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Rhetoric Beyond the Digital/Physical Divide: the Internet and Digital and Physical Hybridity

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Rhetoric Beyond the Digital/Physical Divide: the Internet and Digital and Physical Hybridity Rhetoric Beyond the Digital/Physical Divide: The Internet and Digital and Physical Hybridity Andrew Kulak Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric and Writing Kelly E. Pender, Chair Chris Lindgren Katrina M. Powell Jennifer L. Sano-Franchini March 25, 2019 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Rhetoric, Writing, Technical Communication, Digital Rhetoric, Internet Copyright 2019, Andrew Kulak Rhetoric Beyond the Digital/Physical Divide: The Internet and Digital and Physical Hybridity Andrew Kulak (ABSTRACT) In this dissertation, I report findings from three case studies of rhetoric about the internet based on a rhetorical theory of the internet as physical and digital hybrid. I understand digital and physical hybridity as connections between physical and digital objects enabled by the internet that trouble a delineation between digital and physical space. I begin my study by tracing the history of the internet and its relationship with materiality. While the vastness of the internet is not something that can be readily understood, it is something that spreads across space and time, resulting in effects that demand rhetorical response. I describe rhetorics of purification as rhetorical responses to the internet that isolate physical and digital objects and ascribe to these objects different qualities. These rhetorics can be productive in rendering the internet and its effects salient within different discourses, but they can also be limiting in terms of aspects of the internet that they elide. To situate my work, I review literature in the field focused specifically on the emergence of digital rhetoric and its theories, methods, and objects of inquiry. I describe a primary method of rhetorical analysis for locating rhetorical strategies used to account for internet technology in different discourses, with supplementary methods including distant reading and interface analysis. In the first case study, I consider a social media app that leveraged smartphone geolocation technology to situate anonymous online discourse within physical locations and analyze responses to the service and posts on the app. In the second case study, I consider legal decisions in the United States focusing on the rhetorical moves that make internet interactions matter within the context of internet surveillance and privacy rights. In the final case study, I consider online-only writing courses and the impact of online platforms on pedagogy through a procedural interface analysis. In conclusion, I focus on the relevance of these studies to ongoing conversations in digital rhetoric concerning social media, internet privacy, and pedagogy. Rhetoric Beyond the Digital/Physical Divide: The Internet and Digital and Physical Hybridity Andrew Kulak (GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT) This dissertation considers the internet from the perspective of rhetoric, which is the study of the theory and practice of written, spoken, and other modes of communication and debate. I report findings from three case studies about the internet in terms of digital and physical hybridity and rhetorics of purification. Digital and physical hybridity refers to the internet in terms of connections between physical objects (like people, buildings, and the environ- ment) and digital objects (like data and computer code) that make a distinction between the two kinds of objects difficult. This means that the internet itself cannot be completely reduced to physical or digital components, even though it sometimes is in communication. Rhetoric where this distinction between digital and physical occurs can be understood as a rhetoric of purification because digital and physical objects are separated, or purified, from the deeper network of relationships between physical and digital objects which makes up the internet and the common reality both kinds of objects share. Rhetorics of purification can make the internet easier to understand and communicate about, but they can also overlook the deeper effects of the internet and its relationships with places, people, and communities. This dissertation takes up three different case studies related to rhetorics of purification. To demonstrate how this theory relates to the field, I review literature in rhetoric that con- siders digital texts, interfaces, and the internet in different ways in response to changes in technology. To study rhetoric surrounding the internet, I used a method of rhetorical anal- ysis applied to different texts related to the internet. I combined this method with several methods of computer-assisted analysis including analysis of large bodies of text and inter- face analysis. I applied these methods within three different case studies. Each case study considers examples of rhetoric that represents the internet as distinct physical and digital components. In my first case study, I consider a social