{Download PDF} Complex Democracy Varieties, Crises, And

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

{Download PDF} Complex Democracy Varieties, Crises, And COMPLEX DEMOCRACY VARIETIES, CRISES, AND TRANSFORMATIONS 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Volker Schneider | 9783319367293 | | | | | Complex Democracy Varieties, Crises, and Transformations 1st edition PDF Book The World Economy 25 5 pp. In November , the G leaders signed a statement committing themselves to a firm re-regulation of their financial systems; in September , they reaffirmed their commitment. Marx referred to the increase in credit that, even in his time, made capital seem to duplicate or even triplicate. Closa and D. Reviewing Proposals for a World Environment Organization. Ruzza eds. Post to Cancel. Yet this latter process will require time. Natural resources belong to the people and are administered by the state. International institutions also have a role to play in resolving armed conflicts. Global Initiative on Sustainable Development. Economics was mixed with ideology, but it was reasonably truthful and oriented economic policymaking. Adams, N. These three conditions are only partially being met. Governance, risk management and compliance. Finance-based capitalism dismantled the institutions and forgot the economic theories we learned after the Great Depression of thes; it recklessly deregulated financial markets and shunned Keynesian and developmentalist ideas. Many multilateral, environment-related agreements have been forged in the past 30 years, but their implementation remains difficult. Alter-globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization. You are commenting using your WordPress. The second part presents articles that investigate the response of democracies to times of crisis, with an emphasis on political economies and policy processes within the European Union. John K. Deregulation was the historical new fact that allowed the crisis. One of very few books dealing with the transformation and future of democracy Covers the broad field of democracy studies Illustrates the challenges for democracy that result from economic crisis see more benefits. Joseph Stiglitz argues that a number of global public goods should be produced and supplied to the populations, but are not, and that a number of global externalities should be taken into consideration, but are not. They go hand in hand with other international organizations that support finding ways to better the environment. Social learning is arduous but it happens. Only financial globalization was intrinsically related to financialization; commercial and productive globalization was not. The empiricist turn was the outcome of the development of econometric research methods and of the need of academic economists to publish papers. Archived from the original on 25 February It grants autonomy to counties, which have the right to manage their natural resources and elect their representatives directly. Stiglitz points out that the need for international institutions like the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO has never been so great, but people's trust in them has never been so low. The expansionary monetary policy conducted by Alan Greenspan, the chairman of the Federal Reserve, may have contributed to the crisis. Neoliberalism has just been defeated; other regimes of truth will have to be criticized and defeated by new ideas and by deeds, by social movements and the lively protest of the poor and the powerless, by politicians and public intellectuals who do not limit themselves to parroting slogans. Treptow ed. The UN is widely involved with the development of protecting the environment from an international perspective. There are even more innovative initiatives, such as alternatives to private copyright such as Creative Commons , cyber democracy practices, and a real possibility of developing them on the sectoral, regional, and global levels. They have discussed climate change, areas of trade, investment and finance. Transformations of Democracy in a Globalizing World. The proposed constitution was prepared by a constituent assembly that did not only reflect the interests of political parties and the elite, but also represented the indigenous peoples and social movements. It happened because neoliberal ideas became dominant, because neoclassical theory legitimized its main tenets, and because deregulation was undertaken recklessly while financial innovations principally securitization and derivative schemes and new banking practices principally commercial banking, also becoming speculative remained unregulated. Sadurski eds. Financial wealth gained autonomy from production. This is the method of the methodological sciences, principally mathematics, but also econometrics and economic decision theory. It is not sufficient to say that neoliberalism is radical economic liberalism. The 20th century is no different than worlds prior. But, as Arnold Toynbee has said, 'Our age is the first generation since the dawn of history in which mankind dares to believe it practical to make the benefits of civilization available to the whole human race'. They reflect the vicious brotherhood between neoliberalism and the neoclassical economics taught in graduate courses in the United States. Complex Democracy Varieties, Crises, and Transformations 1st edition Writer It will still be global capitalism, but no longer neoliberal or financialized. The second part presents articles that investigate the response of democracies to times of crisis, with an emphasis on political economies and policy processes within the European Union. Global Initiative on Sustainable