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GIS-Based Optimization Method for Utilizing Coal Remaining Resources and Post-Mining Land Use Planning: a Case Study of PT Adaro Coal Mine in South Kalimantan

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GIS-Based Optimization Method for Utilizing Coal Remaining Resources and Post-Mining Land Use Planning: a Case Study of PT Adaro Coal Mine in South Kalimantan E-ISSN : 2541-5794 P-ISSN : 2503-216X Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology Vol 02 No 02 2017 GIS-based optimization method for utilizing coal remaining resources and post-mining land use planning: A case study of PT Adaro coal mine in South Kalimantan Mohamad Anis 1,2,*, Arifudin Idrus 2, Hendra Amijaya2, Subagyo3 1Directorate General of Mineral and Coal, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia Jl. Prof. Dr. Soepomo, SH, No. 10, Jakarta, 12870, Indonesia, 2Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281 3Department of Mechanical and Industry Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia * Corresponding author : Email: [email protected] Tel.:+62-81-31877-8374; fax: +62-27-463-1181 Received: May 15, 2017. Revised : May 25, 2017, Accepted: May 31, 2017, Published: 1 June 2017 DOI: doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2017.2.2.307 Abstract Coal mining activities may cause a series of environmental and socio-economic issues in communities around the mining area. Mining can become an obstacle to environmental sustainability and a major hidden danger to the security of the local ecology. Therefore, the coal mining industry should follow some specific principles and factors in achieving sustainable development. These factors include geological conditions, land use, mining technology, environmental sustainability policies and government regulations, socio-economic factors, as well as sustainability optimization for post- mining land use. Resources of the remains of the coal which is defined as the last remaining condition of the resources and reserves of coal when the coal companies have already completed the life of the mine or the expiration of the licensing contract (in accordance with government permission). This research uses approch of knowledge-driven GIS based methods mainly Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy logic for utilizing coal remaining resources and post-mining land use planning. The mining area selected for this study belongs to a PKP2B (Work Agreement for Coal Mining) company named Adaro Indonesia (PT Adaro). The result shows that geologically the existing formation is dominated by Coal Bearing Formation (Warukin Formation) which allows the presence of remains coal resource potential after the lifetime of mine, and the suitability of rubber plantation for the optimization of land use in all mining sites and also in some disposal places in conservation areas and protected forests. Keywords: GIS, optimization, remaining resource, post-mining planning, AHP reserves are mainly measured after the mining 1. Introduction companies have already completed contracts and Coal is a nonrenewable energy resource that their license granted by the Government has has been the primary energy resources and the already been expired. The remaining coal resources most important in the world. Coal resources play a will be reevaluated with more complex parameters strategic role in economic and social development that can influence the sustainability of mining and in many industrialized countries (Wang and Zhang, sustainable development with reference to the 2008; Liu et al., 2012). Coal mining activities may recommended parameters of previous studies. cause a series of environmental and socio- This study analyzes the feasibility of continuing economic issues in communities around the mining operations in terms of the possible mining area. Mining can become an obstacle to environmental effects of the operation and by environmental sustainability and a major hidden considering more dynamic and complex factors danger to the security of the local ecology (Wang (Westman, 1999; Watson, 2002; Rohrbacher et al., and Zhang, 2008; Liu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2009; and Cryanon, 2012). These factors include 2013). Therefore, the coal mining industry should geological conditions, mining technology, land use, follow environmental protection principles for environmental sustainability policies and achieving sustainable development. government regulations, the social economy (the The remaining of coal can be defined as coal community around the mine), and the post-mining remain resource (mainly measured and indicated) land use sustainability. Furthermore, we will which are the remaining reserves from a coal generate a dynamic modeling that will also analyze mining activity (Westman, 1999; Watson, 2002 the projected survival of remained coal resource and Rohrbacher et al., 2009). These remaining for management and optimization purposes. The Anis M. et al/ JGEET