Yalnızlık Sineması

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Yalnızlık Sineması , � ÖTEKİ YA YINEVİ Öteki SİNEMA Dizi Editörü ULUS BA KER-EGEBERENSEL Yapım ÖTEKİ AJANS Kapak Tasarımı KASIM HA LİS Redaksiyon E.Y.-E.B . Baskı ve Cilt ÖTEKİ MA TBAASI Birinci Basım KASIM 1999 Kapak Fotoğrafı Jim Jannusch'un "Stranger than Pradlse" filminin arış fotoğrafı YÖNETİ M YERİ Mediha Eldem Sokak 52/1 06420 Kızılay/ANKARA Tel: 312 435 38 33 Fax: 312 433 96 09 ISBN 975-584-144-X Robert Phillip Kolker YALNIZLIK SİNEMASI PENN, KUBRICK, COPPOLA, SCORSESE, SPIELBERG, ALTMAN Türkçesi Ertan YILMAZ İÇİNDEKİLER . .. o .. Ç evırenın nsozu ...................................................................... 7 Önsöz .... ................................................................................... 11 İkinci Baskıya Önsöz ................................... ............................ 13 Giriş ..... ............. ..... ..................................................... ............. 20 Bölüm Bir KANLI ÖZGÜRLEŞİMLER, KANLI GERİ ÇEKİLİŞLER Arthur Penn ................... .................................... ...................... 36 Bölüm İki MEKANİK İNSANIN MİMARİSİ Stanley Kubrick ........................................... .......................... 100 Bölüm Üç SİLAHI BIRAK, CANNOLI YE Francis Ford Coppola ... ....................... .... ............... .... .. .... .... 184 Bölüm Dört SOKAKLARIN ANLATIMI 247 Martin Scorsese .............. .......... .............................................. Bölüm Beş ERKEK EGEMENİN SİNESİNDE 327 Steven Spielberg ve Toparlanma Politikaları ............... ....... .. Bölüm Altı RADİKAL ARAŞTIRMALAR 397 Robert Altman ..... ... ................................................................ 481 Filmografi .............. ........... .... .......................... ............... ........ 527 Dizin .................... ........ ............................ ...................... ......... ÇEVİRENİN ÖNSÖZÜ 20. yüzyıl değerlendirilirken kuşkusuz en önemli olgulardan birinin sinema olduğu saptanacaktır. Ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel, estetik, ide­ olojik, teknolojik vd. boyutlarıyla sinema bu yüzyılın yaşam biçimine, olumlu ya da olumsuz, büyük katkılarda bulunmuştur. Önceleri tek­ nolojik bir türetim, daha sonra popüler bir eğlence, giderek bir sanat ve evrensel bir dil haline gelen sinema, Batı'da 1960'1arda bizde ise 1970'1erden itibaren üniversitelerin bünyelerinde Sinema Bölümleri'nin kurulmasıyla sistematik bir araştırma alanı olmuş ve bu özelliğiyle de yalnızca izlenecek, tüketilecek bir meta olmaktan çıkarak üzerinde dü­ şünülecek, araştırılacak, bilinecek bir alan, bir bilgi nesnesi haline gelmiştir. Bu alan üzerine düşünmek 1910'1u yıllara kadar gider (örneğin, Vachel Lindsay ve Hugo Münsterberg). Sinemanın yaygınlaşmasıyla kuramsal çalışmalar da başlamış (Pudovkin, Eisenstein), film eleşti­ risi 1920'lerden itibaren (Louis Delluc, Jean Epstein ve daha sonraları da Andre Bazin) kurumlaşmaya başlamıştır. Ancak sistematik ve akademik bir araştırma alanı olarak film incelemeleri, sinema üzerine araştırmalar daha geç başlamıştır. Bugün bu alanda örneğin Eisenste­ in'ın filme dair görüşleri ya da Christian Metz'in göstergebilimsel yaklaşımı gibi büyük