Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) November 2017, Volume 3, No. 11, pp. 796-804 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/11.03.2017/007 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2017 www.academicstar.us

Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the

Parviz Normatov1, Inom Normatov2, Abulqosim Muminov2, and Naim Narzulloev1 1. Tajik National University, 2. Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the AS Republic of Tajikistan, Tajikistan

Abstract: In most cases the problem of water quality of the River consider in organic communication with activity of the Anzob Mountain-concentrating combine (AMCC). AMCC is the mining enterprise for extraction and enrichment of complex mercury-antimony ores of the Dzhizhikrut deposit. It is located in a right-bank part the rivers Dzhizhikrut which are the left inflow of the river Yagnob (the river Yagnob is the right inflow of the river Fondarya which in turn is the left inflow of the river Zeravshan). For definition influence of the AMCC on qualities of waters of the river Zeravshan were made sampling of water from the river in two points - on Fondarya and Pete Rivers is located accordingly before and after wastewater dams of AMCC. Comparison of results chemical analyses have shown about absence of the factor of pollution of the river Zeravshan by wastewaters of industrial complex. Detected change (heavier) isotopic composition (δ2Н, δ18O) of the Zeravshan River and its tributaries from upstream to the downstream of the river associated with the evaporation process. The exchanges of groundwater and surface waters in river basin was observed. The groundwater reservoirs of the Muksu River Basin (a tributary of the River) in dry periods nourishes the river Muksu.

Key words: transboundary, chemical analyses, isotope, Zeravshan, Vakhsh, Central Asia

disseminated, and guidelines developed for ecosystem 1. Introduction water quality. Standard methods to characterize Water quality has become a global issue. Every day, in-stream water quality, international guidelines for millions of tons of inadequately treated sewage and ecosystem water quality, and priority areas for industrial and agricultural wastes are poured into the remediation need to be addressed globally [1]. world’s waters. Every year, lakes, rivers, and deltas Water relations between Central Asia republics take in the equivalent of the weight of the entire human during the Soviet Union time were regulated by population –– nearly 7 billion people –– in the form of “Complex Use and Protection of Water Resources pollution. Every year, more people die from the Schemes” in Amudarya and Syrdarya basins. consequences of unsafe water than from all forms of The main purpose of working out basin “Schemes” violence, including war –– and the greatest impacts are was to define real volumes situated within the on children under the age of five. Amudarya and Syrdarya basins and available for using From the international level to watershed and water resources. It was also providing their fair community levels, laws on protecting and improving allocation among region republics, meeting all the water quality should be adopted and adequately water users’ interests. It should be noticed, that the enforced, model pollution-prevention policies number of important aspects were not considered and included in “Schemes”, for the situation has greatly Corresponding author: Inom Normatov, Professor, changed after 1980 (years of the last “Schemes” research areas/interests: hydrology, water resources management/isotope hydrology. E-mail: [email protected]. specification and completion of hydraulic range

Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia 797 composition). Mainly it concerns the ecologic ore minerals are antimonite and cinnabar. For the acquirements and sanitarian clears thrown into rivers period 1966-1970 reconstruction of industrial complex and channels. Overusing basin water in irrigational was spent and for the purpose of prevention of hit of lands planned as maximum use by “Scheme” resulted sewage of industrial complex to the river Dzhizhikrut in exhausting water resources and appearing new river in village of Ravot (8-10 km from industrial problems. They are: complex) on left to river bank Yagnob was are built  deterioration of ecological condition, sometimes waste water dams (WWD). The pipelines of sewage for leading to ecological disaster in river lowlands of the period 1974-1994 functioned normally. Because of Aral basin; heavy rains pipeline pieces has been destroyed. The  great pollution of river water with pesticides, industrial complex in 2009 has completely restored herbicides, other harmful elements and increasing pipelines and now dams in the complete set and works of water mineralization. in the established mode. The problem of the water quality change and The first step is to clarify the importance of the development of mechanisms of its control is still actual problem the quality of the Transboundary Rivers and and concerns not only the separately taken country of their tributaries. In the West in the 28-30 km below Central Asia (CA) but also all the states of the region. the city of Penjikent, Republic of Tajikistan the Nowadays one of the most polluted rivers of Central Zeravshan River crosses the border and flows through Asia is River. The capacity of this water is the territory of the Republic of . Total changed under the influence of collector drainage length of the river Zeravshan 877 km out of which water of irrigating basin zone and wastewater of 303 km lies on the territory of the Republic of Samarqand, Kattakurgan, Navoi, and cities. Tajikistan. The problem of water quality in Mineralization of water exceeds from origin to estuary Transboundary river basins, in particular in the from 0.27-0.30g/l to 1.5-1.6g/l. The most exceed of Zeravshan river basin is compounded by the fact that MC among heavy metals is observed in Cr and Zn. up to now there is no network sharing of information Moreover in Zarafshan river high contain of antimony regarding the quality of the waterways between the was found out and its phenol pollution composes 3-7.5 neighboring States of Central Asia. Herewith not MC [2]. developed a uniform standard for assessing of the degree of anthropogenic load on geoenvironmental 1.1 Anzob Mountain-Concentrating Combine (AMCC) systems (maximum permissible concentration). The AMCC the mining enterprise for extraction and problem of water quality of the Zeravshan River is enrichment of complex mercury-antimony ores of the mostly associated with the pollution of the river Dzhizhikrut deposit. It is located in area Ajni in 13 km Zeravshan by wastewater of the Anzob of a highway of Dushanbe- in a right-bank part mountain-concentrating combine — the mining the rivers Dzhizhikrut which are the left inflow of the enterprise for extraction and enrichment of river Yagnob (the river Yagnob is the right inflow of mercury-antimony ores of the Dzidzikurut deposit. the river Fondarya which in turn is the left inflow of the [3-11]. river Zeravshan). The Dzhizhikrut deposit has been The Vakhsh River is the main river of the Republic opened in 1940 and industrial exploitation has begun of Tajikistan that merges with the Pyanj River forms from 1954. The Dzhizhikrut deposit is located in the the — the largest river in Central Asia. ore field area with the same name that is a part of the Potential energy resources of Vakhsh is 28.6 Million Zeravshan-Gissar mercury-antimony belt. The main kWt·h (250 Million kWt·h/year of electricity). The

798 Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia development of the hydropower potential of the Vakhsh and its tributaries, the establishment of Vakhsh River is connected with the construction along stationary sources of pollution in rivers basin. with the now operating a number of large and medium 2. Object and Methodology Hydropower station (HPS) with reservoirs [12-17]. Now one of actual problems of the reservoirs of the The object of studies were the Transboundary HPS is the problem of sedimentation and the chemical Zeravshan and Vakhsh Rivers and its main tributaries composition of water caused by the problems of and main glaciers of the Zeravshan River Basin. reducing the useful volume, corrosion of metal Sampling of water from the Zeravshan river and its structures, as well as the degree of vital activity of tributaries were used by the scheme (Fig. 1) developed living organisms in the reservoirs. in [3]. The complex chemical analyses of waters carry The aim of this work is to study the chemical and out by methods described in [7]. isotopic composition of the rivers Zeravshan and

Fig. 1 Scheme of sampling of water from the Zeravshan River and its tributaries: M1-M5 Meteorological data point; ∆D1-∆D11 Discharge data point; Water sampling point

Sampling of water for isotopic analysis was carried combine (AMCC) wastewater dams insignificant and do out according to the methodology developed at the not exceed their MPC. It is obvious that the Zeravshan University of Colorado at boulder (USA). Isotopic River not polluted by wastewater of the AMCC. analysis of water were performed on The level of agriculture on upstream of the Wavelength-Scanned Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy Zeravshan River determined by the orographic feature (WS-CRDS). The individuality of each river from the due to the limitation of irrigated land underdeveloped. point of view of chemical composition of water is Therefore, it can be expected that the flow of the runoff compiled by sampling of the tributaries to the of collector-drainage water with high salinity to the confluence with the main river and with other river is negligible. An analysis of the histogram data tributaries. (Fig. 2) the composition of the waters shows that the Zeravshan river and its tributaries in the upper reaches 3. Results and Discussion do not experience anthropogenic pressure, and their The results of chemical analyses of the Zeravshan mineralization is mainly due to the flushing water river is present on the Fig. 5 that shows that the coastal mineral deposits. difference of the values of the chemical content of The main sources of formation of water flow of rivers cations and anions of the water of the Zeravshan river up and the climate forming factor glaciers as favorable to and after of the Anzob mountain-concentrating natural media for accumulation of atmospheric aerosols,

Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia 799 chemical compounds and metals are considered. A snow cover on the glaciers of the southern slope of similar phenomenon observed at analyzing the content Mount Elbrus due to their transport to long distances in of heavy metals and distribution of heavy metals in the the form of microparticles by an airflow [18].

meq/l 2.9805 2.9306 0.002211923 0.001870385 2.0823 2.0475 0.001435 1.8496 0.001291563 1.7445 0.001099394 1.3933 1.3762 1.0346 1.0101 0.000730909 0.00066037 0.000657407 0.7862 0.7855 0.00027 0.2488 0.2460 0.2202 0.2058 0.1297 0.1297 0.0064 0.0061 0.00002

Ca Mg Na+K NO3 PO4 HCO3 SO4 SiO2 Si Fe Hg Mn Cu Cr(VI) Zn

Fig. 2 Results of chemical analyses of the Zeravshan river waters up to () and after () wastewater dams of Anzob mining plant.

It is likely that accumulated in snow cover and the Zeravshan River is on average about 5.2 Bln. m3. glaciers contaminants in the process of melting of snow According to the Fig. 3 in seasonal snow on the and glaciers to come to rivers and to distribute to long Zeravshan, Rossinj and Tro glaciers observed dominate 2- - - 2+ 2+ distances. of anions SO4 , NO3 , Cl and cations of Ca and Mg . The choice of snow cover as a natural indicator to air The isotopic composition (δ2H, δ18O) ad deuterium pollution it is actual because the snow effectively excess is an informative indicator for hydrological and absorbs impurities from the atmosphere and depositing glaciological researches. dry dust emissions from anthropogenic sources [19]. The paper presents the results of isotopic analyses of The concentration of pollutants in the snow by 2-3 samples of water from the tributaries of the Zeravshan orders higher than in atmosphere. This allows River: Sabag, Yarm, Samjon, Tro, Dehavz, Dihadang, measurement of the content of substances of quite Gusn and Dashtioburdon. Sampling for isotopic simple methods with a high degree of reliability [20]. analyses was carried out according to the methodology In order to have information about the chemical developed at the University of Colorado in Boulder. composition formed from glaciers water flow in the Analysis was performed on Wavelength-Scanned formation zone was conducted a complex of physical Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) and the and chemical analyses of seasonal snow on the isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen glaciers of the Zeravshan, Rossinj, and Tro of the expressed in relative terms δ2Н and δ18O:

Zeravshan river basin and tributaries of the Zeravshan δ = [(Rsample/Rstandard)-1]·1000‰ 2 1 18 16 River emerging from these glaciers. The river where Rsample and Rstandard relations H/ H and O/ О Zeravshan one of the major rivers of Central Asia in the measured sample and the standard. originates at a height of 2775 m. The annual flow of

800 Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia

meq/l Glacier Rama

1.085 Glacier Rosinj Glacier Zeravshan 0.729 0.699 0.355 0.308 0.186 0.138 0.093 0.041 0.041 0.027 0.023 0.018 0.013 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002

Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 Fig. 3 Chemical composition of seasonal snow on glaciers of the Zeravshan river basin.

As the standard use ocean water (SMOW, Vienna, IAEA). Measurement precision was ±0.05‰. At the isotopic analyses it was found that the upstream tributaries of the Zeravshan river are characterized by light isotopic compositions of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes: δ18O (-13.23:-13.43)‰, δ2Н (-88.92: -88.32)‰ and deuterium excess 16.92-19.21. This suggests that the observed fractionation is a result of the freezing and the accumulation occurs in winter. In turn, the downstream tributaries of the Zeravshan river have the following isotopic composition: δ18O (-11.98: -11.61)‰ and δ2Н (-78.45: -75.80)‰. The obtained results indicated about the existence of seasonal variations in the isotopic composition of precipitation and their influence on the isotopic composition of the river In other words, the change of the ratio of rainwater, meltwater from seasonal snow and underground waters. The location of tributaries of the Zeravshan River shown on the Fig. 5. The comparison of the results of isotopic analyses (Fig. 4) with the scheme of location of the Zeravshan tributaries shows that as you move from the upstream to the downstream is the weighting of the isotopic composition of water of the relevant tributaries of the Zeravshan River. The main factor of this process is to increase the temperature and therefore the evaporation of water from the rivers. Fig. 4 Results of isotope analyses of the Zeravshan river tributaries.

Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia 801

River and its tributaries carry out by sampling of waters at the points shown on the scheme (Fig. 6). The scheme of water sampling shows that respected the individuality of each tributary from the point of view of chemical composition by sampling of tributaries water up to the confluence with the main stream of the river and up to the junction with another tributary. We carried out chemical analysis of rivers water and groundwater of the rivers basin the results of which are present on the Fig. 7 respectively. Fig. 5 Scheme of the Zeravshan river tributaries location.

4. Hydrochemistry of the Vakhsh River and Tributaries

Monitoring of water quality of Transboundary Rivers, identifying the sources of anthropogenic pressures and the adoption of adequate measures for their elimination through the development of modern techniques is a valid tool to regulate the relationship between the components of geoecosystem. To study Fig. 6 Scheme of sampling of water from the Vakhsh River the chemical composition of the waters of the Vakhsh and its tributaries.

meq/l meq/l a b 2.198 2.168 2.302 2,613 1.788 1.786 0.029 1.716 0.012 0.163 0.042 0.038 1.456 0.021 0.041 0.665 1.232 0.263 0.122 0.014 1.153 0.013 0.718 0.230 0.073 0.145 0.058 0.062 0.000 0.014 0.033 0.289 0.762 0.669 0.612 0.056 0.534 0.125 0.515 0.059 0.474 0.470 0.036 0.382 0.364 0.314 0.314 0.278 0.228 0.225 0.128 0.120 0.038 0.038 0.031 0.030 0.022 0.094 0.055 0.040 0.019 0.010 0.007 0.002 Kyzilsu Muksu Surkhob Obikhingou Kyzilsu Muksu Surkhob Obikhingou Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ Cl- NO3- K+ Cl- NO3- Fig. 7 (a) The results of chemical analysis of the waters of the tributaries of the Vakhsh river and (b) groundwater basins of these rivers.

The content of the chemical elements of the Vakhsh concentration. This suggests that formation of River shown on the Figs. 7 and 8 indicate that they do chemical composition of the Vakhsh river waters is not exceed established for their maximum permissible mainly due to leaching of mineral rocks.

802 Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia

meq/l meq/l 2.82

0.0707 2.41 0.0502

1.55 0.0176 0.0096 0.0087 0.0077 0.0060 0.0027 0.0019 0.0018 0.0011 0.0009 0.0005 0.0003 0.04

Fig. 8 The results of chemical analysis of the Vakhsh river waters.

The results of isotopic analysis of the Vakhsh River composition. However, the contribution of the water and their tributaries presents on the Fig. 9. tributaries leads to the fact that the isotopic For interpreting the results of isotopic analysis of the composition of water of the river Vakhsh become Vakhsh River and its tributaries will analyze the state lighter. of glaciation in the river basins. In the Surkhob River The isotopic composition of the Kyzilsu river is basin, there are intensively melting small glaciers of characterized by values δ18O = -13.36‰, δ2H = -87.88‰ the Northern slopes in the Western part of a ridge of which is close to the values of the isotopic composition Peter the Great. On the southern slopes of the Alay of the water areas with an average annual temperature Ridge, glaciation decreases slower as there are larger above 0°C (Fig. 9). It was found that the isotopic glaciers. In the Obikhingou River basin, the largest composition of the river depending on the glacier Garmo is intensively melting. season is changes in the following range: spring (δ18O During the XX century, it became shorter by almost = -13.4 ‰; δ2H = -96 ‰) and autumn (δ18O = -12.4 ‰; 7 km, having lost more than 6.0 km2 in area. It is δ2H= -89 ‰) [21]. Consequently, it can conclude that currently retreating at an average speed of 9 m/year, to formation of water flow of the Kyzilsu River and the surface settles due to the melting of up to 4 contribution of glacial runoff smaller and mainly m/year. Another glacier in the same basin, Skogach, occurs due to seasonal rains. retreats annually at 11 m. Previously [22] by analyses of the chemical In view of this it can be approve that the rivers and composition of river water and groundwater in the river Surkhob Obikhingou are fed by glaciers and it can be basins of Tajikistan was suggested about the processes assumed that precipitation mostly occur in winter and of enrichment of underground water reservoirs by isotopic composition are significantly lighter. chemical elements of river water. Such a mechanism The weather and climatic conditions of the Vakhsh but in the opposite direction, i.e., the conversion of valley are warmer than in the valleys of its tributaries reservoirs of underground waters to the source of water Surkhob and Obikhingou and consequently due to for the river, for example, for the Muksu river basin evaporation process would have a heavy isotopic was observed.

Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia 803

-70 5. Conclusion

7 By chemical analyses demonstrated that the -90 5 6 Zeravshan River and its tributaries in the upper 4 3 reaches do not experience anthropogenic pressure and -110 their mineralization is mainly due to the flushing H,‰ 2 δ water coastal mineral deposits.

-130 1 2 y = 10.99x + 59.853 Chemical analysis of water samples of the R² = 0.9957 Zeravshan River before and after the AMCC is shown -150 -18.5 -17.5 -16.5 -15.5 -14.5 -13.5 on the insignificant effect of wastewater factory on

18 δ O,‰ water quality. The content of heavy metals in the river Fig. 9 The Isotopic composition of water in the Vakhsh do not exceed maximum permissible concentration. River and tributaries: 1, 2- Garmo glacier; 3 - Surkhob river; The existence of seasonal variations in the isotopic 4 – Vakhsh river; 5 –Obikhingou river; 6 – Kyzilsu river; 7 – river Muksu. composition of precipitation and their influence on the isotopic composition of the Zeravshan River water is The results of the isotope analyses of spring waters observed. and groundwater basins of the rivers Muksu, Kizilsu, The comparison of the results of isotopic analyses Surkhob, and Obikhingou shown on the Fig. 10. with the scheme of location of the Zeravshan From the Fig. 10 can see that groundwater and spring tributaries shows that at moving from the upstream to water of the basin of the river Muksu by the values of the downstream-stimulated weighting of the isotopic the isotopic composition significantly lighter average composition of water of the relevant tributaries of the composition of river water and close to the values of Zeravshan River. The main factor of this process is to melted glacier water. During spring snowmelt by the increase the temperature and therefore the evaporation processes of infiltration, underground reservoirs of water from the rivers. accumulated melt water and at dry periods turns to The content of the chemical elements of the Vakhsh sources of runoff formation of river. Of course, it will River shown that they do not exceed established for affect to the isotopic composition of river water. their maximum permissible concentration. This -70 suggests that formation of chemical composition of 6 5 7 8 the Vakhsh river waters is mainly due to leaching of -80 mineral rocks.

4 The results of the isotope analyses of spring waters о 3 and groundwater basins of the rivers Muksu, Kizilsu,

, % -90 Н

2 Surkhob, and Obikhingou shown that groundwater and δ spring water of the basin of the river Muksu by the -100 2 values of the isotopic composition significantly lighter 1 y = 10x + 39.9 average composition of river water and close to the R² = 1 -110 values of melted glacier water. During spring snowmelt -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 by the processes of infiltration, underground reservoirs δ18О, %о accumulated melt water and at dry periods turns to Fig. 10 Isotopic analysis of spring (1, 3, 4, 5) and sources of runoff formation of river. Of course, it will underground waters (2, 6, 7, 8) the basin of the rivers Muksu, Kizilsu, Surkhob, Obikhingou, accordingly. affect to the isotopic composition of river water.

