Catedrala Din Durham

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Catedrala Din Durham Catedrala din Durham Introducere Catedrala din Durham, sau dupăă numele original The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and Saint Cuthbert of Durham, este centrul Episcopiei Durham din nord-estul Angliei. Este situat ăă împreunăă cu castelul pe un promontoriu format de cursul r ȃȃului Wear în oraşşul Durham. Astăăzi catedrala are o semnificativăă funcţ ţ ieie ecleziasticăă, fiind un important centru de pelerinaj în cadrul Bisericii Anglicane. De asemenea, împreunăă cu castelul, face parte din patrimoniul universal UNESCO. Catedrala Durham v ăăzut ăă de pe castel (dinspre nord) Construcţ ţ ia catedralei a început în anul 1093 sub conducerea episcopului William Carilef (sau William de St-Calais). Ea urma s ăă înlocuiascăă Biserica Albăă (White Church), aflatăă pe aceeaşşi locaţ ţ ie, ca loc de păăstrare a moaşştelor Sf ȃȃntului Cuthbert. Catedrala a fost terminatăă în decursul deceniilor urmăătoare în 1133, însăă de-a lungul secolelor a suferit multe modificăări. Este consideratăă un model pentru arhitectura romanicăă.. Catedrala din Durham, plan original Catedrala are un plan bazilical, cu dou ăă nave laterale şşi acoperişş în douăă ape. Posedăă douăă turnuri la faţ ţ ada de vest, înalte de 44 m şşi un turn central, de 66 m. I-au fost adăăugate douăă capele, una lipităă de faţ ţ ada de vest, numităă Capela Galilee si a doua, Capela celor Nouăă Altare, adăăugatăă fafaţ ţ adei estice şşi avavȃȃnd aspectul unui al doilea transept. Ȋ Ȋ n total catedrala are o lungime de 143 m şşi o llăţ ime a navei de 25 m. Nava centralăă are o înălţ ime de 22 m, ce creşşte cu un metru în zona corului. Construcţ ţ ia catedralei a început în anul 1093 sub conducerea episcopului William Carilef (sau William de St-Calais). Ea urma s ăă înlocuiascăă Biserica Albăă (White Church), aflatăă pe aceeaşşi locaţ ţ ie, ca loc de păăstrare a moaşştelor Sf ȃȃntului Cuthbert. Catedrala a fost terminatăă în decursul deceniilor urmăătoare în 1133, însăă de-a lungul secolelor a suferit multe modificăări. Este consideratăă un model pentru arhitectura romanicăă.. Catedrala din Durham, plan original Catedrala are un plan bazilical, cu dou ăă nave laterale şşi acoperişş în douăă ape. Posedăă douăă turnuri la faţ ţ ada de vest, înalte de 44 m şşi un turn central, de 66 m. I-au fost adăăugate douăă capele, una lipităă de faţ ţ ada de vest, numităă Capela Galilee si a doua, Capela celor Nouăă Altare, adăăugatăă fafaţ ţ adei estice şşi avavȃȃnd aspectul unui al doilea transept. Ȋ Ȋ n total catedrala are o lungime de 143 m şşi o llăţ ime a navei de 25 m. Nava centralăă are o înălţ ime de 22 m, ce creşşte cu un metru în zona corului. Istorie şşi legendăă Regiunea în care se afl ăă Durham-ul constituia în Evul Mediu timpuriu regatul Northumbriei. Primele dovezi clare ale prezen ţ ţ ei creşştinismului în aceastăă regiune din nordul Angliei le avem din timpul domniei regelui Edwin de la începutul secolului al VII- lea. Acesta se căsătoreşşte cu Ethelburga, o prinţ ţ esesăă convertităă la creşştinism prin predicile Sf ȃȃntului Augustin, iar mai apoi este el însu şşi convertit de căătre