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I4 4 444 tJ<4 )z 4 4 4, *4 444 / 44 44444 44 44 44 444 4 '4 4 -1 Ili- 444 44 '4- 4 4 4444444*5¾ A'44c4 44- .4 - 4 44444*' 44 44 t.44 :II'-tM5i 44 44 444 444 "W ''- 4444 *44 444 4 4444444 V- a t~ri $ j 4 4 444, 444444'4' 44444444444444 * 44444 ---Tn, V 4 4 4 4 444 44 tx~,~*"yt, .W".-' .*l -''I-."- . - -<*-. -ft I * " - CONTI-INES C? 30A=Sl ANlD _1?HYSICPJJ TESTING P~,DJWTN'2 PrTXTLLON OF' P2SntTS Prepared for Tjt- FO1U$Pfl473 1CoAFT INSTITUTE (Project noB) lby TheIntituto of Pnnor chonicotry PartL t lPpjctO-jh Wjgconrifif Jiuno 2, 1945 . .11 I., , . , , P I . -. : . k - . .. .. 1, . Copyright, 19 4+5, by The Institute of Paper ChemistrY : : '' *'..'* *"^--..rJ. 4 152 FOLDING ETDURANCE 422. American Instrument Company, Inc. Calibrator for folding tqsterso (chopper and others). Bulletin 500:3-4(Sept., 1934). A brief description of the calibrator which is described by Carson and-Snyder in National Bureau Standards, Tech. Paper No. 357. 425. .American Society for Testing Materials. Standard method of test for folding endurance of paper. A.S.T.M. Designation D 643 - 43. A.S.T.M. Standards 1944,-part III:336-340; A.S.T.M. Standards on paper and paper products, Nov., 1943:82-86. This method corresponds to TAPPI Standard T 423. 424. American Society for Tooting Materials. Paper and paperboard-- characteristics, nomenclature, and significance of tests. Philadelphia, The Society, 1944. Folding Endurance. The folding endurance test has much significance, ranking along with bursting and tearing strength among the physical strength properties most to be desired in many types of papers. Folding endurance is of particular importance in such papers as box lining, bag, bond, ledger, currency, cover, index, and in numerous other applications where paper is subJected to harsh or repeated folding. The marked difference in folding endurance with the grain and across the grain is evidence that sheet structure has an important bearing on this quality. However, results are influenced in varying degrees by surface treatment, such as sizing and calendoring. Some types of surface coatings affect the values, particularly when the coatings arc absorbed into the fibers to the oxtont that they may be stiffened, softened, or otherwise altered. The effect produced by changes of fiber characteristics io illustrated by the fact that the moisture content of the paper has a Lmch more pronounced influence on the folding endurance than on any other of thu common physical tests. Because of the marked influence of atmos- phuric conditions, it is most important that tests bo conducted in the prescribed manner under standard relative humidity and. temperature conditions. Since spocimnon arc folded while under tension, the tensile strength of the papor may also have come offoct on its folding properties. While folding endurance is an empirical property, it also defines one of the elements of utility, as well as of manufacture. The values obtained are absolute. 42_. .'-thor oasting Instrument Co., Inc. Anthor folding endurance tester. CitLialar .15. v. id. The spucimIen is heldc andor standard teorcion Ly two Jaws of the floating typc which movr in the same horizontal plane without rotation. They are k-ept in ouri'cct alignment by frictionleas supports. A recipro- catinc blado doubLeh fulAd the specimen between the quadrant rollers until i-t breaks at the crease. The number of double folds is registered on a 4-figure counter. At the -point of rupture the counter is instantly dis- oeraged and the motor stopped. Folding Endurance 155 426. Bailey; A. J. Fold failure in !craft paper. Paper Ind. 21, no. 2:156-160(May, 1939); B. I. P. C. 9:462; C. A. 33:5182; B. C. P. A. 1939B:925. It appcars that a strong fibor-to-fibor bond and a good shoot for- - nmtiorn provcnting soparation of individual fibers ore highly important for obtaining a high folding utrongth. The following factors contribute t) higher f olding endurance: Cooking and bleaching procoosco favoring high individu'J. f:bor strength and retention of gel-forming material in th fibc-ro, a beating operation forming this go with a ninirin of fiber destruction, a ccmcnting size, nooans of osecuring a random fiber orienrttion in thu shoot, and proper calondcring proccduroo with regard to to:nperature, noicturc and pressure. 