DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Different Locations on the Morphological, Chemical, Pulping and Papermaking Properties of Trema Orientalis (Nalita)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Different Locations on the Morphological, Chemical, Pulping and Papermaking Properties of Trema Orientalis (Nalita) Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1892–1898 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioresource Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech Effect of different locations on the morphological, chemical, pulping and papermaking properties of Trema orientalis (Nalita) M. Sarwar Jahan a,b,*, Nasima Chowdhury a, Yonghao Ni b a Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh b Pulp and Paper Research Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada article info abstract Article history: The chemical compositions and fiber morphology of stem and branch samples from Trema orientalis at Received 24 August 2009 three different sites planted in Bangladesh were determined and their pulping, bleaching and the result- Received in revised form 1 October 2009 ing pulp properties were investigated. A large difference between the stem and branch samples was Accepted 13 October 2009 observed. The stem samples have consistently higher a-cellulose and lower lignin content, and longer Available online 14 November 2009 fibers than the branch samples in all sites. T. orientalis from the Dhaka and Rajbari region had higher a-cellulose content and longer fiber length, resulting in higher pulp yield and better papermaking prop- Keyword: erties. The T. orientalis pulp from Rajbari region also showed the best bleachability. Trema orientalis, Variation of wood Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. properties Stem and branch Pulping and bleaching 1. Introduction sely to those of Malaysian-grown mangium and other fast-grow- ing plantation species, including the traditionally-used pulpwood The increased demand for wood and fiber and declining avail- of the Philippines. ability of wood supplies have prompted investigations into the po- The T. orientalis is among the fastest growing trees in the tential of fast-growing species as raw material for the pulp and tropical and temperate regions and produce wood that can be paper industry. Among them, Eucalyptus, Acacia have received widely used by the paper industry. It is a native species grows much attention (Colodette et al., 2000; Cossalter and Smith, in many places in Bangladesh. At present it has no industrial 2003; Downes et al., 2003; Edgrard, 1999; FAO, 2005, 2009; Khrist- use. In earlier studies, we introduced this species as a pulping ova et al., 1997; Malinen et al., 2006; Patt et al., 2006; Santiago and raw material (Jahan and Mun, 2003, 2004; Jahan et al., 2008b). Neto, 2008a,b). Trema orientalis is also a fast-growing species and T. orientalis was characterized with high a-cellulose content. can be harvested in 3–4 years for valuable pulpwood (Jahan and Pulp yield and paper making properties were comparable to Mun, 2003). the Gmalina, which is presently used by the Kharnaphuli Paper Many studies have been carried out to evaluate some fast Mills in Bangladesh. growing wood species for the pulp and paper industry (Edgrard, Due to the differences in climate, soil and others, it is likely that 1999; Fidel and Tamayo, 2003; Jahan and Mun, 2003, 2004; Ja- the chemical, physical and morphological properties of the same han et al., 2007, 2008a; Khristova et al., 1997; Malinen et al., wood species but at different locations, are different, therefore 2006; Lei et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2005). Triploid Populus tomen- affecting pulping and papermaking properties. For example, Goyal tosa a hybrid poplar has received much attention recently and it et al. studied the variability in pulping and fiber characteristics of can be made into chemical and mechanical pulp with quality hybrid poplar due to their genetic makeup, environmental factors (Chen and Mao, 2000; Zhu et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2006). Fidel and tree age (Goyal et al., 1999). and Tamayo (2003) determined the chemical composition of In this paper, we determined the potential of T. orientalis col- plantation grown Acacia mangium, and the results showed that lected in three different locations in Bangladesh, as potential raw the Philippine mangium’s chemical composition resembled clo- material for pulping and papermaking. The physical, chemical and morphological properties of the stem and branch samples were carried out. The kraft and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping * Corresponding author. Address: Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR trails of these raw materials were conducted. ECF bleaching T. ori- Laboratories, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh. Fax: +880 2 entalis pulps from different sites and stem and branch was also 86132002. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.S. Jahan). evaluated. 