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! Outsiders Within: Cochlear Implants, Oralism, and The

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! Outsiders Within: Cochlear Implants, Oralism, and The OUTSIDERS WITHIN: COCHLEAR IMPLANTS, ORALISM, AND THE POLITICS OF LIFE IN BETWEEN THE DEAF AND HEARING WORLDS By Carly A. Rush Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Sociology May, 2015 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Shaul Kelner, Ph.D. Laura Carpenter, Ph.D. Richard Pitt, Ph.D. Steven Tepper, Ph.D. ! Copyright © 2015 by Carly A. Rush All Rights Reserved ! Dedication To all Gallaudet students, past and present. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS They say it takes a village to raise a child. I say it also takes a village to raise a Ph.D. It is with profuse gratitude that I take this opportunity to reflect back and thank my large village of supporters. Firstly, “HUGE THANK YOU” to my participants, who welcomed me into their lives and showed me the Deaf and Hearing worlds through their eyes. I cannot find the words, or signs, to extend enough gratitude to each one of them for the knowledge they have inspired and the memories they have left me with. Special thanks to Owen* and Darrell* for the countless shared bottles of wine, laughs, frustrations, and for making my year in Washington, D.C. the most memorable experience of my life. I am lucky to have done this with you both. Thank you to Darian Burwell and the rest of faculty and staff at Gallaudet’s JumpStart program who supported my project in ways too numerous to mention. I also extend my gratitude to Sharon Barnartt, Julie Fennell, Beth Easterling, Susan Ganz, and Barbara Stock for our lunchtime chats. Their insight and perspectives on the Gallaudet experience challenged me to ask better questions. Thank you to Arlene Kelly, Patrick Boudreault, and the rest of the Gallaudet Deaf Corpus staff for welcoming me into their research group, effectively enabling me to expand the scope of my study. I am grateful for the financial support of Vanderbilt’s Robert Penn Warren Graduate Fellows Program, the Fahs-Beck Foundation, Vanderbilt’s College of Arts and Sciences, and Vanderbilt’s Department of Sociology. I am especially indebted to my “fellow fellows” at the Warren Center: Jessica Burch, Adam Burgos, Kat DeGuzman, Luis Menendez, Daniel McAuley, * Pseudonyms iv Amy Tan, and Brendan Weaver for their unending support and laughter while I wrote this disseration. I am indebted to Shaul Kelner, the chair of my dissertation committee, who has been my most devoted cheerleader and an honest critic of my work. His attentive comments, advice, and support at each stage of my project greatly enhanced the quality of this dissertation and continually re-inspired my passion and devotion to this work. His unwavering confidence in me compelled me to definitively stake my claim as a sociologist, a feat that I believe to be one of my greatest achievements. I am grateful for the mentorship of Laura Carpenter whose cheerful emails always brought a smile to my face and boosted my confidence when I feared I had nothing to say. Laura challenged me to question my assumptions and helped me to come into my own as a sociologist of the body. I am extremely thankful for Richard Pitt’s unfaltering support over the years. Before joining my committee, Dr. Pitt’s support of my project helped to make my year at Gallaudet possible by allowing me to work as his graduate assistant from afar. Dr. Pitt’s passion for his students and for the discipline of sociology is contagious. I am lucky that he generously agreed to join my committee at the 11th hour. His insights have greatly improved the project and given me the confidence to broaden the audience for my work. I cannot say enough about my admiration for Steven Tepper. From our first meeting in the summer of 2009, to several memorable SNAAP trips across the country, to the last days working on this dissertation, Steven has taught me to never stop asking questions. Although I am still not sure which letter of the alphabet I would be, his creativity inquiries continue to inspire me and remind me never to take myself too seriously. v It is an honor to extend my gratitude to Dr. Carol Padden, a former committee member, who offered support and reflections based on her canonical research and personal experiences in the Deaf world. Her insights were invaluable in the development of this project. I am thankful for the training and support I have received over the years from several of Vanderbilt’s faculty, both past and present. Thank you to Dr. Jennifer Lena, Dr. Tony Brown, Dr. Karen Campbell, Dr. Katherine Donato, Dr. Torin Monahan, Dr. P. Lynn Hayes, and Dr. Jonathan Metzel. Special thanks to the women in the sociology office who held us all together: Pam Tichenor, Anne Wall, Deanne Casanova, and Maria Miller. I am extremely grateful for Lauri and Serena Rush, who not only gave me a place to live while I was conducting preliminary research at Gallaudet, but also engaged me in countless conversations and brainstorming sessions as I developed and conducted this research. Thank you also to Pam Rush for her brainstorming sessions, encouragement, excitement, and especially for suggesting I explore the New Signers’ experience. I am lucky to have been able to conduct this research with the insights, support, and love of my family. I am delighted to acknowledge the support of Dan O’Maley, the best cheerleader, coach, and critic I could have asked for. Our weekly accountability meetings and writing partnership provided me the social pressure, encouragement, hugs, and insight to write this dissertation. I do not have enough words to express my gratitude for all he has done to help and inspire me. Thank you, Dan. I am so proud of us! I also extend my deepest gratitude to Erin Rehel, my “shadow advisor” and dear friend. There are words on these pages because she would not let me quit when things got hard. I am humbled by her constant faith in me, and proud to have made my way through graduate school with her at my side. vi Thank you to my team of last-minute copy editors: Sandra Arch, Allison McGrath, Bernadette Dokoys, Dan O’Maley, and my mama—Kaye Rush, who came in to save the day when I had all but given up. While their copy edits were immensely helpful, I continue to be awed by their love and support for me during the writing and editing processes. Thank you to the wonderful graduate students at Vanderbilt, both past and present, who laughed with me and inspired me during this journey: Katherine Everhart, Erin Bergner, Dan Morrison, Sarah Glynn, Ashley Archer, Sammy Shaw, Whitney Laster Pritle, and Jennifer Mokos. When I found out that Kate and Blake Sisk would be welcoming their first son, Cooper, into the world I wrote, “And then from the most unexpected place the world reminds you what life is about, and you can’t stop smiling.” Thank you all for keeping the smile on my face these past six years. I love you, Sisk family and I look forward to sharing in the next adventure with you! Thank you also to Stephanie McCue for a decade’s worth of friendship; for laughing far too much when nobody else thought I was funny; for loving me always, and hating me occasionally. Thank you for the relief and release during our year together in D.C. And thank you for always believing that good will come, eventually. Lastly, thank you to my parents for their untiring faith in me. You have helped me learn to walk…twice; you have taught me to fall with grace; and you have shown me to never fear the obstacles that lie ahead of me. Thank you, Mom and Dad. I love you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: A BIOSOCIAL STUDY OF OUTSIDERS WITHIN ............................................... 1 THEORIES OF BOUNDARY WORK AND THE OUTSIDER WITHIN ................................................................ 7 Symbolic Boundaries ............................................................................................................................ 7 Outsiders Within ................................................................................................................................... 9 CULTURAL CONFLICT OVER SYMBOLIC BOUNDARIES .......................................................................... 11 DEAFNESS: DIAGNOSIS OR CULTURE? .................................................................................................... 13 DEAF EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY: A PRIMER .................................................................. 18 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 21 Gallaudet University: The Mecca of the Deaf World ........................................................................ 22 Gallaudet: A Research Site ................................................................................................................ 24 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................
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