kuramlar yoksa da, gerek akademik alanda ge­ rekse diğer alanlarda pek çok araştırma yapılmaktadır. Ancak hem yurt 7 ROBERT PHILLIP KOLKER içinde hem de yurt dışında yapılan bu araştırmalar okuyucuya ulaşma şansı pek bulamamaktadır. Sinema ile ilgili kitap sayısında ülkemizde 1980'1erden sonra gözle görülür bir artış olmuş, ama yayımlanan bu kitaplar arasında sinema üzerine araştırmalar, film incelemeleri çok az yer tutmuştur. Yayımlanan kitapların büyük çoğunluğu yönetmenlerin yaşam öyküleri, kendileriyle yapılan röportajlarlar, kendilerinin yaz­ dıkları metinler ya da film eleştirmenlerinin çeşitli yerlerde yayım­ lanmış yazılarının derlemeleridir. Bunlar önemli ama yetersizdir. Ör­ neğin bir film eleştirmeni bir gazetenin sınırları içinde çok zor bir işi gerçekleştirmektedir, ama bu sınırlar içinde olmasının onu sınırladığı da bir gerçektir. Bu nedenle yazıları genellikle analitik olmaktan çok haberdar edici, tanıtıcı olmak durumundadır. Sinema üzerine bilgimizi derinleştirecek, yeni ufuklar açacak, gö­ remediklerimizi gösterecek nitelikte araştırmalara büyük gereksinim vardır. Bu türden çalışmaların yalnızca sıradan okuyucuya değil, yö­ netmenlere (ve sinemada çalışan herkese - yapımcıya, senariste, gö­ rüntü yönetmenine, ışıkçıya, herkese), bu alanda eğitim veren ve alanlara da büyük yararı olacaktır. Unutulmamalıdır ki, daha nitelikli bir sinema daha fazla bilgiyi gerektirir. Bu diyalektik gözardı edilerek bir yere varmak olası değildir. Yaşayan ve film çekmeye devam eden yönetmenlerin sinemalarını incelemek (ve çevirmek) zordur. Çünkü yönetmen sanatsal üretimini sürdürmekte, film çekmeye devam etmektedir. Bu durumda o yönet­ menin sinemasının yalnızca belirli bir evresini ele almak zorundasınız. Süregiden bir etkinlik konusunda kesin bir yargıya varmak mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle bu türden incelemeler olumsuz eleştiri alabilir. (1993 yılında Gece Yayınları'ndan çıkan Jean-Luc Godard adıyla derlediğim ve çevirdiğim kitap da, sayın İbrahim Türk tarafından, (Ki­ tap Gazetesi, sayı 23 , l Ağustos 1993 ve Antrakt, sayı 25, Ekim 1993) kitabı genelde olumlu bulmasına rağmen, Godard'ın 1959-1 972 arası filmlerini içerdiği için eleştirilmişti. Oysa o çeviri/derlemedeki amaç, 1972'ye kadar olan ve kesin bir çizgiyle ayrılabilecek bir dönemi işle­ mekti.) Bu kitapta incelenen filmler 1987'ye kadar yapılmış olanlardır. Ele alınan yönetmenlerin çoğu bu tarihten sonra da film çekti. Ama bence bu durum kitabın değerini azaltmıyor. Kitap okununca anlaşıla­ cağı gibi, yazar incelediği yönetmenlerin hemen hepsinin yaratıcı bir sinemadan uzaklaştıkları görüşünde. Bu nedenle yazarın bu yönet- 8 YALNIZLIKSiNEMASI menlerin ağırlıkla en yaratıcı dönemlerini incelediği söylenebilir. Spi­ elberg bu konuda bir istisna oluştunnaktadır. O kendi çizgisini sür­ dünnektedir, ama bu çizgi sanatsal yaratıcılık değil, ticari sinemaya uyan müthiş görsel yapılardır. Bu çeviri, kitabın 1988 tarihli ikinci baskısından yapıldı. 