Typha Minima Hoppe) V Čechách

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Typha Minima Hoppe) V Čechách PRESLIA 1 1957 29: 250-263 Jindři c h H o u f e k: Orobinec nejmenší (Typha minima Hoppe) v Čechách (Z Geobotanické laboratoř'e ČSAV, ú stř'e dí pro floristicko-fytogeografický výzkum Čech, Benátská 2, Praha II.) Před časem jsem stručně upozornil (Ho uf e k 1956) na pfochodný výskyt Typha minima H o p p e1) v Cechách; v tomto příspěvku se chci pokusit o rozbor a zhodnocení nálezu. Dne l. července 1913 sbíral V. Hirsch na břehu rybníčka u Hrdlořez (okr. Třeboň) poblíž dolnorakouských hranic T. minima. (Lokalita je označena na obr. 1 šipkou.) Na jediném místě rostlo tam asi 14 exemplářů. Rybnik, který leží asi 460 m. n. m., neměl jména a označoval se jako „rybníček na hranicích" . R. 1914 se objevila T. minima opět na téže lokalitě, na březích ostatních pěti rybníčků v sousedství se však nikde nevyskytla. Teprve r. 1942 měl V. Hirsch znovu příležitost navštívit toto naleziště. Tehdy bylo prý lidským zásahem už změněno a T. minima zde nerostla2). Nález zůstal více než 40 let nepublikován a je to s velkou pravděpodobností prvý a jediný sběr z Čech vůbec. V obou vydáních He g i ho Flory (1908, 1935) se sice 'P. minima uvádí ojediněle z Čech, Moravy a Slezska, také lVI al y (1848) a ~yman (1854-55) ji udávají z Čech , ale Neilreich (1861) píše, že z Cech nenašel o ní údaje a tentýž autor ( 1859) poznamenává, že i na Moravě chybí. Rohrbach (1869) se domnívá, že se N y man (1854- 55) při údaji z Čech Jl2ýli. Kr on f e 1 d (1889), pečlivý monograf rodu Typha„ zdůrazňuje, že v Cechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku chybí. Ani z Čech, ani z Moravy není T. minima uváděna v pozdějších florách a klí č ích, týkajících se těchto území. Nověji pouze Ta n nich (1928) píše, že je v Čechách velmi řídká, v závorce však dodává „pochybná". Domin, Podpěr a a Po- 1 í v k a ( 1928) se o ní v Čechách a na Moravě nezmii1uji. Nejnověji pouze Do stá 1 (1054) cituje podle mého sdě l en í Hirschů v sběr z Třeboňska3 ). I) Synonyma a nomenklatorické pcznámky k t orr:; u to druhu uvádí Kr on f e 1 d ( 1889, p. 93 ~ 94 , 144). Podle novějMch prací (Schinz a Th e llun g Hll5, cit. podle Mansfe lda 1938, Man s f e 1 d Hl38, Jan che n a Ne um a y e I' 194-2) je spr ávné pouze označeni T. minima Hoppe a nikoliv T. rninima Funk - Hopp e, kterého použil K to nf o 1 d (1889), n eplatí také T. minima Funk in Hopp e n ebo T. minima Fu n ~ c, jež najdeme u rúzných autorú. 2) V. Hir sc h, vrchní lesní správce v. v., t. č . lovecký zámek Ohrada n Hluboké n. Vlt., mi pí sem n ě sdě lil tyto podrobnosti o nálezu a dovolil je publikovat, zapújčil mi ze svého h e ťbáfo dokladovou položku k revisi a ofotografováni. Za vše mu s rdeč ně děkuji. Děkuji dále všem, kdo mi poskytli jakoukoliv pomoc ph psaní tohoto č l ánku, zvláště však Dr E. H e j n é m u, který zanesl n al eziště d o mapek, Dr S. Hejném u, prom. biol. J. Ho 1 u b o v i a Ing. J. Jení• k o v i za některé pI·ipornínky a upozorn ě ní na dúlež. itou literaturu, V. Chán o v i za zhot­ vení fotografie, Z. Motl i k o v é za nakreslení mapek a prof. F. A. No v á k o v i za revisi latinského textu. ' · 3 ) Místo „druhotně na Tfoboň sku " by bývalo vhodněj š í uvést „na Tř eboňsku kdyi:;i př e ­ chodně", protože to přesn ě ji vyjadřuje povahu výskytu 'l1. minima na tan:mčjším nalezišti. 250 Nepodařilo se mi zjistit, odkud autoři, kteří ve svých více č i méně kompi­ la čních dílech uvádějí T. mini.ma z Čech, Moravy a Slezska, tyto údaje získali. 1 Na úzení Č~SR roste v současné době '/ • minima snad jen na Slovensku. Byla zde po prvé, tehdy jako nová pro floru okolí Bratislavy, zaznamenána, r. 1852 (Anonym u s 1852). Dvě položky ze Slovenska jsou v herbái'i Národního musea v Praze. Obě sbíral r. 185G J . L. Hol u by. Na jedné schedě (čís. položky 40 5Gíl) je naleziš tě označeno pouze Bfotislav (Pressburg), na druhé (čís. polož.ky 21 554) 13.fotislava, na ostrově Dunaje „Alt-Au " . Také v herbáři bývalého německého gymnasia v Litoměřicích, který je nyní uložen v herbářfoh katedry botaniky biologické fakulty Karlovy university v Praze, je neúplná položka T. minima sbíraná Ho 1 u by m v Bratis l avě. Další na­ leziště ze Slovensk~ uvádí Re se 1 y (1867), který ji objevil v horní, většino u zaplavované části Zitného ostrova, kde v širším okolí Šamorínu rostla sice jen roztroušeně, ale objevovala se