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125. 香蒲科typhaceae

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125. 香蒲科typhaceae Typhaceae 香蒲科 125. 香蒲科 Typhaceae 水生或湿生多年生草本。具根状茎。茎常高大而不分枝，直立。叶互生，两行排列，条形，无柄， 下部具鞘。花单性，雌雄同株，多数形成密集的顶生的圆柱形穗状花序，雄花在上，雌花在下， 两部分可以互相连接或两者稍离开；无花被。雄花具 (1 ～ )2 ～ 5 雄蕊，离生或互相连结，与 单出或分叉的毛或膜质鳞片相混生；花药细长，基底着生，药隔常延伸。雌花具1 雌蕊，单心皮； 子房具长柄，1 室，1 胚珠；花柱细长；柱头条形、条状披针形或菱状披针形，宿存；不育雌花 生于具毛的长柄上，顶端膨大而为不育的子房。果实呈坚果状，具长柄，果皮纵裂；种子含有 肉质或粉质的胚乳。 内蒙古有 1 属、9 种。 1. 香蒲属 Typha L. 属的特征同科。 内蒙古有 9 种。 分 种 检 索 表 1a. 雄花序与雌花序相连接。 2a. 雌花基部的毛与柱头近等长，雌花序长 6 ～ 10cm，雄花序长 3 ～ 5cm……1. 东方香蒲 T. orientalis 2b. 雌花基部的毛比柱头短，雌花序长 10 ～ 20cm，雄花序长 7 ～ 15cm………2. 宽叶香蒲 T. latifolia 1b. 雄花序与雌花序不相连接而分离。 3a. 雌花无小苞片，柱头披针形；植株高 80 ～ 100cm；叶宽 1 ～ 3.5mm……3. 无苞香蒲 T. laxmannii 3b. 雌花具小苞片。 4a 植株较矮小，低于 80cm；花茎下部的叶无叶片，只有叶鞘。 5a. 雄花序轴具毛，叶片宽 2 ～ 4mm……………………………………4. 短序香蒲 T. lugdunensis 5b. 雄花序轴无毛，叶片宽 1 ～ 2mm。 6a. 雌花基部的毛先端膨大，且短于花柱…………………………………5. 小香蒲 T. minima 6b. 雌花基部的毛先端不膨大，且与花柱近等长………………………6. 球序香蒲 T. pallida 4b. 植株较高大，高于 100cm；花茎下部的叶具叶片，没有叶鞘。 7a. 小苞片匙形或近三角形，柱头披针形…………………………………7. 达香蒲 T. davidiana 7b. 小苞片线形或披针形，柱头条形至披针形。 8a. 花药长约 2mm，柱头与花柱一样宽…………………………………8. 水烛 T. angustifolia 8b. 花药长约 1.4mm，柱头比花柱宽………………………………9. 长苞香蒲 T. domingensis 1. 东方香蒲（香蒲） Typha orientalis C. Presl in Abh. Konigl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 6:599; Epim Bot. 239. 1851; Fl. Intramongol. ed. 2, 5:2. t.1. f.4. 1994; Fl. China 23:161. 2010. 多年生草本，高 100 ～ 150cm。地下具粗壮根状茎，直径约 1cm。茎直立，粗壮。叶条形， 宽 5 ～ 10mm，基部扩大呈鞘状，两边膜质。穗状花序圆柱形，长 9 ～ 15cm，雌雄花序相连接， 不间隔。雄花序在上，长 3 ～ 5cm，约为雌花序的一半；雄花具 2 ～ 4 雄蕊；花粉单粒。雌花 1 内蒙古植物志 Flora Intramongolica 序在下，长 6 ～ 10cm；雌花无小苞片，有多数基生乳白色长毛， 毛与柱头近等长；子房具细长的柄；花柱细长。柱头紫黑色，披 针形。果穗长椭圆形，直径 2 ～ 2.5cm，有时呈紫褐色。花果期 6～7月。 水生草本。生于森林区和草原区的湖边浅水中及沼泽草甸。 