0960-8524/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.024 M.S. Jahan et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1892–1898 1893 2. Methods At the completion of cooking, the pulp was thoroughly washed, and screened in a flat vibratory screener (Yasuda, Japan). The 2.1. Material screened pulp yield, total pulp yield and screened reject were determined gravimetrically as the percentage of oven dried (o.d.) The T. orientalis samples (4 years old) were collected from the raw material. The kappa number of the resulting pulp was deter- Dhaka, Gaibandha and Rajbari districts in Bangladesh. Three trees mined in accordance with Tappi Test Methods (T236 om99). Three in each location were selected. The stem samples were prepared replicates were done and the average reading was taken. The accu- by removing 2 ft from top and bottom, while the branch samples racy of data was 95%. were prepared by removing 1 ft from the terminal. For the pulping experiments, the debarked log was chipped to 0.5 Â 0.5 Â 2cm 2.3. Evaluation of pulps size by hand. For the chemical analysis, the wood chips were ground in a Wiley mill and the 40–60 mesh size fraction was used. Pulps were beaten in a PFI mill to different revolution and hand- sheets of about 60 g/m2 were made in a Rapid Köthen Sheet Mak- 2.1.1. Analysis for chemical, morphological and physical properties ing Machine. The sheets were tested by following Tappi Standard The basic wood density was determined according to PAPTAC Test Methods: tensile (T494 om96), burst (T403 om97), tear Standard A. 8P. For the measurements of fiber length, the sample strength (T414 om98), folding endurance (T511 om96) and bright- ness (T525 om92). was macerated in a solution containing 1:1 HNO3 and KClO3. The macerated sample was taken in a slide and the fiber length was measured under a profile projector (Nikon V-12, Japan). The fiber 2.4. DEpD bleaching diameter was measured in an image analyzer. The chemical compositions were carried out by following Tappi The brown stock samples were bleached in a DoEpD bleaching Test Methods: the extractive (T204 om88), 1% alkali solubility sequence. The kappa factor was 0.20 in the first Do stage. Other (T212 om98), water solubility (T207 cm99), Klason lignin (T211 conditions were: 70 °C, 5% pulp consistency, 60 min. The initial om83) and ash content (T211 os76). The holocellulose content pH was adjusted to 2.5 by adding dilute H2SO4. The conditions was determined by treating the extractive free wood meal with for the Ep stage were: 70 °C, 60 min, 10% pulp consistency, 2% NaClO2 solution Browining (1976). The pH of the solution was NaOH and 0.2% H2O2. The conditions for the D1 stage were: 3.5 maintained at 4 by adding a CH3COOH–CH3COONa buffer and the end pH, the ClO2 charge in the D1 stage was one half of that in a-cellulose content was determined by treating the holocellulose the Do stage. The brightness and viscosity (T230 om99) of the sample with 17.5% NaOH (T203 om93). bleached pulp were determined in accordance with Tappi Test Methods. 2.2. Pulping 3. Results and discussion The kraft pulping was carried out in a thermostatically con- trolled electrically heated digester. The capacity of the digester 3.1. Chemical, morphological and physical properties was 5 l. The normal charge was 300 g of oven dried (o.d.). The pul- ping conditions were as follows: A complete wood chemical analysis was performed to deter- mine the differences in chemical composition of T. orientalis in – Active alkali was 16–20% on oven-dry (o.d) raw material as relation to sites and stem and branch. Table 1 gives a summary Na2O. of these results. The a-cellulose content of a raw material, which – Sulphidity was 25% (for kraft process). is directly correlated with pulp yield, varied significantly among – AQ was 0.1 on od raw materials (soda-AQ process). these sites. The a-cellulose content varied significantly among – Cooking time was 120 min at maximum temperature (170 °C). these sites. The highest content of a-cellulose (45%) was observed Ninety minutes were required to raise the maximum tempera- in stem from Dhaka and Rajbari, while the lowest content of a-cel- ture (170 °C) from a room temperature. lulose (41%) was observed in branch from Dhaka region. Similar – Liquor to wood ratio was 4. differences of T. orientalis branch and stem from Taiwan were Table 1 Chemical, physical and morphological properties of stem and branch of T. orientalis from different sites. Dhaka Gaybandha Rajbari Stem Branch Stem Branch Stem Branch Extractives, % Acetone 0.89 ± 0.02 1.52 ± 0.05 0.88 ± 0.03 0.97 ± 0.03 0.81 ± 0.04 1.7 ± 0.05 Cold water 2.4 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.4 4.1 ± 0.4 Hot water 4.9 ± 0.3 5.3 ± 0.5 4.3 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 0.5 5.7 ± 0.5 6.0 ± 0.6 1% Alkali 21.4 ± 0.9 26.8 ± 1.1 24.6 ± 1.0 25.0 ± 1.2 22.8 ± 0.9 26.9 ± 1.2 Lignin, % Klason 24.1 ± 1.1 25.1 ± 1.2 24.0 ± 1.2 24.5 ± 1.1 23.6 ± 1.0 23.7 ± 1.1 Acid soluble 2.8 ± 0.2 3.7 ± 0.3 2.9 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.4 2.2 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.4 Pentosan, % 23.5 ± 1.0 22.7 ± 0.9 23.0 ± 1.0 23.6 ± 0.9 21.2 ± 0.8 23.5 ± 1.0 a-Cellulose, % 45.0 ± 1.6 41.4 ± 1.2 42.5 ± 1.3 42.0 ± 1.1 45.1 ± 1.2 43.1 ± 1.0 Ash, % 1.1 ± 0.05 0.73 ± 0.03 1.2 ± 0.02 0.9 ± 0.02 1.2 ± 0.03 0.7 ± 0.02 Density, g/cc 0.368 ± 0.03 0.330 ± 0.02 0.357 ± 0.02 0.351 ± 0.02 0.380 ± 0.03 0.364 ± 0.04 Fiber length, mm 1.34 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.06 0.89 ± 0.04 0.63 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.03 Fiber diameter, lm 24.5 ± 1.0 23.5 ± 0.8 20.1 ± 0.8 19.4 ± 0.8 22.0 ± 0.9 20.5 ± 0.9 1894 M.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Making! the E-Magazine for the Fibrous Forest Products Sector