každým rokem. V dolní, nezaplavované části ostrova, na př. u obcí Gabč íko vo, Jurová a Vrakúň ji neviděl. Domin, Podpěr a a Po 1 í v k a (lf)28) píší o jejím výskytu v ČSl~: „ ... pouze na Slovensku př-i Dunaji u Bratislavy". Jiné údaje o T. minima na Slovensku jsem v literatuře ani v herbáí·ích nenalezl. V herbáHch katedry přírodních věd Masarykovy university v Brně a v herbářfoh botanického oddě lení Moravského zemského musea v Brně nemají z ČSH, ani jedinou položku T. minima, o mate­ riálu v universitních a jiných herbáHch na Slovensku se mi bohužel nepotlahlo získat žádné zprávy. Botanikové, kteH v poslední době na jižním Slovensku sbírali (S. Hejný, J. Ho 1 u b, R. Ne u ha u s 1, S. St a ně k), mi sdělili, že tam nikde T. minima nepozorovali. tTe nepravděpodobné, že by zde byla přehlížena. Potom však údaj „na březích řek v Podunajské nížině " (Do stá l 1948- 50) a „hfohy řek, Podunají" (Do stá l 1H54) neodpovídá Rkutečnost i. Bude třeba ověřit, jestli 'P. minima vůbec j eště na Slovensku roste a pokud možno zjistit její rozšíření na Slovensku v minulosti. T. minima je druh velmi nápadný a nelze jej pfohlédnout. Podstatně se liší od ostatních druhú rodu Typha rostoucích v ČSR, takže jej nelze s nimi zaměnit. Je z nich nejmenší, dorůstá jen 30- 75 cm, čepe l e lodyiních li stů na květních lodyhách má zakrnělé, jen 0,5- 2 cm dlouhé, nepfosahující kvě ­ tenství (čepele listové na sterilních lodyhách jsou však vyvinuty a dosahují nebo pfosahují květenství. Zralé pestíkové palice jsou jen 1,5- 4,5 cm dlouhé, kulovité nebo podlouhle vejčité 4 ). Ostatní naše orobince jsou mnohem stat­ ně jší, mají čepe ] e lodyžních listú na květních lodyhách vyvinuté a značně dlouhé, takže dosahují nebo pfosahují květenství, pestíkové palice v době zralosti válcovité a značně delší (8 - 30 cm) než u T. minima. Do stá 1 (1948 až 1950, 1954) má malé nedopatfoní v druhovém klí či rodu Typha5 ), které by někdy mohlo určování T. minima ztížit. Podle druhového kHče v obou vydá­ ních He g i ho (1908, 1935) nelze ur čit druh T. minima blízce příbuzný 4 ) Tvar p estíkov,ých palic je značně variabilní. Hl'.tznými autory popisované formy n ebo dokonce druhy na zák l adě této promě nlivost i nerua.jí systematické hodnoty a Rohrbach (1869) i Kr on f e 1 d (1889 ) je uvádějí jen jako synonyma typické T. minima. 6 ) V obou citovaných knihách je třeba v řádce lb) za slovem kratší doplnit „než lodyha", aby tato fadka měla smysl vzhledem k protiznakům uvedeným. v řádce označené l a) nebo upravit zněni lb) na „Lodyžní listy s čepeli zakrnělou, nepře sahující květe n st ví " . Konečn ě by v la) i lb) rnčlo být zdlirazněno, že se tyto znaky týkají pouze květních lodyh. 251 6 a sice T. gracilis Jor d. ), který se liší od T. minima hlavně pozdní dobou květní (VIII.- IX., T. minima V. - VI.) a vyvinutými čepelemi lodyžních listů na kvě tních lodyhách, takže pfosahují květenství. T. gracilis r03te na ně kterých lokalitách spole č ně s T. minima. Asi se vyvinula sezónním dimor­ fismem z T. minima a je s ní spojena přechodnými typy; studiem v terénu i pokusným p ě stováním je tfoba zjistit, zda jsou tyto domněnky správné (Lo e w 1905, 1006 a , 1906 b). Pro zhodnocení přechodn é ho výskytu T. minima u Hrdlofoz v již. Čechách a snad také jen pfochodného výskytu na Slovensku a jinde je t fo ba znát roz­ š íření a ekologii tohoto druhu. V literatufo jsem mapku areálu nenašel, a proto by lo nutné ji nakreslit. Domníval jsem se, že bude užitečné uvést na mapce i fakta, která se už netýkají řeše ní otázky výskytu T. minima v Čechách, t. j. údaje o roz š íření blízce p .ř'íbuzných druhů ve stfodni a východní Asii. Poněvadž na obr. 2 jsou evropská naleziště zakreslena značně zjednodušeně , je na jiné mapce s větším mčNtkem zachycen evropský areál podrobněji (obr. l). Z různých pi'í č in nebylo možné poHdit mapky úplné a zcela pfosné. Usiloval jsem hlavně , abych stanovil rozsah areálu, o zjištění nalezišť na jeho obvodu. Přesné rozšífoní T. minima a druhů příbuzných mohou v jednotlivých zemích nejlépe zjistit domácí botanikové. Z technických důvodů byly některé lokality, které by př-i užitém m ě Htku mapek témě í· splývaly, zakresleny pouze jedinou značkou. Je zfojmé, že p:i'i nárocích T. minima a příbuzných druhů na stanovi š t ě , řada zaznamenaných lokalit dnes už neexistuje, protože se na nich stanovištní podmínky zm ě nily.
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