产兴安北部（牙克石市）、辽河平原（科尔沁左翼后旗）。分布 于我国黑龙江东部和东南部、吉林东北部和南部、辽宁中部、河 北、河南西部、山东、山西中部、陕西南部、安徽南部、江苏南部、 浙江西北部、台湾、湖北、江西西部、广东西部、贵州、云南东 南部，日本、朝鲜、俄罗斯（远东地区）、缅甸、菲律宾，大洋洲。 为东亚—大洋洲分布种。 用途同水烛。 2. 宽叶香蒲 Typha latifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2:971. 1753; Fl. Intramongol. ed. 2, 5:1. t.1. f.1-3. 1994. 多年生草本。根状茎粗壮，白色，横走泥中，具多数淡褐色细圆柱形的根。茎直立，高 100 ～ 300cm，粗壮，中实，具白色的髓。叶扁平，条形，长 50 ～ 100cm，宽 1 ～ 2cm，基部具长叶鞘，鞘宽 2 ～ 3cm，两 边具白色膜质的边缘。穗状花序长 15 ～ 30cm，雄花序与雌花 序相互连接。雄花序长 7 ～ 15cm；雄花具 2 ～ 3 雄蕊；花丝丝 状，下部合生；花药长矩圆形，长约 2.5mm，落粉后呈螺旋状 扭转，花粉四合体。 雌花序圆柱形，长 10 ～ 20cm；雌花无苞 片，基部着生有淡褐 色分枝的毛，比柱头 短；子房狭椭圆形， 具细长的柄；花柱丝 状，细长；柱头菱状 披针形，先端紫黑色； 不育花有退化子房， 稍短于毛。花果期 7～8月。 水生草本。生于 森林区和森林草原区 的渠边、湖泊或浅水 中。产兴安北部（牙 克石市）、兴安南部（扎 赉特旗、阿鲁科尔沁 2 Typhaceae 香蒲科 旗）。分布于我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北中西部、河南西部、陕西南部、甘肃东北部、四 川北部、浙江西北部、西藏、云南、新疆中部和北部及西北部，亚洲、欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、 大洋洲、非洲。为世界分布种。 用途同水烛。 3. 无苞香蒲（拉氏香蒲） Typha laxmannii Lepech. in Nov. Act. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. Hist. Acad. 12:84. 1801; Fl. Intramongol. ed. 2, 5:4. t.2. f.4-6. 1994. 多年生草本，高 80 ～ 100cm。根状茎褐色，直径约 8mm，横走泥中，须根多数，纤细，圆柱形，土黄色。茎 直立。叶狭条形，长 30 ～ 50cm，宽 2 ～ 4( ～ 10)mm， 基部具长宽的鞘，两边稍膜质。穗状花序长 20cm，雌雄 花序通常不连接，中间相距 1 ～ 2cm，花序轴具毛。雄 花序长圆柱形，长 7 ～ 10cm；雄花具 2 ～ 3 雄蕊；花药 矩圆形，长约 1.5mm，花粉单粒；花丝丝状，下部合生。 雌花序圆柱形，长 5 ～ 9cm，成熟后直径 14 ～ 17mm；雌 花无小苞片，不育雌蕊倒卵形，先端圆形，褐色，比毛短； 子房条形；花柱很细；柱头菱状披针形，棕色，向一侧弯曲，基部具乳白色的长毛，比柱头短。 果实狭椭圆形，褐色，具细长的柄。花果期 7 ～ 9 月。 水生草本。生于森林区和草原区的水沟、水塘、河边等浅水中。产兴安北部及岭东和岭西（额 尔古纳市、牙克石市、鄂伦春自治旗、鄂温克族自治旗）、兴安南部（扎赉特旗、科尔沁右翼 前旗、阿鲁科尔沁旗、巴林右旗、克什克腾旗）、辽河平原（大青沟）、赤峰丘陵（翁牛特旗）、 燕山北部（敖汉旗）、锡林郭勒（东乌珠穆沁旗、锡林浩特市、苏尼特左旗、察哈尔右翼前旗、 丰镇市）、阴山（大青山白石头沟）、 阴南平原（呼和浩特市、凉城县）、 阴南丘陵（准格尔旗）、鄂尔多斯（达 拉特旗、乌审旗、鄂托克旗）、东 阿拉善（巴彦浩特镇）。