Development. Originally published in Capitalism may, in short, become a servant rather than a master, and the slump will accelerate this change. The incredible rapidity that characterized the calculation and the transactions of these complex contracts being traded worldwide was naturally made possible only by the information technology revolution supported by powerful computers and smart software. Now, instead of lending non-interest deposits, they invested some of the interest-paying deposits that they were constrained to remunerate either in speculative and risky treasury operations or in the issue of still more risky financial innovations that replaced classical bank loans. The resulting bellicose climate imbues international relations with competitive nationalism and contributes, in rich and poor countries alike, to increasing military budgets, siphoning off huge sums of public money to the benefit of the arms industry and military-oriented scientific innovation, hence fueling global insecurity. PAGE 1. Accordingly, "[f]rom a world-governance perspective, [Amazonia] is in a way an enormous laboratory. The middle balance prevents war breakouts and civil wars. Truth is part of this world; it is in it produced through multiple coercions and in it produces regulated power effects. Yet I end on an optimist note: since capitalism is always changing, and progress or development is part of the capitalist dynamic, it will probably change in the right direction. They have worked with The International Collaboration Research Network to establish rules and norms to follow by. Environmental Governance. On some occasions, as in the last thirty years, conservative politics turns reactionary and society slips back, but even in these periods some sectors progress. Addressing failures and perspectives of the European project , Bologna: Il Mulino. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Regulation existed but was dismantled. The definition is flexible in scope, applying to general subjects such as global security and order or to specific documents and agreements such as the World Health Organization 's Code on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes. Urbinati eds. Thus, fifth, I will discuss the political coalition of capitalist rentiers and financists who mostly benefited from the neoliberal hegemony and from financialization. The impact of citizen-focused human rights programs is visible in human rights cities in all regions of the world. There is no reason to believe that commercial and productive globalization as well as social and cultural globalization and even political globalization the increasing political coordination sought and practiced by the main heads of state will be halted by this crisis. It will take time to restore sound public debt ratios. A financial crisis is by definition a crisis caused by poorly allocated credit and increased leverage. Cosmopolitanism Counter-hegemonic globalization Democratic globalization Democratic mundialization Global citizenship Global governance Globalism Internationalism Transnational governance World currency World federalism World taxation system. The October panic stemmed directly from this decision. Thus, their reaction to the crisis was strong and decisive. Rogoff , This Time is Different. The main argument is that there seems to exist an unspoken but powerful consensus on the essential objectives of a system of global environmental governance. Many multilateral, environment-related agreements have been forged in the past 30 years, but their implementation remains difficult. How do we set up a new social architecture that allows us to live together? The rich will be less rich, but they will continue to be rich, and the
Recommended publications
  • Democratizing the Global Economy the Role of Civil Society
    DEMOCRATIZING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY 1 Issued June 2004 by the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Tel. ++44-24-7657 2533 Fax ++44-24-7657 2548 [email protected] ISBN 0 902683 56 X (English original) ISBN 0 902683 58 6 (Arabic translation by Ola Abou Zeid) ISBN 0 902683 59 4 (French translation by Marc Mousli) ISBN 0 902683 60 8 (Portuguese translation by Sergio Flaksmana and Renato Aguiar) ISBN 0 902683 61 6 (Russian translation by Liliana Proskuryakova) ISBN 0 902683 62 4 (Spanish translation by Rosalba Icaza Garza with Marcelo Saguier) ISBN 0 902683 63 2 (Thai translation by Suntaree Kiatiprajuk) This report was prepared by Jan Aart Scholte of CSGR ([email protected]), with extensive and much-appreciated collaboration from: Ola Abou Zeid, Cairo University ([email protected]) Flávia Braga, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ([email protected]) Christian Chavagneux, Alternatives Economiques, Paris ([email protected]) Zie Gariyo, Uganda Debt Network, Kampala ([email protected]) Elena Kochkina, Open Society Institute-Russia, Moscow ([email protected]) Kanokrat Lertchoosakul, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok ([email protected]) Liliana Proskuryakova, Europe and Central Asia Region NGO Working Group on the World Bank, St Petersburg ([email protected]) Gauri Sreenivasan, Canadian Council for International Co-operation, Ottawa ([email protected]) Naruemon Thabchumpon, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok ([email protected] or [email protected]) Carlos Vainer, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ([email protected]) Sincere thanks also go to the several hundred civil society practitioners (listed in Appendix 3) who have contributed a wealth of ideas and experiences to this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Democratic Globalization: to WTO Or Not to WTO?