804 Ecological Aspects of the Transboundary Rivers Water Resource Management of the Central Asia

Acknowledgments [11] P. Normatov, R. Armstrong and I. Normatov, Variations in hydrological parameters of the Zeravshan River and its The authors express their appreciation to the U.S. tributaries depending on meteorological conditions, Rus. J. Agency for international development (USAID) & Met & Hydrol. 41 (2016) (9) 657-661. [12] I. Normatov, The water balance and the solution of water NSA supports this study through the CHARIS and problems in the Central Asian region, in: Proceeding PEER projects UNESCO/IAHS/IWHA Symposium, Rome, Italy, 1-4 Dec. 2003, pp. 300-314. References [13] I. Normatov, Country paper on regions of Tajikistan: G-WADI Asia-Global Network for Water and [1] UN-Water Statement on Water Quality World Water Day, Development Information in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions March 22, 2010. of Asia, in: Proceeding of International G-WADI [2] E. I. Chembarisov, Modern Hydrological Problems of Modeling Workshop, Roorkee, India, 12-16 September Water Resources of Central Asia and Ways of Their 2005, pp. 123-160. Decision Water and Steady Development, Bishkek. Publ. [14] I. Normatov, Regional experiences in solving water Center FPOI, 2001, p. 82. resources problems in Tajikistan, in: M. Singh (Ed.), [3] M. Groll, Ch. Opp Ch. and I. Normatov et al., Water Building a New Asia, Kolkata, SHIPRA, 2005, pp. quality, potential conflicts and solutions — An 295-304. upstream-downstream analysis of the transnational [15] I. Normatov, U. Murtazaev and N. Nasirov, Creation of Zarafshan River (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), J. Adaptation Mechanisms: The key to More Cost-Effective Environmental Earth Sciences 73 (2015) (2) 743-764. and Environment-Friendly Water Management, Red Book, [4] O. Olsson, M. Gassmann, and K. Wegerich et al., IAHS Publ. 338, 2010, pp. 74-76. Identification of the effective water availability from [16] I. Normatov, P. Normatov and A. Muminov, Modern stream flows in Zarafshan river basin, J. Hydrology 390 adaptation approach of agriculture to the climate change (2010) 190-197. and reservoirs impact, in: Proceedings of 5th International [5] P. Normatov and I. Normatov, Quantitative estimation of Disaster and Risk Conference, IDRC. Davos, Switzerland, Hyman intervention Rivers on quality of waters of the 12-15 October 2014, pp.102-106. Transboundary Rivers of the Central Asia, in: Abstracts [17] I. Normatov, Maintenance of Food Security in the Book of Goldschmidt, California, 8-13 June 2014, p. 1827. conditions of change of Agroclimatic Resources and [6] P. Normatov, Social and Ecological Aspects of the Water working out of mechanisms of adaptation of agricultural Resources Management of the Transboundary Rivers of crops to climate changes, in: Proceedings of International the Central Asia, Red Book, IAHS Publ., 364, 2014, pp. Conference Hydrological and Ecological Responses to 441-445. Climatic Change and to LUCC in Central Asia, Urumqi, [7] P. Normatov, Monitoring Impact of industrial complexes China, 23-27 Nov. 2012, pp. 170-176. on water quality and chemical analyses of seasonal snow [18] A. Kerimov, O. Romomaeva and I. Khemelevskaya, of the Zarafshon River Basin glaciers, in: Proceeding of Distribution of heavy metals in the surface layers of 16th Annual Conference of the International Association snow-firn thickness on the southern slope of Elbrus, Ice for Mathematical Geosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru and Snow 2 (2011) (114) 24-35 (rus). University, New Delhi, India, 17-20 October 2014, pp. [19] S. Temerev and I. Indyushkin, Chemical monitoring of 208-2012. snow cover in the area of influence of Barnaul, News of [8] P. Normatov, Water quality of the Zeravshan River and Altay State University 3-1 (2010) (67) 196-203 (rus). chemical analysis of seasonal snow on the glaciers of the [20] V. Vasilenko, I. Nazarov and Sh. Fridman, Monitoring of Zeravshan river basin, Vestnik of the Tajik National Pollution of Snow Cover, L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985 (rus). University V. 1, No.102, 2015, 306-310. [21] I. V. Tokarev, V. A. Polyakov and A. A. Samsonova et al., [9] P. Normatov, R. Armstrong and I. Normatov et al., Water Isotope composition in the formation of conditions Monitoring extreme water factors and studying the of the Toktogul reservoir water budget, available online at: anthropogenic load of industrial objects on water quality http://hge.spbu.ru/download/tokarpapper/isotopes.pdf. in the Zeravshan River Basin, Rus. J. Met & Hydrol. 40 (5) [22] M. O. Kholmirzoeva, A. S. Radzhabova, S. A. Buranova (2015) 89-97. and I. Normatov, Monitoring and physical-chemical [10] P. Normatov and G. T. Frumin, Comparative analysis of studies of ground and surface water sources of Republic of hydrochemical parameters upstream and downstream of Tajikistan, Water: Chemistry and Ecology 6 (2012) 92-96. the Zeravshan Transboundary River, in: Proceeding Rus. State Hydromet. Univ., No. 39, 2015, pp. 181-188.