Vol 02 No 02/2017 141 following is figure showing mindset of the 2. Sample And Research Methods research. There are several coal mining companies In recent decades, there have been considerable /PKP2B (Contract of Work) still active is in South improvements and empowerment in the area of Kalimantan province (about 14 companies), among computing software (Schmitt, 2010). Mathematical which PKP2B PT Adaro Indonesia was selected for modeling techniques have been developed to this research. The company site is located in predict the locality of point events of interest Balangan and Tabalong regency, South Kalimantan (Schmitt, 2010). Each technique can be regarded Province, which is approximately 220 km from as a function that combines the various "predictor Banjarmasin city to the north and can be reached maps" to produce a map of the prospect (Bonham- by road takes about 6 (six) hours. While the Carter, 1994). The method can be seen as generally location of crushing (crushing plant) and the port fitting into one of two categories: knowledge- of loading is in the village Kelanis, in South Barito driven and data-driven. It is also possible to regency, Central Kalimantan (Fig. 2.). The total area combine some features from both techniques. of work agreement of PT. Adaro Indonesia is AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method has 35.800,80 hectares (Directorat General of Mineral been widely used to assist in decision-making and Coal, 2014). process. AHP helps the decision makers in finding PT Adaro has been running the mining the most appropriate decision with the purpose of operation for 22 years, from the first approval of an specific research and understanding an issues operation given by Government. Recently, PT (Saaty, 1980; Isnain and Juhari, 2013). It provides a Adaro has been the biggest coal mining company comprehensive framework and rationale for in Indonesia producing coal about 50 MT per years, structuring the problem to represent and measure but later it going to increase to 80 MT coal per things that are related to the overall objectives, year. It has total resources approximately 4 Billion and provide an alternative solution to this Ton coal and total reserves of coal about 2,3 Billion problem. AHP was introduced by Thomas Saaty in Ton (Directorat General of Mineral and Coal, 1980 using mathematical methods and psychology 2014). concepts. Since then this method evolved and improved over time. Legas Basis . 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; . Law No. 4/2009 on Minerals and Coal; . Law No. 26 /2007 on Spatial Planning Regency . Government Regulation No. 24/2012 on Mining Operation; . Other related Goverment Regulations Subject Object Methodology There has . Gov. Of South . Potential of Coal GIS Modeling based- Optimation not been Kalimantan remaining resources analysis: -based Coal planning to Province . Local/ Regional - Optimation of Coal remaining optimaze . Coal company Ekonomi c social remaining resources . Stakeholder . Environtment resources Coal - Optimation of Land Use remaining resources Opportunities Threats . Conservation of Coal . Mis management of Coal Resources remaining resources . Conservation of post mining . Community Resistance vs . Community Development Coal Company with productivity of post . High Operational Cost mining Fig. 1. Mindset of the Research 142 Anis M. et al/ JGEET Vol 02 No 02/2017 Fig. 2. Location of PT Adaro mining site in Indonesia 2.1 GIS Modeling Method determining the Eigen Value) a consistent modeling equation is required and therefore Modeling activities to identify prospective mineral consistency analysis was done using two main and coal are trying to describe the area that may be steps (Saaty, 1980; Isnain and Juhari, 2013); a major source of sediment formation zone (Sutcu, 2012). This can be achieved through the process of A. Calculate Consistency Index (CI): defining the proof criteria, making evidentiary CI = λ max n (1) criteria maps (predictor maps) and weighting by n 1 combining these maps to produce final prospective map. Interpretation maps of these prospects can be Where used to generate the target area to do exploration λ max is the maximum value of the average that activities (Bonham -Carter, 1994 and Harris, 2006). includes all the parameters / largest Eigen values of 2.2 AHP Method matrix number n, n = is the number of characters / parameters This study uses a knowledge-driven approach used (i.e. n = 10) integrated with GIS (Geographic Information CI = is Consistency Index System), i.e. AHP or the Analytic Hierarchy Process (Saaty, 1980). B. Consistency Ratio (CR) calculation: 1. Developing comparison matrix for each rank CR = CI / RI (2) hierarchy, Where 2. Calculate the relative weight and priority for RI is random index each element in the hierarchy, and CR is Consistency Ratio 3. Calculate the ratio of consistency to assess the Random index values (RI) are introduced by consistency of assessment, Thomas Saaty
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