    Towards Democratic Globalization: To WTO or not to WTO? Jan Nederveen Pieterse No one is calling for an end to trade or trade rules. But what will those rules be, and who will write them? (Lori Wallach, 2004: 71) In his paper on ‘Economic globalization and institutions of global governance’, Keith Griffin (2003) adopts a welcome forward-looking focus. Griffin is committed to symmetric and democratic globalization and presents policies towards implementing this; I will comment on his argument and then focus on the WTO. According to Griffin, ‘greater globalization, not less, is desirable’ (2003: 793). Here the question is of course what kind of globalization or on what terms? In welcoming ‘greater liberalization, not less’ (ibid.: 792) Griffin is on a similar track as Paul Krugman, Jagdish Bhagwati, Megnad Desai and others. In basic terms this is an obvious case. Developing countries lose about US$ 100 billion a year due to export subsidies and trade barriers in developed countries. Tariff barriers against manufactured goods from the developing world are, on average, four times higher than those against products from the industrialized world and the poorest nations face higher tariffs than less poor nations (Oxfam, 2002; World Bank, 2002). ‘Trade not aid’ has long been the guiding motto. But obvious as the case may be, the question again is not ‘trade or liberalization, or not’, but ‘trade and liberalization on what terms?’. Griffin objects to trends towards protectionism, in particular restrictions on the movement of unskilled labour and the regime of intellectual property rights, and proposes ‘to create a rule-based system of global economic govern- ance as it applies to international trade’ (ibid.: 797).
    [Show full text]
  • The Hyperglobalization of Trade and Its Future
    Working Paper Series WP 13-6 JULY 2013 The Hyperglobalization of Trade and Its Future Arvind Subramanian and Martin Kessler Abstract Th is paper describes seven salient features of trade integration in the 21st century: Trade integration has been more rapid than ever (hyperglobalization); it is dematerialized, with the growing importance of services trade; it is democratic, because openness has been embraced widely; it is criss-crossing because similar goods and investment fl ows now go from South to North as well as the reverse; it has witnessed the emergence of a mega-trader (China), the fi rst since Imperial Britain; it has involved the proliferation of regional and preferential trade agreements and is on the cusp of mega-region- alism as the world's largest traders pursue such agreements with each other; and it is impeded by the continued existence of high barriers to trade in services. Going forward, the trading system will have to tackle three fundamental challenges: In developed countries, the domestic support for globalization needs to be sustained in the face of economic weakness and the reduced ability to maintain social insurance mechanisms. Second, China has become the world’s largest trader and a major benefi ciary of the current rules of the game. It will be called upon to shoulder more of the responsibilities of maintaining an open system. Th e third challenge will be to prevent the rise of mega-regionalism from leading to discrimi- nation and becoming a source of trade confl icts. We suggest a way forward—including new areas of cooperation such as taxes—to maintain the open multilateral trading system and ensure that it benefi ts all countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Quality Improvement of Indonesian University in the Face Of
    I S S N 2 3 2 1 - 1091 V o l u m e 1 0 N u m b e r 4 Journal of Social Sciences Research Quality Improvement of Indonesian University in The Face of Globalization Niniek Fariaty Lantara Indonesian Moslem University of Makassar Urip Sumoharjo Km 5 – Makassar Indonesia Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT This article shed light on sustainable quality improvement of Indonesian universities by embracing autonomous principle as the propulsion for a more dynamic and accountable system in order to back up a reliable autonomy with accreditation to assure the quality of graduate students, and self evaluation to guarantee an apt decision making based on empirical data and information. Therefore, it is vital to reassess university vision and mission of teaching, researching, and community service, especially in the face of a more democratic globalization era sustained with science and technological development. Government, universities, and other research institutions, together with industrial sector, are highly potential to form a synergistic triangle to jointly handle internalization transfer and strategic technological development to enhance productivity and national competitiveness sustainably. Autonomy is a right or authority provided by the authorized party or government, while academic freedom is a kind of freedom owned by academicians in performing their duty and their functional activity, namely education and scientific research. The development of University accountability is meant to make the best use of university resources for activities sustaining the stated goals. Keywords: Education, University, Globalization, Quality Improvement Academic Discipline And Sub-Disciplines Management education SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION Management TYPE (METHOD/APPROACH) Literary Analysis; Survey/Interview INTRODUCTION Every citizen is entitled with the right to obtain a decent education equally with excellence and equity between access and achievement.