分布于我 国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、河南、 山东、山西、陕西北部、宁夏西部、 甘肃（河西走廊）、青海、四川西 北部、江苏、新疆中部和北部及西 北部，日本、蒙古国东部和北部及 西部、俄罗斯（西伯利亚地区、远 东地区）、巴基斯坦、阿富汗，中亚、 西南亚，欧洲。为古北极分布种。 用途同水烛。 3 内蒙古植物志 Flora Intramongolica 4. 短序香蒲 Typha lugdunensis P. Chabert in Bull. Soc. Hort. Prat. Dep. Rhone 1850:149. 1850; Fl. China 23:163. 2010.——T. gracilis Jordan in Index Seminum (Grenoble) 1849:24. 1849. 多年生草本。根状茎姜黄色，先端乳白色。地上茎直立，细 弱，高 45 ～ 70cm。鞘状叶基生，长 4 ～ 9cm，红棕色，先端尖； 上部叶片 2 ～ 4 枚，窄条形，斜向上展开，长 50 ～ 70cm，稍长于 花葶，宽 2 ～ 4mm，先端渐尖，边缘向上隆起，下部横切面半圆形， 叶脉不明显；叶鞘较长。雌雄花序远离。雄花序长 3 ～ 6cm，花序 轴基部具弯曲的柔毛，叶状苞片 1 枚，比叶宽；雄花无花被，雄蕊 单生；花药矩圆形，长约 1.2mm，纵裂；花丝长约 1mm，向下渐宽。 雌花序长 1.5 ～ 3cm，直径 1 ～ 1.5cm；雌花具小苞片，小苞片很小， 褐色。孕性雌花柱头披针形，长约 0.7mm；花柱极细，长约 0.5mm； 子房纺锤形至椭圆形，长约 1mm，子房柄长 2.5 ～ 4mm。不孕雌花 子房长 1.5 ～ 2mm，先端圆形，黄色，具褐色圆形斑点，白色丝状 毛先端膨大呈圆形，着生于子房柄基部，向上延伸，短于花柱和不 孕雌花。小坚果椭圆形，纵裂，果皮膜质；种子椭圆形，褐色。花 果期5～8月。 湿生草本。生于水渠、浅水中。产内蒙古南部。分布于我国河北、 山东、新疆，北亚、西亚，欧洲。为古北极分布种。 用途同水烛。 5. 小香蒲 Typha minima Funck ex Hoppe in Bot. Taschenb. Anf. Wiss. Apothekerkunst 5: 187. 1794; Fl. Intramongol. ed. 2, 5:2. t.2. f.1-3. 1994. 多年生草本。根状茎横走泥中，褐色，直径 3 ～ 5mm。茎直立，高 20 ～ 50cm；花茎下部只有膜质叶鞘。叶条形，宽 1 ～ 2mm，基部具褐 色宽叶鞘，边缘膜质。穗状花序，长 6 ～ 10cm，雌雄花序不连接，中 间相距 5 ～ 10cm。雄花序圆柱形，长 3 ～ 5cm，直径约 5mm，在雄花序 基部常有淡褐色膜质苞片，与花序约等长；雄花具 1 雄蕊，基部无毛； 花药长矩圆形，长约 2mm，花粉为四合体；花丝丝状。雌花序长椭圆形， 长 1.5 ～ 3cm，直径 5 ～ 7mm，成熟后直径达 1cm，在基部有 1 褐色膜 质的叶状苞片，比全花序稍长；子房长椭圆形，具细长的柄；柱头条形， 稍长于白色长毛，毛先端稍膨大，与小苞片近等长，比柱头短。果实褐色， 椭圆形，具长柄。花果期 5 ～ 7 月。 湿生草本。生于森林区和草原区的河湖边浅水中、河滩、低湿地。 产兴安北部（大兴安岭）、呼伦贝尔、兴安南部及科尔沁（阿鲁科尔沁旗、 巴林右旗、通辽市）、辽河平原（科尔沁左翼后旗）、赤峰丘陵（翁 牛特旗）、阴南丘陵（凉城县）、鄂尔多斯（达拉特旗、伊金霍洛旗、 乌审旗、鄂托克旗）。分布于我国黑龙江、吉林北部、辽宁北部、河北、 4 Typhaceae 香蒲科 河南西部和北部、湖北西北部、山东、山西中北部、陕西、甘肃、四川东北部、新疆北部和西北部， 蒙古国西部、俄罗斯、巴基斯坦，中亚、西南亚，欧洲。为古北极分布种。 用途同水烛。 6. 球序香蒲 Typha pallida Pobedimova in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Kom. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 11:17. 1949; Fl. China 23:163. 2010. 多年生植物。根状茎粗壮。地上茎秆细弱， 直立，常簇生，高 70 ～ 80cm，向上渐细。叶片 窄条形，长 40 ～ 45cm，宽 1 ～ 2mm；叶鞘大都 不抱茎，具膜质边，基生者常不具叶片，先端尖， 长 4 ～ 12cm。雌雄花序远离，或比较接近。雄 花序长 4 ～ 5cm，基部具 1 枚叶状苞片；雄花具 单一雄蕊；花药长 1.2 ～ 1.5mm，条形，深褐色； 花丝扁，长约 1mm。雌花序长 2.5 ～ 4.5cm，直 径 1.5 ～ 2cm，灰褐色，基部具 1 枚叶状苞片， 花后脱落；雌花具小苞片。孕性雌花柱头条形， 长约 0.8mm。不孕雌花柱头常不发育；子房长 1 ～ 1.2mm，棒状，具红棕色斑点，先端尖，黄色， 子房柄较粗壮，基部着生，白色丝状毛，较少， 先端不呈圆形，果期丝状毛较长，有时可超过 不孕雌花和孕性雌花柱头及小苞片。果实褐色， 先端较圆，具红棕色斑点，长约 0.8mm。花果期 6～8月。 5 内蒙古植物志 Flora Intramongolica 水生草本。生于池塘、溪流中。产锡林郭勒（克什克腾旗达里诺尔湖）、阴南平原（包头市）。 分布于我国河北、新疆，中亚。为东古北极分布种。 用途同水烛。 7. 达香蒲（蒙古香蒲） Typha davidiana (Kronfeld) Hand.-Mazz. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 87:133. 1938; Fl. China 23:163. 2010.——T. martini Jord. var. davidiana Kronfeld in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 39:149. 1889. 多年生草本。根状茎横生泥中，粗壮。茎直立，高约 100cm，基 部具枯叶。叶狭条形，宽 2 ～ 3mm，基部鞘状，抱茎。雌雄花序离生， 相距 2 ～ 4cm。雄花序在上，长 10cm 以上。雌花序在下，矩圆形或椭 圆形，长 4.5 ～ 11cm，直径 1.5 ～ 2cm，叶状苞片比叶宽，花后脱落； 雌花具匙形或近三角形小苞片。孕性雌花柱头条形或披针形，长 1 ～ 1.2mm；花柱很短；子房披针形，具深褐色斑点，子房柄长 3 ～ 4mm。 不孕雌花子房倒圆锥形，具褐色斑点，子房柄基部着生；白色丝状毛， 多少上延，果期通常与小苞片和柱头近等长，长于不孕雌花。果实 长 1.3 ～ 1.5mm，披针形，具棕色条纹，果柄不等长；种子纺锤形， 长约 1.2mm，黄褐色，微弯。花期 6 ～ 7 月，果期 9 ～ 10 月。 水生草本。生于湖边、河岸。产兴安北部（额尔古纳市、牙克石市）、 呼伦贝尔（海拉尔区、新巴尔虎左旗）、科尔沁（科尔沁右翼中旗、通辽市、阿鲁科尔沁旗、 巴林右旗、敖汉旗）。分布于我国辽宁、河北、河南、江苏、浙江、新疆中部和南部，蒙古国， 中亚。为东古北极分布种。 用途同水烛。 6 Typhaceae 香蒲科 8. 水烛（狭叶香蒲、蒲草） Typha angustifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2:971. 1753; Fl. Intramongol. ed. 2, 5:4. t.1. f.5-7. 1994. 多年生草本，高 150 ～ 200cm。根状茎短粗，须根多数，褐色，圆柱形。茎直立，具白 色的髓部。叶狭条形，宽 4 ～ 8( ～ 10)mm，下部具圆筒形叶鞘，边缘膜质，白色。穗状花序 长 30 ～ 60cm，雌雄花序不连接，中间相距 (0.5 ～ )3 ～ 8( ～ 12)cm。雄花序狭圆柱形，长 20 ～ 30cm；雄花具 2 ～ 3 雄蕊，基部具毛，较雄 蕊长；花药长约2mm， 花粉单粒。