Performance of Anaerobic Hybrid and Mixing Reactors in Treating Domestic Wastewater
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Re-Examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix
Re-examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix T. E. G. Nicholasa,∗, T. P. Davisb, F. Federicia, J. E. Lelandc, B. S. Patela, C. Vincentd, S. H. Warda a York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK b Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH c Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK d Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LS, UK Abstract Fusion energy is often regarded as a long-term solution to the world's energy needs. However, even after solving the critical research challenges, engineer- ing and materials science will still impose significant constraints on the char- acteristics of a fusion power plant. Meanwhile, the global energy grid must transition to low-carbon sources by 2050 to prevent the worst effects of climate change. We review three factors affecting fusion's future trajectory: (1) the sig- nificant drop in the price of renewable energy, (2) the intermittency of renewable sources and implications for future energy grids, and (3) the recent proposition of intermediate-level nuclear waste as a product of fusion. Within the scenario assumed by our premises, we find that while there remains a clear motivation to develop fusion power plants, this motivation is likely weakened by the time they become available. We also conclude that most current fusion reactor designs do not take these factors into account and, to increase market penetration, fu- sion research should consider relaxed nuclear waste design criteria, raw material availability constraints and load-following designs with pulsed operation. -
Up Flow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) Treatment of Rural Domestic Sewage at Different Psychrophilic and Mesophilic Temperatures
2016 International Conference on Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable Development (ECCSD 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-358-8 Up Flow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) Treatment of Rural Domestic Sewage at Different Psychrophilic and Mesophilic Temperatures John Leju Celestino LADU 1,2 , Xi-wu LU 1,* and Zhong-zhao PING 1 1School of Energy and Environment, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China 2College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Republic of South Sudan *Corresponding author Keywords: Anaerobic filter, Pschrophilic, Mesophilic , Sewage, HRT. Abstract. This empirical research paper revealed the findings from the up flow anaerobic filter (UAF) treatment of rural domestic sewage at different pschrophilic and mesophilic temperature. The reactor was operated at specific HRT of 24, 48 and 72 hours. In the first 14 days of the start-up, the results obtained from the reactor revealed good removal efficiency. At the mesophilic temperature, average COD removal reached 82.0%; while at psychrophilic temperature the reactor attained 68.7%. From the overall results, UAF reactor managed under mesophilic condition disclosed higher COD removal efficiency as compared to psychrophilic temperature which is similar to values obtained in hot regions. Experimentally, up flow anaerobic filter reactor operated at mesophilic temperature is recommended for rural domestic sewage treatment at a specific HRT of 3 days. Introduction In recent years, gigantic urban areas are served more readily than the medium and small city areas or rural communities in domestic sewage treatment. Since the population density is less in rural areas as compared with big urban cities, a small-scale dispersed up flow anaerobic (UAF) treatment system is opted to be the best option. -
Innovative Nuclear Reactor Development
THREE-AGENCE STUDY IAEA INNOVATIVE NUCLEAR REACTOR DEVELOPMENT Opportunities for International Co-operation Profil couleur : Generic CMYK printer profile - None Composite Trame par dØfaut INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris, cedex 15, France The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1st February 1958 under the name The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an of the OEEC European Nuclear Energy Agency. It autonomous body which was established in received its present designation on 20th April November 1974 within the framework of the 1972, when Japan became its first non-European Organisation for Economic Co-operation and full Member. NEA membership today consists of Development (OECD) to implement an inter- 28 OECD Member countries: Australia, Austria, national energy programme. Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, It carries out a comprehensive programme of Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, energy co-operation among twenty-six* of the Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, OECD’s thirty Member countries. The basic aims of the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Republic of the IEA are: Korea, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. • to maintain and improve systems for coping The Commission of the European Communities also with oil supply disruptions; takes part in the work of the Agency. • to promote rational energy policies in a global The mission of the NEA is: context through co-operative relations -
Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
November 1984 ^ Env. Eng. Report No. 76-83-7 Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Michael S. Switzenbaum Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Kevin C. Sheehan Research Engineer and Robert F. Mickey Graduate Research Assistant The research upon which this report is based was supported by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control, Contract No. 80-32. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS 01003 November, 1981) Env. Eng. Report No. 76-83-7 Technical Report Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Wastewater by Michael S. Switzenbaum Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Kevin C. Sheehan Research Engineer and Robert F. Hickey Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Program University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Submitted to: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering Division of Water Pollution Control S. Russell Sylva, Commissioner Thomas C. McMahon, Director November 1984 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by Research and Demonstration Programs from the Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control (Project Number 80-32). The authors would like to thank MDWPC for their support. In addition, the authors would like to thank Ecolotrol, Inc., for lending the pilot reactor system used in this study. Thanks are also extended to Ms. Candy Balmer, Messrs. Kurt Kallmeyer, Kevin Scheuer, and Michael Shapiro, graduate students in the Environmental Engineering Program at UMASS/Amherst for their assistance in the operation and analysis of the pilot reactor. In addition, thanks are extended to Mr. Stephen Plotkin, who was instrumental in setting up this project. Finally, special thanks are extended to Mrs. -
Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage In
Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions Lucas Seghezzo Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. Gatze Lettinga, Hoogleraar in de anaërobe zuiveringstechnologie en hergebruik van afvalstoffen Co-promotoren: Dr. ir. Grietje Zeeman, Universitair docent bij de sectie Milieutechnologie Dr. Carlos Mario Cuevas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. Henk Folmer (Wageningen Universiteit) Dr. ir. Ronald Mulder (Paques B.V., Nederland) Dr. ir. Bas van Vliet (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. Fernando Fernández-Polanco (Universidad de Valladolid, España) Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool WIMEK Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions Lucas Seghezzo Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 26 mei 2004 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula. CIP – DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Author: Seghezzo, L. Title: Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands – with references – with summaries in English, Dutch, and Spanish. Publication year: 2004 ISBN: 90-8504-029-9 Subject headings: anaerobic treatment; domestic wastewater; sewage; UASB reactors; subtropical regions; sustainability assessment; sustainable development. Para Adriana, Natalia y Mateo “...que hay algunos que se cansan en saber y averiguar cosas que, una vez sabidas y averiguadas, no importan un ardite al entendimiento ni a la memoria...” (... because there are people who strive to know and find out things which, once known and found out, are not worth a straw to neither knowledge nor memory...) Don Quijote de la Mancha FOREWORD This thesis ends an era in my life and will hopefully open the doors of my future career. -
Biomass Program Perspectives on Anaerobic Digestion and Fuel Cell Integration at Biorefineries
Biomass Program Perspectives on Anaerobic Digestion and Fuel Cell Integration at Biorefineries Biogas and Fuel Cell Brian Duff Workshop DOE Biomass Program NREL June 11,2012 1 | Biomass Program eere.energy.gov Outline • The Importance of Anaerobic Digestion for Fuels, Products, and Power • Biomass Program Perspective • The Potential for Biogas/Fuel Cell Integration at Biorefineries o Retrofit Applications for 1st-Generation Biofuels Plants o Integration Opportunities in Advance Biofuel Production • Potential for EERE Multi-Program Joint Solicitation 2 | Biomass Program eere.energy.gov Anaerobic Digestion: An Underappreciated and Underutilized Conversion Pathway for Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Bioenergy 3 | Biomass Program eere.energy.gov Anaerobic Digestion • Microbial bioconversion process generates methane • Emerging global technology • Has a “Bad Rep” in the US from numerous failed applications: still needs RD&D for widespread acceptance and commercialization • Reduces GHG emissions (22:1 vs. CO2) • Dependent on sales to grid like other distributed energy techs • Lack of national feed-in tariff retarding deployment • Lack of process reliability retarding financing and deployment 4 | Biomass Program eere.energy.gov Anaerobic Digestion Organic Recycling for Renewable Energy AD takes waste organic feedstocks… Into Renewable Energy… Municipal Operations Industrial And Recycles the Organics Electricity Operations Steam Institutions Correctional Organic Recycling Heat Homes and Renewable Pipeline Energy Facility Biogas Injection Restaurants -