427. btuoeUon, M. D. Uniform conditions for' papor testing. Paper Trado J. 92, no. 24:7 8 (Juno 11, 1931); Paper Mill 54, no. 23:18, 50 (Juno 6, 1931); Pulp Paper Mag. Canada 31, no. 27:790, 810(July 2, 1931); C. A. 25:5024; T. S. 93:195. This article is primarily a plea for standard conditions of tempera- turc and humidity. It is pointed out that a sample folded at 65% rcla- tive humidity and 70° F. will show a test averaging approximately double that shown by the same shoot conditioned and tested at 50% and if the temperature be raised to 90 degrees and the relative humidity to 70 or 75%, the tear may be tripled or even more. The fold test is the most susceptible to small changes in temperature and relative humidity but tear oan Millon and other tcets arc affected to an appreciable degree. Tho fact that folding endurance is being recognized as one of the most significant physical tests for hig,,h graCo papers is demanding uniform testing condltions. .42c. Bo iding and tonsileo trongth tootor for popeor board, etc. Popior-Febr. 22:65 8-659(0ct. 19, 1924); T. S. 81:70. The raw Schoppor bending and tensile strength tostor for paper- board in pictured and briefly described. 429. 7c3)dinc tcotor for paper board. Paper Trade J. 82, no. 3:47 (Jan. 21, 1260). An abstract from a pamphlet distributed by Foroign Papor Mills, Inc., describing the Naumarn-Schoppor bending tester. Examples of practical applicato-.i are pointed out. Similar to the article by Naumann in Wochbl. FP-iorfabr. 430. Bcrcovitz, D. Apparatus for the measurement of the deflection or bending of paper under various moisture conditions. Zcllotoff u. Papior 10, ro. 1:C0(Tan., 1930); T. S. 92:4. Description of Lponrotus and methods. ----I· ---- - I -- -- u--- -- . -1 -- , . .- : -. ; . Folding Endurance 154 . _ ... 431. Borndt, Kurt. Latest laboratory instruments for the pulp and paper industry. Zollstoff u. Papier -17, no.- -:09--314; no. 8: 349-352(July, August, 1937); B. I. P. C. 8:74; C. A. 31:8188; B. C. A. - -- 1957B:1321; T. S. 106:95. The review includes a discussion of the Schopper endurance bending tester. 452. Carrier, N. H., and Young,' J. H. An application of statistical methods to the dotcrnination of the folding ndurance of paper. World's Paper Trade Rev. 105, no. 20:159Q3-1594, 1596, 1598, l600, 1602(May 15, 1935); B. I. P. C. 13 T. S..103:380; B. A. 1936B:636. An analysis is given of the results of folding tests made on several consignment of mold-made paper. The methods of analysis arc not given but the article is of interest in that it gives examples of the value of statistical analysis in drawing deductions as to the significance of individual factors influencing the property being measured. From the data presented, conclusions are drawn concerning the effect upon folding strength of such factors as selection of the sample shoots, the particular instrument employed in making the test, .the direction of the shoot, the humidity to which the paper was subjected in seasoning and the consign- ment from which the samples were selected. 4_ 5. Carson, F. T., and Snyder, L. W. Calibration and adjustment of the Schopper folding tester. National Bur. Standards, Tech. Paper No. 357. Oct. 15, 1922. [Vol. 2:125-140]. The Schopper folding tester, which is designed to test the bending endurance of paper and its resistance to such types of wear as involve creasing and folding, ir so constructed that a number of variables are introduced by reason of the several rollers and. other working parts which are dr-iven by the specimen bci:g tested. Those mechanical variables affect the folding results in mcc!: the same anner as do errors in ad- justing the tension applied to the specimen during the tost and apparently can in general be expressed as equivalent effective tension. The tension on, the specicnl is very critical, the effect on the folding results being inversely proportional to something like the tenth power of the tension (according to available data). The variables listed are: fold- ing blade nnl li.n1._ago, quadrantai rollers, supporting rollers, and tonsion on the clnmp sprirs. Under the adjustment of the clamp spring there is a discusnioj: of the; vcrticni susnpcnsion method and calibra- tior in pinc:, inc.ud-ing¥tlc rric'ion: ess pulley and a now method in- volvi!: a balanced b2:.l-crronk ie.co.
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