EHRLE: Die London, 1851.—G. ROSKOFF: Gesch. des Teufels, Spiritualen. Ihr Verhaeltniss zum Francis- 2 vols., Leipzig, 1869.—W. G. SOLDAN: Gesch. kanerorden u. zu d. Fraticellen in Archiv f. K. u. der Hexenprocesse, Stuttgart, 1843; new ed., Lit. geschichte, 1885, pp. 1509–1570; 1886, pp. by Heppe, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1880.—LEA: 106–164; 1887, pp. 553–623.—DOELLINGER: History of the Inquisition, III. 379–550.— Sektengesch., II.—LEA: Inquisition, III. 129 sqq., *LECKY: History of the Rise and Influence of the 164–175.—WETZER-WELTE, IV, 1926–1985.— Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, ch. I.— For the WALDENSES, see lit., vol. V., I. p. 459.— DOELLINGER-FRIEDRICH: D. Papstthum, pp. 123– Also, W. PREGER: Der Traktat des Dav. von 131.—a.d. WHITE, History of the Warfare of Augsburg fiber die Waldenser, Munich, Science and Theology in Christendom, 2 vols., 1878.—HANSEN: Quellen, etc., Bonn, 1901, 149– New York, 1898.—*J. HANSEN: Zauberwahn, 181, etc. See full title below.—For the Inquisition und Hezenprocess im Mittelalter FLAGELLANTS, see lit., vol. V., I. p. 876. Also PAUL und die Entstehung der grossen RUNGE: D. Lieder u. Melodien d. Geissler d. Hexenverfolgung, Munich, 1900; *Quellen und Jahres 1349, nach. d. Aufzeichnung Hugo’s von Untersuchungen zur Gesch. des Hexenwahns Reutlingen nebst einer Abhandlung ueber d. und der Hexenverfolgung im M. A., Leipzig, ital. Geisslerlieder von H. Schneegans u. einem 1901.—GRAF VON HOENSBROECH: D. Papstthum Beitrage ueber d. deutschen u. niederl. Geissler in seiner sozialkulturellen Wirksamkeit, von H. PFANNENSCHMID, Leipzig, 1900. Leipzig, 2 vols., 1900; 4th ed., 1901, I. 380– 6.59. Witchcraft.—For the treatments of 599.—J. DIEFENBACH: Der Hexenwahn, vor u. the Schoolmen and other med. writers, see vol. nach Glaubenspaltung in Deutschland, Mainz, V., I. p. 878.—Among earlier modern writers, 1886 (the last chapter—on the conciones see J. BODIN: Magorum Daemonomania, variae—gives sermons on the weather, storms, 1579.—REG. SCOTT: Discovery of Witchcraft, winds, dreams, mice, etc.); also, Besessenheit, London, 1584.—P. BINSFELD: De confessionibus Zauberei u. Hexenfabeln, Frankfurt, 1893; also, maleficarum et sagarum, Treves, 1596.—M. Zauberglaube des 16ten Jahrh. nach d. History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 3 CH607: Volume 6, Chapter 7 a Grace Notes course Katechismen M. Luthers und d. P. Canisius, 6.58. Heretical and Unchurchly Movements Mainz, 1900. BINZ: Dr. Joh. Weyer, Bonn, 1885, 2d ed., Berlin, 1896. A biography of one of the In the 14th and 15th centuries, the seat of early opponents of witch-persecution, with heresy was shifted from Southern France and sketches of some of its advocates.—BAISSAC: Northern Italy to Bohemia and Northern Les grands jours de la sorcellerie, Paris, Germany, the Netherlands and England. In 1890.—H. VOGELSTEIN and P. RIEGER, Gesch. d. Northern and Central Europe, the papal Juden in Rom, 2 vols., Berlin, 1895 sq.—S. Inquisition, which had been so effective in RIEZLER: Gesch. d. Hexenprocesse in Baiern, exterminating the Albigenses and in Stuttgart, 1896.—C. LEMPENS: D. groesste repressing or scattering the Waldenses, Verbrechen aller Zeiten. Pragnatische Gesch. d. entered upon a new period of its history, in Hexenprocesse, 2d ed., 1904.—JANSSEN-PASTOR: seeking to crush out a new enemy of the Gesch. d. deutschen Volkes, etc., vol. VIII., 531– 751.—The Witch-Persecutions, in Un. of Pa. Church, witchcraft. The rise and progress of Transll. and Reprints, vol. III. the two most powerful and promising forms 6.60. The Spanish Inquisition.—See lit., V. I. of popular heresy, Hussitism and Lollards, p. 460 sqq. Hefele: D. Cardinal Ximines und d. have already been traced. Other sectarists Kirchl. Zustaende in Spanien am Ende d. 15 u. who came under the Church’s ban were the Anfang d. 16. Jahrh., Tuebingen, 1844, 2d ed., Beghards and Beguines, who had their origin 1851. Also, art. Ximines in Wetzer-Welte, vol. in the 13th century, the Brethren of the Free XII.—C. V. LANGLOIS: L’inq., d’après les travaux Spirit, the Fraticelli, the Flagellants and the récents, Paris, 1902.—H. C. LEA: Hist. of the Waldenses. Inquisition of Spain, 4 vols., New York, 1906 sq. Includes Sicily, Sardinia, Mexico and Peru, but It is not possible to state with exactness the omits Holland.