Proceedings of the First Young Water Professionals Symposium
Proceedings of the First Young Water Professionals Symposium 22nd and 23rd November 2012 Galadari Hotel, Colombo Organized by Sri Lanka Water Partnership (Lanka Jalani) In association with International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Unilever-Pureit i ISBN 978-955-4784-00-0 ii Table of Contents Page Abbreviations iv Foreword v Symposium Organization vi Report on Proceedings 1 Papers presented at Technical Sessions 12 Papers accepted but not presented 175 Annexes 1) Technical Sessions - Themes and aspects covered 215 2) Technical Sessions - Programme Agenda 216 3) Technical Sessions -Presentations - Summary of Discussion 219 4) List of Participants 227 iii Abbreviations CBO - Community Based Organization CKD-U - Chronic Kidney Diseases, Unknown COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWMI -International Water Management Institute IWRM -Integrated Water Resources Management NGOs - Non Governmental Organizations NSF - National Science Foundation O&M - Operations and Maintenance PAC - Powdered Activated Carbon R & D - Research and Development SLWP - Sri Lanka Water Partnership SPI - Standard Precipitation Index SWARM - Sustainable Water Resources Management UDDT - Urine Diversion Dry Toilet YWPS - Young Water Professionals Symposium iv Foreword The Young Water Professionals Symposium (YWPS) was an outcome of the efforts of the Sri Lanka Water Partnership (SLWP) Programme Committee which in early 2012 had identified the limited opportunities available to young water professionals to contribute to water sector issues as a constraint to the development of the sector. The YWPS was planned as a platform where these mid- career water professionals could make their voices heard and present innovative solutions that could be adopted to better plan and manage water resources in Sri Lanka. -
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Using Anaerobic Baffled Bioreactor
Cent. Eur. J. Eng. • 3(3) • 2013 • 389-399 DOI: 10.2478/s13531-013-0107-8 Central European Journal of Engineering Anaerobic wastewater treatment using anaerobic baffled bioreactor: a review Review Article Siti Roshayu Hassan1, Irvan Dahlan2∗ 1 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2 School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Received 31 December 2012; accepted 16 June 2013 Abstract: Anaerobic wastewater treatment is receiving renewed interest because it offers a means to treat wastewater with lower energy investment. Because the microorganisms involved grow more slowly, such systems require clever design so that the microbes have sufficient time with the substrate to complete treatment without requiring enormous reactor volumes. The anaerobic baffled reactor has inherent advantages over single compartment reactors due to its circulation pattern that approaches a plug flow reactor. The physical configuration of the anaerobic baffled reactor enables significant modifications to be made; resulting in a reactor which is proficient of treating complex wastewaters which presently require only one unit, ultimately significant reducing capital costs. This paper also concerns about mechanism, kinetic and hydrodynamic studies of anaerobic digestion for future application of the anaerobic baffled reactor for wastewater treatment. Keywords: Anaerobic baffled reactor • Anaerobic digestion • Industrial wastewater • Wastewater treatment • Mechanism; Microorganisms © Versita sp. z o.o. 1. Background wastewater treatment has gain increasing attention. It has several advantages that have attracted many researchers such as design simplicity, use of non-sophisticated equip- ment, low excess sludge production, high treatment effi- With the rapid development and escalating crisis of wa- ciency and low capital and operating costs [1]. -
System Studies of Fission-Fusion Hybrid Molten Salt Reactors
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2013 SYSTEM STUDIES OF FISSION-FUSION HYBRID MOLTEN SALT REACTORS Robert D. Woolley University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Woolley, Robert D., "SYSTEM STUDIES OF FISSION-FUSION HYBRID MOLTEN SALT REACTORS. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2628 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert D. Woolley entitled "SYSTEM STUDIES OF FISSION-FUSION HYBRID MOLTEN SALT REACTORS." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Laurence F. Miller, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ronald E. Pevey, Arthur E. Ruggles, Robert M. Counce Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) SYSTEM STUDIES OF FISSION-FUSION HYBRID MOLTEN SALT REACTORS A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Robert D. -
The Fusion-Fission Hybrid As an Alternative to the Fast Breeder Reactor