    [Show full text]
  • On Global Citizenship: James Tully in Dialogue. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014
    Tully, James. "On Global Citizenship." On Global Citizenship: James Tully in Dialogue. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. 3–100. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 30 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472544827.ch-001>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 30 September 2021, 10:32 UTC. Copyright © James Tully 2014. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 1 On Global Citizenship J a m e s T u l l y 1. Introduction: Global citizenship as negotiated practices ‘Global citizenship’ has emerged as the locus of struggles on the ground and of refl ection and contestation in theory.1 Th is is scarcely surprising. Many of the central and most enduring struggles in the history of politics have taken place in and over the language of citizenship and the activities and institutions into which it is woven. One could say that the hopes and dreams and fears and xenophobia of centuries of individual and collective political actors are expressed in the overlapping and confl icting histories of the uses of the language of citizenship, the forms of life in which they have been employed and the locales in which they take place. Th is motley ensemble of contested languages, activities and institutions constitutes the inherited fi eld of citizenship today.2 1 For an introduction to this broad fi eld see H. Anheier, M. Glasius, M. Kaldor and F. Holland, eds, Global Civil Society 2004–2005 , London: Sage, 2004; L.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Led Globalization As the Main
    The American led Globalization as the Main Obstacle to the Development of Titulo Democracy in the Arab World and Africa Sharawy, Helmy - Autor/a Autor(es) Globalization of the periphery: The challenges of transnational migration for local En: development in Central America Buenos Aires Lugar CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales Editorial/Editor 2008 Fecha Sur-Sur Colección Globalización alternativa; Cooperación Sur-Sur; Democracia; Instituciones financieras Temas internacionales; Régimen político; Imperialismo; Hegemonía mundial; Medio Oriente; Países Árabes; África; Capítulo de Libro Tipo de documento http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/clacso/sur-sur/20100707032958/06shar.pdf URL Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.0 Genérica Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Sharawy, Helmy. The american led globalization as the main obstacle to the development of democracy in the arab world and Africa. En publicación: Globalization and the Washington Consensus: its influence on democracy and development in the south. Gladys Lechini (editor). Buenos Aires : CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, 2008. ISBN 978-987-1183-91-3 Disponible en: http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/sursur/lech/06shar.pdf
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Globalization and Strategic Peacebuilding Jackie Smith PUBLISHED: 2009 “Globalization and Strategic Peacebuilding” Pp
    Chapter Ten: Economic Globalization and Strategic Peacebuilding Jackie Smith PUBLISHED: 2009 “Globalization and Strategic Peacebuilding” Pp. 247-269 in Daniel Philpott and Gerard Powers, editors. Strategies of Peace. New York: Oxford University Press. In numerous countries where peace agreements have held without a relapse into conflict beyond the critical period, the structural factors lying at the source of the original conflict remain unaddressed and continue to fester. From Cambodia and Guatemala to East Timor, serious issues related to land tenure, property rights, rule of law, political participation and transitional justice continue to pose serious challenges to peace consolidation and peacebuilding.1 The post-Cold War era has been marked by a proliferation of persistent intra-state conflicts, many of which have frustrated international attempts to promote peaceful conflict resolution and the emergence of more peaceful societies. By many