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De L'immersion À L'habiter Dans Les Mondes Virtuels. Le Cas Des Villes Dans Second Life

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De L'immersion À L'habiter Dans Les Mondes Virtuels. Le Cas Des Villes Dans Second Life De l’immersion à l’habiter dans les mondes virtuels. Le cas des villes dans Second Life Jean-François Lucas To cite this version: Jean-François Lucas. De l’immersion à l’habiter dans les mondes virtuels. Le cas des villes dans Second Life. Sociologie. Université Rennes 2, 2013. Français. tel-00949125v1 HAL Id: tel-00949125 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949125v1 Submitted on 19 Feb 2014 (v1), last revised 16 Feb 2017 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SOUS LE SCEAU DE L’UNIVERSITÉ EUROPEENNE DE BRETAGNE UNIVERSITÉ RENNES 2 UFR Sciences sociales Centre Interdisciplinaire d'Analyse des Processus Humains et Sociaux (EA 2241) Thèse de Doctorat Discipline : Sociologie De l'immersion à l'habiter dans les mondes virtuels. Le cas des villes dans Second Life Présentée par Jean-François LUCAS Directeur de thèse : Dominique BOULLIER Soutenue le 11 janvier 2013 Jury : Monsieur Serge BOUCHARDON, Maître de conférences HDR en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, UT de Compiègne (Examinateur). Monsieur Dominique BOULLIER, Professeur des Universités en Sociologie, Sciences Po Paris (Directeur de thèse). Monsieur Jean-Yv es DARTIGUENAVE, Professeur des Universités en Sociologie, Université Rennes 2 (Examinateur). Monsieur Antoine HENNION, Professeur des Universités en Sociologie, CSI Mines ParisTech (Rapporteur). Monsieur Michel LUSSAULT, Professeur des Universités en Géographie, ENS Lyon (Rapporteur). Monsieur Pierre MUSSO, Professeur des Universités en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, Université Rennes 2 / Télécom ParisTech (Président du jury). Remerciements Ma reconnaissance va à Dominique Boullier pour l'accompagnement régulier et le suivi exigeant et bienveillant qu'il aura effectué durant ces quatre années. Au travers des échanges mensuels consacrés à mon travail de recherche, il m'aura surtout appris à construire un regard différent sur le monde qui est le nôtre. Qu'il en soit sincèrement salué. Je remercie le Conseil régional de Bretagne pour le financement de mes travaux et le Centre Interdisciplinaire d'Analyse des Processus Humains et Sociaux, ainsi que Joëlle Bisson, pour le soutien logistique. Je tiens à saluer particulièrement Lev Manovich pour l'accueil qu'il m'a réservé lors de mon séjour de recherche à l'Université de Californie à San Diego (UCSD). Il m'aura permis de vivre l'une des expériences les plus stimulantes qui soit sur le plan professionnel, mais aussi personnel. Je n'oublie pas Jeremy Douglass pour les heures qu'il m'a consacrées et sans qui je n'aurais pu développer le projet Magic Ring. Merci également à Todd, Tracy, Eduardo, Yra et Lori pour les moments de vie partagés à l'université ou en dehors. Un clin d'oeil spécial à mes amis Esmeralda, Lucia, Mina, Ron et Jesse pour m'avoir offert un cadre de vie paradisiaque pendant ces six mois. Cette thèse n'aurait pas été possible sans le concours des personnes qui incarnent les avatars. La liste est trop longue pour les citer nommément, mais je remercie chacun d'eux, pour avoir répondu aux questionnaires ou pour m'avoir accueilli plus longuement dans leurs intimités. Je tiens à remercier les membres de l’Observatoire des Mondes Numériques en Sciences Humaines (OMNSH) pour les multiples échanges qui ont stimulé mes réflexions pendant ces années de thèse. Merci aussi à Audrey Lohard pour les échanges fructueux, les idées partagées et les coups de pouce utiles à la réalisation d'un tel travail. ‐ 3 ‐ La fidélité et la pugnacité de mes correcteurs doivent également être soulignées, puisqu'Arnaud Lucas, mon frère, et Fabien Charlon, mon ami, qui avaient relu mon mémoire de Master 2, ont de nouveau contribué à enrichir mes recherches au travers de leurs corrections, remarques et réflexions. Enfin, mes pensées vont à ma compagne, Charlotte, pour avoir accepté mon absence durant six mois, m'avoir soutenu quotidiennement depuis le premier jour et avoir relu ces pages jusqu'à la dernière minute. ‐ 4 ‐ À mes parents ‐ 5 ‐ Sommaire général Introduction.................................................................................................................................9 I – Premier contact avec Second Life...................................................................................11 II – Une soirée mémorable...................................................................................................13 III – Quand les possibles du monde apparaissent à la lumière du virtuel............................16 IV – Des expériences immersives différentes......................................................................18 V – La construction progressive d'une théorie de l'habiter..................................................21 VI – La ville comme terrain singulier..................................................................................23 Chapitre 1 : Des mondes virtuels immersifs.............................................................................29 1.1 – Une pluralité de mondes..............................................................................................31 1.2 – … virtuels ?.................................................................................................................39 1.3 – Des mondes immersifs................................................................................................48 1.4 – La mise à l'épreuve des régimes immersifs au travers des villes de Second Life.......59 Chapitre 2 : Second Life, un vrai monde du faux ?..................................................................73 2.1 – Second Life en chiffres................................................................................................75 2.2 – Les résidents, bâtisseurs du monde.............................................................................85 2.3 – Deux mondes qui s'entrelacent et qui ne se comprennent pas...................................102 2.4 – Vers la transformation du cadre perceptif..................................................................115 Chapitre 3 : Le régime de l'immersion perceptive..................................................................117 3.1 – Premier niveau : architectures et représentations spatiales du monde.......................119 3.2 – Définition d'un échantillon pour étudier le second niveau........................................135 3.3 – Second niveau : de l'image de la ville à ses allusions...............................................147 3.4 – Troisième niveau : l'utilisateur est le pilote de ses propres points de vue.................169 3.5 – De la transformation du cadre perceptif à l'émergence de sa propre narration.........184 Chapitre 4 : Le régime de l'immersion narrative.....................................................................187 4.1 – Écrire et vivre ses histoires au travers de l'avatar......................................................189 4.2 – La ville est un dispositif de parcours.........................................................................206 4.3 – Les principaux médiateurs d'une architecture narrative spatialisée dans SL............225 4.4 – Une méthodologie pour tester l'architecture narrative de la ville..............................234 4.5 – Le projet « Magic Ring »..........................................................................................244 4.6 – De l'immobilisme aux pratiques sociales de l'avatar.................................................257 Chapitre 5 : Le régime de l'immersion sociale........................................................................261 5.1 – Les avatars s'associent autour de « non-événements »..............................................263 5.2 – Socialisation instrumentale et socialisation « volontaire ».......................................274 ‐ 7 ‐ 5.3 – Ce que fait le cadre bâti.............................................................................................289 5.4 – De la composition des régimes immersifs à l'habiter................................................307 Chapitre 6 : Habiter.................................................................................................................309 6.1 – Avatars : entre résidents et habitants du monde.........................................................311 6.2 – Résider, loger, habiter................................................................................................324 6.3 – S'approprier...............................................................................................................336 6.4 – Séparer et relier.........................................................................................................347 6.5 – S'attacher ..................................................................................................................354 6.6 – Schéma synthétique des médiateurs et processus qui favorisent l'habiter dans les mondes virtuels...................................................................................................................368 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................373
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