misionarul roman Paulinus. Paulinus înfiin ţ ţ eazăă la York o parohie. Ȋ Ȋ nsnsăă Edwin este înfr ȃȃntnt şşi ucis în bătălie de căătre liderii păgȃni Cadwalla şşi Penda; astfel tentativa de cre şştinare a regiunii dă greşş. Paulinus este nevoit săă se întoarcăă în sudul Angliei. Ȋ Ȋ n anul 634 urcăă pe tron Oswald, nepot al lui Edwin, ce fusese nevoit s ăă se refugieze în Scoţ ţ ia atunci cȃȃnd Edwin îl înfr ȃȃnse pe tatăăl ssl ăău Ethelfrith şşi devenise unic conducăător al Northumbriei. Oswald primeşşte o educaţ ţ ie creşştintinăă de la căălugăării de la mănăstirea de pe insula Iona (coasta de vest a Sco ţ ţ iei). Ȋ Ȋ l înfr ȃȃnge pe Cadwalla şşi ia măăsuri pentru reinstaurarea creşştinismului în Northumbria. Ȋ Ȋ n acest scop cere ajutor mănăstirii de la Iona. Ajutorul va veni în forma c ăălugăărului Aidan. Acesta fondeazăă pe mica insulăă Lindisfarne, din largul coastei Northumbriei, o m ănăstire asemănătoare celei de pe Iona. Dioceza creatăă aici este antemergăătoarea diocezei Durham. Prin munca lui Aidan şşi Oswald creşştinismul se impune definitiv în Northumbria. Ulterior ambii vor fi canonizati. Construcţ ţ ia catedralei din Durham este legat ăă însăă de alt personaj. Sf ȃȃntul Cuthbert este probabil cea mai importantăă figur ăă a creşştintinătăţ ii din aceastăă regiune. Pe seama sa sunt puse multe miracole, iar catedrala din Durham, ce îi poart ăă hramul, a fost construităă pentru a-i adăăposti moaşştele. Orfan de la o vȃȃrstăă fragedăă, Cuthbert devine ajutor de păăstor.Miracolele sale se manifestăă încăă din copilăărie, spunȃȃndu-se chiar căă aa reuşşit săă calmeze o furtunăă. Ceea ce îi va schimba via ţ ţ a este viziunea pe care a avut-o într-o noapte pe cȃȃnd se îngrijea de oi. El vede îngeri cobor ȃȃnd din cer şşi apoi înălţȃndu-se din nou, ducȃȃnd cu ei un suflet foarte luminos. A doua zi, diminea ţ ţ a, este anunţ ată moartea Sf ȃntului Aidan. Inspirat de această viziune Cuthbert devine călugăr la mănăstirea Melrose. Sf ȃntul Cuthbert De-a lungul anilor Cuthbert avanseaz ă în ierarhia ecleziastică devenind abate la Melrose, iar mai apoi retr ăgȃndu-se în sihăstrie. Revenit din izolare, el este numit episcop de Lindisfarne, împotriva voin ţ ei sale, poziţ ie ce o va ocupa timp de doi ani pȃnă la moartea sa în 687. Trupul s ău a fost înf ăşurat într-un giulgiu şi depus într-un sicriu de piatr ă la biserica din Lindisfarne. Ȋ nsă în 698 călugării îi dezmembrează trupul şi îl plasează într-un sicriu de lemn. Se spune c ă la deshumare trupul sf ȃntului era perfect conservat. Peste aproape două secole, din cauza incursiunilor danezilor, mănăstirea de pe insula Lindisfarne a trebuit să fie evacuată. Astfel începe un periplu ce va ţ ine pȃnă în anul 995, episcopul şi călugării purtȃnd cu ei trupul Sf ȃntului Cuthbert pȃnă la găsirea unui nou aşezămȃnt sigur. La un moment dat, în timpul peregrin ărilor, trupul sf ȃntului devine foarte greu, imposibil de mişcat. După trei zile de post şi rugăciune, în care episcopul şi călugării nu ştiu ce să facă cu trupul, ei primesc o revelaţ ie prin intermediul lui Eadmer, un om pios. Trebuie s ă găsească locul numit Dunholme (actualul Durham), unde vor depune definitiv trupul sf ȃntului. Episcopul şi