measures, international peacebuilding operations have achieved only mixed success or have simply failed, and nearly half of all “post-conflict” countries see a return of violent struggle.2 This chapter argues that an important reason for the failure of multilateral peacebuilding interventions is that these initiatives incorporate a set of assumptions about the benefits of market liberalization that are inaccurate. More effective intervention to end violent conflicts requires efforts to better understand how economic globalization impacts the dynamics of civil wars. Contemporary violent conflicts are not purely localized phenomena but rather they are deeply embedded within a global context of complex political and economic relationships. Strategic peacebuilding cannot occur without greater attention to these relationships and how they reproduce power and inequality in the global political and economic systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalization and Global Governance: Four Paradigmatic Views
    6 Globalization and Global Governance: Four Paradigmatic Views Kavous Ardalan Marist College Abstract Any adequate analysis of global governance necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of global governance. This paper starts with the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to global governance is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views expressed with respect to the nature and role of global governance. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of global governance from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of global governance, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms if they respect paradigm diversity. Keywords: global governance, functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, radical structuralist JEL Classification Codes: B40, F02 I. INTRODUCTION An analysis of global governance necessarily requires a fundamental understanding of worldviews underlying views expressed with respect to the nature and role of global governance. Four general views, corresponding to four broad worldviews, are discussed. These four views are equally scientific and informative; each looks at the nature of global governance and its role from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. The paper takes the case of global governance as an example and emphasizes that, in general, any phenomenon may be seen and analyzed from different viewpoints and that each viewpoint exposes a certain aspect of the phenomenon under consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Manchesterhive.Com at 09/28/2021 12:11:11AM Via Free Access 2 John Dewey Rise of Communications Technology Such As the Internet
    Introduction: Retrieving a ‘Global’ American Philosopher There are two requests I should like to make to readers of the volume, not to forestall criticism but that it may be rendered, perhaps, more pertinent. Three lectures do not permit one to say all he thinks, nor even all that he believes that he knows. Omission of topics and themes does not, accordingly, signify that I should have passed them by in a more extended treatment. I particularly regret the enforced omission of reference to the relation of liberalism to international affairs. I should also like to remind readers that not everything can be said in the same breath and that it is necessary to stress first one aspect and then another of the general subject. So I hope that what is said will be taken as a whole and also in comparison and contrast with alternative methods of social action. (LW11: 4)1 It might seem rather bizarre to claim that a return to the work of John Dewey can offer a greater appreciation of globalization and global democracy at the start of the twenty-first century. Dewey appears to be a creature of a wholly different epoch; born in 1859, the year Darwin published Origin of the Species and just short of eighteen months before the Battle of Fort Sumter, Dewey’s life would end only some six years after the beginning of the ‘Cold War’. To read his body of work is therefore to enter a world that does not include bearing witness to some of the most momentous events of American and world history in the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy's Third