media service that used location information from users’ devices to situate anonymous online discourse within physical com- munities and analyze responses to the service. In my second case study, I consider legal decisions in the United States about internet surveillance and privacy rights. My analysis focuses on the rhetorical moves that are used in the legal decisions that relate the internet to the privacy of individuals and groups. In my final case study, I consider online-only writing courses and the impact of online platforms on teaching. In conclusion, I focus on the findings from these case studies and their relevance to ongoing conversations in the field concerning social media, internet privacy, and online teaching. Dedication For my Mom, who taught me to read, and my Dad, who taught me to argue vii Acknowledgments I am indebted to my advisor Kelly Pender, who has supported me through two graduate degrees. Thank you for your critical insight, for pushing my thinking, and for having faith in me. To members of my committee, thank you for your patience, your thoughtful feedback, and for listening when I needed someone to talk to. I would like to recognize my teachers and colleagues in the Department of English for their support during my seven years at Virginia Tech and for their help during the various stages of my graduate education. I would also like to recognize my teachers and colleagues from the Human Centered Design (HCD) program, who have been a constant source of insight and inspiration. The THIRD Lab in the Department of Computer Science, led by Deborah Tatar and Steve Harrison, provided comments and assistance with portions of my project related to human-computer interaction (HCI) and in general have been a positive and supportive presence throughout my research. I would also like to recognize Justin Lewis, who provided advice and guidance during the prospectus and planning phases of my dissertation, and Quinn Warnick, who introduced me to digital rhetoric and has consistently been a supportive mentor. The Department of English, the Center for Rhetoric in Society, and the Graduate Student Association have provided material assistance to help me attend conferences where I shared portions of my research and received formative feedback. The Computers & Writing com- munity has especially been a strong source of support, and I would not have attended my first Computers & Writing conference without assistance from Diana George. I guess we can both root against Bryce Harper now. Were it not for Virginia Tech University Libraries, I would not have had the resources and spaces needed for my work. Nathaniel Porter’s technological assistance was critical to over- viii coming a block during my data analysis. Scott Fralin has partnered with me for several projects related to my research and teaching, and he has helped me explore digital rhetoric and materiality in practice. I have worked with a number of general and specialist research librarians who have helped me locate and request materials referenced herein. The grilled cheese sandwiches in the library during finals are one of my favorite Virginia Tech traditions, and I enjoyed them during late nights spent revising papers. Blacksburg has been a great town in which to write a dissertation. The Cellar, Hokie House, In Balance Yoga, Bollo’s, the North Main Kroger, and the farmers market downtown are just a few of the spots that have made this place home. Blacksburg Transit has always gotten me where I need to go, and parts of this dissertation were written on their Toms Creek, University City Boulevard, and University Mall Shuttle buses. During my graduate student career, I have worked other jobs to make ends meet, and I ap- preciate Brion’s Grille, Williams-Sonoma Fair Oaks, Providge Consulting, Apex CoVantage, Triple Point Security, and Sexton Family Christmas Trees for giving me opportunities to work, understanding my schedule, and supporting me in my studies. The Collegiate Times and the Virginia Tech Cybersecurity Club have both helped me to develop important skills in different areas related to my work. I have also found my teaching to be a source of energy while working on this dissertation, and I would like to recognize all of my students for their hard work over the years. Thank you to my friends and family. It’s easy to get lost in the demands of graduate work, but there are more important things than academia. You kept me grounded during this project and reminded me what matters. If you’re reading this, it means you can stop asking when I will graduate (at least with this degree). My cat Mango passed away while I was writing, but he was likewise a source of great comfort and support. I know he would have liked to sleep on this dissertation were he still here. ix Contents List of Figures xv 1 The Internet and Digital and Physical Hybridity 1 1.1 Rhetoric and the Latourian Concepts of Hybridity and Purification ..... 2 1.2 The Development of the Internet ........................ 6 1.3 The Common Reality of Digital and Physical ................. 10 1.4 A Rhetorical Theory of Internet Hybridity ..................
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