călugării găsesc locaţ ia cu ajutorul a două lăptărese ce căutau o vacă maronie (eng: the dun cow), scena fiind imortalizat ă pe un basorelief din exteriorul catedralei. The Dun Cow Acolo au ridicat o bisericuţă din lemn, marcȃnd astfel şi apariţ ia localităţ ii Durham. Locul, înconjurat din trei părţ i de apele r ȃului Wear şi situat pe o înălţ ime mare, este o adevarată fortăreaţă naturală. Ȋ n anul 999 este terminată şi consacrată Biserica Albă, construită din piatr ă. Din această clădire, construită de episcopul Aldhun, nu mai rămȃne nimic astăzi, consider ȃndu-se că actuala catedrală a fost construită peste ea. Următorul moment important este cucerirea Angliei de c ătre normanzi. Willhelm Cuceritorul îl numeşte episcop de Durham pe William Carilef, originar din Lorena în anul 1081. Acesta ia decizia de a construi un l ăcaş adecvat pentru moaştele Sf ȃntului Cuthbert şi astfel, pe 11 august 1093, este pusă piatra de temelie a catedralei din Durham. Ȋ n timpul vieţ ii lui Carilef au fost termina ţ i pereţ ii corului, pereţ ii estici ai transeptului şi probabil întreaga parte de jos a pere ţ ilor clădirii. Carilef moare în 1096. Următorul episcop va fi numit abia în 1099, îns ă lucr ările nu se opresc, acum terminȃndu-se pereţ ii vestici ai transeptului şi bolta nordică a acestuia. Ralph Flambard, următorul episcop, termină pereţ ii catedralei pȃnă la înalţ imea tavanului, împreună cu turnurile de la faţ ada vestică pȃnă la aceeaşi înălţ ime. Trupul Sf ȃntului Cuthbert a fost mutat în catedrală în anul 1104. După moartea lui Flambard, în 1128, nava, bolta ei şi acoperişul sunt terminate. Hugh Pudsey, episcop între 1153 şi 1195, începe construcţ ia unei Capele a Fecioarei la capătul de est al corului, însă problemele apărute în timpul construcţ iei, şi anume cr ăpături foarte mari, îl fac pe acesta să considere ca opera nu este plăcută lui Dumnezeu şi Sf ȃntului Cuthbert. Pudsey abandonează acest proiect şi începe în schimb o altă capelă la capătul de vest al catedralei, numit ă Capela Galilee. Episcopul Poore, în secolul al XIII-lea, proiecteaz ă ceea ce va deveni particularitatea catedralei din Durham. Este vorba de Capela celor Nou ă Altare, situată în capătul estic al catedralei şi avȃnd aspectul unui al doilea transept. Spre deosebire de restul catedralei, construit în stil romanic, aceast ă capelă este un exemplu al stilului gotic englez timpuriu. Turnul central, căruia în timpul episcopatului lui Hugh de Derlington la sf ȃrşitul secolului al XIII-lea i-a fost adăugată o clopotniţă, a fost lovit de fulger şi cuprins de incendiu în anul 1429. Reparaţ iile sale se vor întinde pe toată durata secolului al XV-lea. Lucr ări de reparaţ ii şi restaurare au avut loc de-a lungul secolelor şi pȃnă în zilele noastre, uneori nu cu rezultate foarte fericite. Arhitectur ă După cum am mai spus catedrala avea ini ţ ial un plan bazilical, cu transept, acoperi ş în două ape, navă principală şi nave secundare. Ȋ nsă important este tavanul acesteia. El nu este din lemn (aşa cum se obişnuia în arhitectura insular ă de pe atunci), ci din piatr ă, şi mai mult este primul exemplu de bolt ă în ogivă din Anglia.
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