    PAPERmaking! The e-magazine for the Fibrous Forest Products Sector Produced by: The Paper Industry Technical Association Volume 5 / Number 1 / 2019 PAPERmaking! FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY Volume 5, Number 1, 2019 CONTENTS: FEATURE ARTICLES: 1. Wastewater: Modelling control of an anaerobic reactor 2. Biobleaching: Enzyme bleaching of wood pulp 3. Novel Coatings: Using solutions of cellulose for coating purposes 4. Warehouse Design: Optimising design by using Augmented Reality technology 5. Analysis: Flow cytometry for analysis of polyelectrolyte complexes 6. Wood Panel: Explosion severity caused by wood dust 7. Agriwaste: Soda-AQ pulping of agriwaste in Sudan 8. New Ideas: 5 tips to help nurture new ideas 9. Driving: Driving in wet weather - problems caused by Spring showers 10. Women and Leadership: Importance of mentoring and sponsoring to leaders 11. Networking: 8 networking skills required by professionals 12. Time Management: 101 tips to boost everyday productivity 13. Report Writing: An introduction to report writing skills SUPPLIERS NEWS SECTION: Products & Services: Section 1 – PITA Corporate Members: ABB / ARCHROMA / JARSHIRE / VALMET Section 2 – Other Suppliers Materials Handling / Safety / Testing & Analysis / Miscellaneous DATA COMPILATION: Installations: Overview of equipment orders and installations since November 2018 Research Articles: Recent peer-reviewed articles from the technical paper press Technical Abstracts: Recent peer-reviewed articles from the general scientific press Events: Information on forthcoming national and international events and courses The Paper Industry Technical Association (PITA) is an independent organisation which operates for the general benefit of its members – both individual and corporate – dedicated to promoting and improving the technical and scientific knowledge of those working in the UK pulp and paper industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Extended Impregnation Kraft Cooking of Softwood: Effects on Reject, Yield, Pulping Uniformity, and Physical Properties
    Extended Impregnation Kraft Cooking of Softwood: Effects on reject, yield, pulping uniformity, and physical properties Katarina Karlström Licentiate thesis Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology Stockholm 2009 TRITA-CHE-Report 2009:59 ISSN 1654-1081 ISBN 978-91-7415-496-2 Extended impregnation kraft cooking of softwood: Effects on reject, yield, pulping uniformity, and physical properties Katarina Karlström AKADEMISK AVHANDLING Som med tillstånd av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen fredagen den 18:e december 2009, kl. 10.00 i STFI-salen, Innventia AB, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, Stockholm. Avhandlingen försvaras på svenska. © Katarina Karlström Stockholm 2009 Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology Teknikringen 56-58 SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Abstract Converting wood into paper is a complex process involving many different stages, one of which is pulping. Pulping involves liberating the wood fibres from each other, which can be done either chemically or mechanically. This thesis focuses on the most common chemical pulping method, the kraft cooking process, and especially on a recently developed improvement of the impregnation phase, which is the first part of a kraft cook. Extended impregnation kraft cooking (EIC) technique is demonstrated to be an improvement of the kraft pulping process and provides a way to utilize softwood to a higher degree, at higher pulp yield. We demonstrate that it is possible to produce softwood ( Picea abies ) kraft pulp using a new cooking technique, resulting in a pulp that can be defibrated without inline refining at as high lignin content as 8% on wood, measured as kappa numbers above 90.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Modeling, Control and Diagnostics of Continuous Pulp Digesters