1980 ta­ rihli ilk baskıda yer alan Francis Ford Coppola'nın yerine yazar 2. bas­ kıda Steven Spielberg'i koymuş. Nedeni de zaman içinde Coppola' nın araştınnayadeğer yaratıcı bir sinema üretememesi. Ancak bu çeviriye yazarın dışarda bıraktığı Coppola bölümünü ekleme gereği duydum. Çünkü Coppola'nın 1970'1erde yaptığı Godfather filmleri ile bence o dönem Amerikan sinemasının en önemli örneklerinden olan The Con­ versation'ın yazar tarafından çözümlenmesi, o dönemin sinemasının anlaşılması açısından önem taşıyor. Bir anlamda yazara ihanet ettim, ama okurun bu bölümü de okuması gerektiğini düşündüğüm için, ya­ zarın tersine, Coppola bölümünü kitaba dahil ettim. Bu nedenle kitabın 2. baskı kurgusu biraz bozuldu. Örneğin 1. baskıda yazarın Coppola bölümünde ele aldığı 'açı/karşı açı' tekniği ya da Roger Corman ve American International Pictures'ın Coppola, Scorsese gibi yönetmenler üzerindeki etkileri, 2. baskıda bu bölüm yer almadığı için başka bölü­ me kaydırılmışken, bu kitaba Coppola bölümü eklendiğinden iki kez işlenmiş oldular. Bu tamamen çevinneninsorumluluğudur. Filmlerin orijinal adları korunmuştur. Filmografi'de verilen Türkçe karşılıklar için büyük ölçüde A. Dorsay-T. Gürkan tarafından hazırla­ nan Sinema Ansiklopedisi (Hürriyet Gösteri Dergisi Eki, İstanbul, 1982-83) temel alınmış, bu altı yönetmenin dışında, yazarın metne dahil ettiği diğer yönetmenlerin filmlerinin (varsa) Türkçe karşılıkları metin içinde ilk kez geçtiğinde parantez içinde verilmiştir. Robert P. Kolker'in bu kitabın ilk baskısını l 980'1erin ilk yarısında İzmir'de Sinema-TV Bölümü'nde öğrenciyken bulmuş ve biz öğrenci­ ler için hayli gözde olan bu Amerikalı yönetmenler hakkında derinle­ mesine bilgiler edinme olanağına sahip olmuştum. Daha sonra kitabın ikinci baskısının yayımlandığını duymuş ve o sırada Londra'da olan sevgili dostum Selda Ergün'den kitabı istemiştim. Sağ olsun, o da he­ men göndennişti. On yıla yaklaşan akademik yaşamımda bu kitabı çevinneyi hep istemiş, ama Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora tezleri nede­ niyle ertelemek zorunda kalmıştım. Ama öğrenci olduğumuz dönem­ den bu yana çok sevdiğim arkadaşım, yönetmen Oğuzhan Tercan ile 9 ROBERT PHILLIP KOLKER yaptığımız, zaman zaman sertleşen bir tartışmada (ben akademisyen o da yönetmen olduğundan bir tür teori/pratik karşıtlığıydı bu), eğer bu kitabı çevirirsem yayımlanması için elinden geleni yapacağı sözünü vermişti. Bir tür iddialaşmanın sonunda beni bu konuda teşvik etmişti. Onun somut yardımları olmasa da, bu kitabın çevirisinde onun hakkı yenemez. Oğuzhan'ı bu yüzden sevgiyle anıyorum. ERTAN YILMAZ Ekim 1999 10 ÖN SÖZ Amerikan sineması bizden kendisini rahat bırakmamızı istiyor. Başlangıcından bu yana Amerikan sineması kendisini bir eğlence, bir kaçış olarak sunmuştur, bu sinema bize haz verir, heyecanlandırır ve bize gerçekliğin yerine izlenimini gösterir. Bazen de bu sinema top­ lumsal ya da politik bir soruna göz atar. Ancak nadiren kendini ciddiye almış ve çok yakın zamanlara kadar eleştirmenler de bu sinemayı hiç önemsememiştir. Son yıllarda birçok insan Amerikan sinemasını rahat bırakmaya son vermiştir. Eleştirel inceleme sürerken, fi lmlerin geçici ve ömürsüz olmadığı (yapımcılar böyle olmasını isterdi) giderek daha belirgin hale gelmiştir; sinemanın özellikle de filmlerin en popüler eğlence biçimi olduğu 1920'lerin başından 1950'1erin ortalarına kadar olan dönemde birikerek çoğalan bir etkisi olmuş, kültüre kendine bak­ ma yolunu kazandırmış,ideolo jisini ifade etmiş, fiziksel görünümünü
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