LA-8503-MS Informal Report UC-80 Issued: September 1980 The Fusion-Fission Hybrid As an Alternative to the Fast Breeder Reactor R. J. Barrett R. W. Hardie s^nrfceuun: L-v jn agen. •,- t-t -*ie Umte Ni.-ilhcr th« UnnwJ Strfte Govern men r jfly jgoncy I r dfK o* T>eit e nws ot an awntrwcMl product, (iro 7fdl*-nw 1 ol dutliOri put Un imJ Si-iles Govi rV CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1 I1. CONCLUS IONS 3 III. DESCRIPTION AND MODELING OF FUEL CYCLE SYSTEMS 3 A. Fusion-Fission Hybrid Fuel Cycle 3 B. Classical Fast Breeder Reactor Cycle 9 C. Systems Integration Model 10 IV. ENERGY ANALYSIS 10 V. ECONOMICS 13 A. Introduction 13 B. Methodol ogy 14 C. Economics Data Base 15 D. Results 16 VI. TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION 21 A. Technological Uncertainties 21 B. Performance Parameters 22 VII. INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 25 A. Proliferation 25 1. Proliferation Risks 26 2. Proliferation Barriers 26 3. Routes to Proliferation 28 4. Results 28 B. Health, Safety, and the Environment 29 1. Resource Requirements 30 2. Chemical Toxicants 31 3. Radiological Hazards 31 4. Summary 32 C. Commerc i al i zat i on 33 1. Research, Development, and Demonstration 33 2. Marketing the Technologies 34 3. Operation of the Reactors 34 4. Nuclear Facility Licensing 35 5. Public Acceptance 35 6. Summary 36 REFERENCES 36 IV THE FUSION-FISSION HYBRID AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE FAST BREEDER REACTOR by R. J. Barrett and R. W. Mardie ABSTRACT This report compares the fusion-fission hybrid on the piutonium cycle with the classical fast breeder reactor (FBR) cycle as a long-term nuclear energy source. -
Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Technology for Energy Recovery: a Review on State-Of-The-Art and Recent Technological Advances
bioengineering Review Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Technology for Energy Recovery: A Review on State-of-the-Art and Recent Technological Advances Matia Mainardis * , Marco Buttazzoni and Daniele Goi Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (D.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 March 2020; Accepted: 8 May 2020; Published: 10 May 2020 Abstract: Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor belongs to high-rate systems, able to perform anaerobic reaction at reduced hydraulic retention time, if compared to traditional digesters. In this review, the most recent advances in UASB reactor applications are critically summarized and discussed, with outline on the most critical aspects for further possible future developments. Beside traditional anaerobic treatment of soluble and biodegradable substrates, research is actually focusing on the treatment of refractory and slowly degradable matrices, thanks to an improved understanding of microbial community composition and reactor hydrodynamics, together with utilization of powerful modeling tools. Innovative approaches include the use of UASB reactor for nitrogen removal, as well as for hydrogen and volatile fatty acid production. Co-digestion of complementary substrates available in the same territory is being extensively studied to increase biogas yield and provide smooth continuous operations in a circular economy perspective. Particular importance is being given to decentralized treatment, able to provide electricity and heat to local users with possible integration with other renewable energies. Proper pre-treatment application increases biogas yield, while a successive post-treatment is needed to meet required effluent standards, also from a toxicological perspective. -
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Algal Biomass and a Supplemental Carbon Source Material to Produce Methane
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2015 Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Algal Biomass and a Supplemental Carbon Source Material to Produce Methane Yousef Soboh Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biological Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Soboh, Yousef, "Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Algal Biomass and a Supplemental Carbon Source Material to Produce Methane" (2015). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4485. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4485 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF ALGAL BIOMASS AND A SUPPLEMENTAL CARBON SOURCE MATERIAL TO PRODUCE METHANE by Yousef Soboh A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biological Engineering Approved: _________________________________ __________________________ Dr. Ronald C. Sims Mr. Issa A. Hamud Committee Chair Committee Member _________________________________ __________________________ Dr. Mac McKee Dr. Darwin L. Sorensen Committee Member Committee Member _________________________________ __________________________ Dr. Charles D. Miller Dr. Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2015 ii Copyright © Yousef M. Soboh 2015 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Algal Biomass and a Supplemental Carbon Source Material to Produce Methane by Yousef Soboh, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: Dr.