    1 CAN DEMOCRACY SURVIVE INTERDEPENDENCE? Benjamin R. Barber (A WORKING PAPER FOR THE CIVWORLD GLOBAL DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE WORKSHOP, ADAPTED FROM A BOOK PROPOSAL) Democracy today is challenged, radically, deeply, fatefully. Born and cultivated in the ancient world as the face-to-face participatory township, and successfully re- imagined in the early modern world as the representative nation-state, it must now adapt to a global, networked, interdependent world. Or likely perish. To survive actually, it must find ways to establish itself virtually. To preserve its local vitality, it must achieve a global compass. Democracy has always been plural, a congeries of distinctive systems and varied approaches to self-government with a deep common commitment to some degree of equality and liberty, if often in the name of a citizenry comprising something less than the entire adult population. It had its roots in the Hellenic and Roman West, but also found resonance beyond. That women and men can participate in governing themselves is not just a Western conceit. Yet there is no precedent in any democratic system, neither in the participatory polis nor in the representative sovereign state, for planetary self- government, and just to recall how difficult and varied the journey from township to nation has been is to judge global governance an unlikely prospect. After all, democracy within nation-states is troubled enough. The few and paltry examples of regional or international governance we have, such as the United Nations system or the Bretton Woods complex of international financial institutions, or the experiment in pooled 1 sovereignty of the European Community -- now imperiled by a Euro crisis and a lack of solidarity -- offer as many reasons to doubt as to embrace the possibilities of democracy‘s survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalization Revisited Imran Naseem 
    Globalization Revisited Imran Naseem Abstract: Globalization is viewed as a centuries-long process, tracking the expansion of human population and the growth of civilization, which has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years. The verb globalize was first attested by the Merriam Webster Dictionary in 1944, however its concepts permeated popular consciousness in late 1990s. While Pro-globalists point to the decrease in poverty and child mortality, increased trade, social and political libreties, increased life expectancy, and increased feminism, notwithstanding the notion of free trade, the anti globalists point to the highly unequal distribution of wealth, many critics, specially, in developing countries also see UN, WB and IMF as the exploitative tools in the hands of major powers. Many critics of globalization contend that it is another name of Westernization. The environmental section of the anti globalists point to the damage to the planet brought by it. The critics of globalization typically emphasize that it is a process that is mediated according to corporate interests, to them free trade is not fair trade; it benefits strong nations at the expense of weaker ones. However, anti globalists mainly object to the process of globalization and its biased nature rather than the globalization itself. Hence the disagreement is about the fairness of globalization process rather than the entity itself. One may feel inclined to believe that the real issue at stake is the demand for distributive justice. If justice is not ensured, it would threaten the system in the long-term. Globalization is a complicated phenomenon fraught with far-reaching effects and consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • The General Characteristics and Prospects of The
    Lb 9 whtYö th[LL/Yö ! tw# bN 5LYÜw +&#1Z.0&8. ;./9$- b =h [ $ EB THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALTER GLOBALISM / 0 ( ; & * & ( ' & ( &( * ( = * & 6 Y I ( ' & The processes of the globalization have affected all spheres of human activity; have become the symbol of social time and space. The world integration interrelationships have affected and society, which is transforming under the influence of these processes, changes the vector of the development of each man, way of his existing and sense of life. The process of the globalization in the modern world is ambiguous, controversial and complicated, having raised a lot of problems and conflicts of economic, socio-cultural, spiritual, confessional, demographic, moral character, etc. The globalization has turned out to be a catalyst for socio-political, socio-cultural tensions and conflict. The polarization of wealth and poverty, the fighting for markets, the access to energy and other natural resources, the information and cultural expansion of the West, that is perceived by other nations as a threat to their cultural and civilizational identity – that is all has become the basis for national and religious fundamentalism and extremism, ethnic separatism, etc. That is caused a critical attitude towards globalization process, which is divided is divided into two approaches: anti-globalism and alter (or alternative) globalism. On the point of view of anti-globalists, we live in the world, where the greatest values make the principles of state sovereignty. The globalization is denied as definite «false universalism» – a result of hegemony of the individual states, which in its turn leads to loss of international pluralism.
    [Show full text]