—E. VACANDARD: The Inquisition. differences between the Beghards, Beguines, A criticism and history. Study of the Coercive the Brethren of the Free Spirit and the Power of the Church, transl. by B. L. Conway, Fraticelli as they appeared from 1300 to London, 1908.—C. G. TICKNOR: Hist. of Spanish 1500. The names were often used Literature, I. 460 sqq.—PASTOR: Gesch. d. interchangeably as a designation of foes of Paepste, Ill. 624–630. the established Church order. The court Dr. Lea’s elaborate work is the leading modern records and other notices that have come treatment of the subject and is accepted as an down to us indicate that they were authority In Germany. See Benrath in Lit- represented in localities widely separated, Zeitung, 1908, pp. 203–210. The author has brought out as never before the prominent and excited alarm which neither their part the confiscation of property played in the numbers nor the station of their adherents Spanish tribunal. The work of Abbé Vacandard, justified. the author of the Life of St. Bernard, takes up The orthodox mind was easily thrown into a the positions laid down in Dr. Lea’s general panic over the deviations from the Church’s work on the Inquisition and attempts to break system of doctrine and government. The the force of his statements. Vacandard admits distribution of the dissenters proves that a the part taken by the papacy in prosecuting widespread religious unrest was felt in heresy by trial torture and even by the death penalty, but reduces the Church’s Western Christendom. They may have responsibility on the ground of the ideas imbibed some elements from Joachim of prevailing in the Middle Ages, and the greater Flore’s millenarianism, and in a measure freedom and cruelty practised by the state partook of the same spirit as German upon its criminals. He denies that Augustine mysticism. There was a spiritual hunger the favored severe measures of compulsion Church’s aristocratic discipline and its against heretics and sets forth, without priestly ministrations did not satisfy. The modification, the unrelenting treatment of Church authorities had learned no other Thomas Aquinas. method of dealing with heresy than the History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff 4 CH607: Volume 6, Chapter 7 a Grace Notes course method in vogue in the days of Innocent III. it would be an error to regard their number and Innocent IV., and sought, as before, by as large. In his bull, Sancta romana, issued in imprisonments, the sword and fire, to prevent 1317, John XXII. spoke of “men of the profane its predatory ravages. multitude, popularly called Fraticelli, or The Brethren of the Free Spirit were infected brethren of the poor life, Bizochi or Beguines with pantheistic notions and manifested a or known by other names.” tendency now to free thought, now to This was not the first use of the term in an libertinism of conduct. At times they are offensive sense. Villani called two men identified with the Beghards and Beguines. Fraticelli, a mechanic of Parma, Segarelli and The pantheistic element suggests a his pupil Dolcino of Novara, both of whom connection with Amaury of Bena or Meister were burnt, Segarelli in 1300 and Dolcino Eckart, but of this the extant records of trials some time later. Friar Bonato, head of a small furnish no distinct evidence. To the Beghards Spiritual house in Catalonia, after being and Beguines likewise were ascribed roasted on one side, proffered repentance pantheistic tenets. and was released, but afterwards, 1335, burnt To the general class of free thinkers belonged alive. such individuals as Margaret of Henegouwen, Wherever the Fraticelli appeared, they were usually known as Margaret of Porete, a pursued by the Inquisition. A number of bulla Beguine, who wrote a book advocating the of the 14th century attacked them for denying annihilation of the soul in God’s love, and the papal edicts and condemned them to affirmed that, when this condition is reached, rigorous prosecution. A formula, which they the individual may, without qualm of were required to profess, ran as follows: “I conscience, yield to any indulgence the swear that I believe in my heart and profess appetites of nature call for.
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