雌花序长 10 ～ 30cm；雌花具线形小 苞片，先端淡褐色，比柱 头短；子房长椭圆形，具 细长的柄，基部具多数乳 白色丝状毛，稍短于柱头， 与小苞片约等长；柱头条 形，褐色，柱头与花柱近 等宽。小坚果褐色。花果 期6～8月。 水生草本。生于湖边、 池塘、河岸浅水中。产兴安北部（额尔古纳市、牙克石市）、兴安南部及科尔沁（科尔沁右翼前旗、 科尔沁右翼中旗、扎赉特旗、阿鲁科尔沁旗、巴林右旗、敖汉旗）、辽河平原（科尔沁左翼后 旗）、赤峰丘陵（翁牛特旗）、锡林郭勒（苏尼特左旗、苏尼特右旗、丰镇市）、乌兰察布（乌 拉特前旗）、阴南平原（呼和浩特市、包头市）、阴南丘陵（准格尔旗）、鄂尔多斯（达拉特旗、 乌审旗、鄂托克旗、杭锦 旗）、龙首山、额济纳。 分布于我国除西藏以外的 其他省区，亚洲、欧洲、 北美洲、大洋洲。为世界 分布种。 花粉及全草或根状茎 可入药。花粉 ( 药材名： 蒲黄 ) 能止血、祛瘀、利 尿，主治衄血、咯血、吐 血、尿血、崩漏、痛经、 产后血瘀脘腹刺痛、跌打 损伤等；全草、根状茎能 利尿、消肿，主治小便不 利、痈肿等。叶供编织用， 蒲绒可做枕芯。 7 内蒙古植物志 Flora Intramongolica 9. 长苞香蒲 Typha domingensis Persoon in Syn. Pl. 2:532. 1807; Fl China 23:162. 2010.——T. angustata Bory et Chaub. in Exped. Sci. Mor. 3:338. 1832. 多年生草本，高 150 ～ 200cm。根状茎短粗，须根多数，褐色，圆柱形。茎直立，具白 色的髓部。叶狭条形，宽 4 ～ 8( ～ 10)mm，下部具圆筒形叶鞘，边缘膜质，白色。穗状花序 长 30 ～ 60cm，雌雄花序不连接，中间相距 (0.5 ～ )3 ～ 8( ～ 12)cm。雄花序狭圆柱形，长 20 ～ 30cm；雄花具 2 ～ 3 雄蕊，基部具毛，较雄蕊长； 花药长约 1.4mm，花粉单粒。雌花序长 10 ～ 30cm；雌花 具线形或披针形小苞片，先端淡褐色，比柱头短；子房长 椭圆形，具细长的柄，基部具多数乳白色分枝的毛，稍短 于柱头，与小苞片约等长；柱头条形，褐色，比花柱宽。 小坚果褐色。花果期 6 ～ 8 月。 水生草本。生于湖边、池塘、河岸浅水中。产呼伦贝 尔（海拉尔区）。分布于我国黑龙江、吉林西部、辽宁、 河北、河南、山东西部、山西东部、陕西北部、甘肃（河 西走廊）、安徽南部、江苏西南部、台湾、江西北部、四 川、贵州南部、云南、新疆，日本、蒙古国、俄罗斯、越南、 尼泊尔、印度、缅甸、巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、 菲律宾、斯里兰卡，欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、大洋洲、非洲。 为世界分布种。 用途同水烛。 8 Sparganiaceae 黑三棱科 126. 黑三棱科 Sparganiaceae 多年生沼泽或水生草本。具根状茎。茎直立或浮水，单一或分枝。叶2 列，互生，条形，无柄， 直立或漂浮于水面，叶片扁平，或有明显中脉，在背面中下部具龙骨状凸起或呈三棱形。圆锥 花序由 1 至数个雄性头状花序和雌性头状花序组成；花小，单性，雌雄同株，密集呈球形头状 花序。雄性头状花序位于雌性头状花序上方；花被片 3 ～ 6，呈膜质，鳞片状；雄花具 3 个或 更多雄蕊；花丝分离，基部有时连合；花药矩圆形，基部着生。雌花具膜质苞片，略短于花被 片；子房上位，1 室，稀 2 室，每室有 1 胚珠，悬垂。果实不开裂，外果皮海绵质，内果皮坚硬， 骨质；种皮质薄，内含粉质胚乳及直立的胚。 内蒙古有 1 属、6 种。 1. 黑三棱属 Sparganium L. 属的特征同科。 内蒙古有 6 种。 分 种 检 索 表 1a. 叶背面中下部三棱形，具龙骨状凸起；植株直立。 2a. 侧枝上具有雄性和雌性头状花序，子房基部无柄。 3a.
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