    processes Review A Review on the Modeling, Control and Diagnostics of Continuous Pulp Digesters Moksadur Rahman * , Anders Avelin and Konstantinos Kyprianidis School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University, Box 883, 72123 Västerås, Sweden; [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (K.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +46-(0)21-10-1594 Received: 12 August 2020; Accepted: 23 September 2020; Published: 1 October 2020 Abstract: Being at the heart of modern pulp mills, continuous pulp digesters have attracted much attention from the research community. In this article, a comprehensive review in the area of modeling, control and diagnostics of continuous pulp digesters is conducted. The evolution of research focus within these areas is followed and discussed. Particular effort has been devoted to identifying the state-of-the-art and the research gap in a summarized way. Finally, the current and future research directions in the areas have been analyzed and discussed. To date, digester modeling following the Purdue approach, Kappa number control using model predictive controllers and health index-based diagnostic approaches by utilizing different statistical methods have dominated the field. While the rising research interest within the field is evident, we anticipate further developments in advanced sensors and integration of these sensors for improving model prediction and controller performance; and the exploration of different AI-based approaches will be at the core of future research. Keywords: Kraft pulping; pulp digester; modeling; control; diagnostics 1. Introduction With the widespread expansion of the Internet, electronic media and paperless communication, the demand for the graphic paper (i.e., newsprint and higher-value printing and writing paper) has been declining since 2000 [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Unbleached Pulp Lignin Content
    ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT COMPARISON TOOL A tool for understanding environmental decisions related to the pulp and paper industry EFFECTS OF DECREASED RELEASE OF CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS ON ENERGY USE Importance of Unbleached Pulp Lignin Content Kappa number is a measure of the amount of lignin remaining in pulp. The higher the kappa number value, the higher the use of bleaching chemicals required to brighten the pulp. The kappa numbers of pulps leaving the digester are typically about 30 for softwoods and 20 for hardwoods in bleached kraft mills that employ conventional cooking methods. Several modifications to conventional cooking, known collectively as extended cooking (EC), have enabled kappa numbers to be further reduced in the digester in ways that minimize yield and strength losses. Kappa numbers associated with EC are about 20 for softwoods and about 14 for hardwoods. Oxygen delignification (OD) is another technology that is used extensively to lower the residual lignin content prior to the bleach plant. The technology is more selective than most extended cooking processes. Lignin reductions of approximately 50% are achievable with OD, resulting in softwood kappa number in the 14-18 range. Some mills use both extended cooking and oxygen delignification to achieve very low kappa number pulps prior to bleaching, producing pulps with kappa number values in the range of 10-12, perhaps even lower. Deterioration of pulp strength properties is the limiting obstacle for kappa number reduction prior to the bleach plant. More recent strategies have been focused away from obtaining the most delignification possible in the digester and toward optimizing the fiberline as a whole based on economic, quality, and environmental factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian/New Zealand Standard
    AS/NZS 1301.423rp:1997 Australian/New Zealand Standard Methods of test for pulp and paper Method 423rp: Folding strength of paper—Kohler-Molin method This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version online. AS/NZS 1301.423rp:1997 This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical Committee PK/19, Methods of Test for Pulp and Paper. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 1 August 1997 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 7 July 1997. It was published on 5 September 1997. The following interests are represented on Committee PK/19: Australian Government Analytical Laboratories Australian Government Publishing Service CSIRO —Division of Forestry and Forest Products National Association of Forest Industries New Zealand Forest Research Institute New Zealand Pulp and Paper Industry Association Printing and Allied Trades Employers Federation of Australia Pulp and Paper Manufacturers Federation of Australia The Technical Association of the Australian and New Zealand Pulp and Paper Industry (APPITA) Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard: Paper manufacturers Pulp manufacturers Research interests Manufacturers of paper testing instruments Suppliers of paper testing instruments Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/ New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards This is a free 7 page sample.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization and Evaluation of Datura Stramonium Stalks As an Alternative Non Wood Raw Material for Paper Production Using Soda Pulping
    Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 5 Issue 11, November-2016 Characterization and Evaluation of Datura Stramonium Stalks as an Alternative Non Wood Raw Material for Paper Production using Soda Pulping Sartaj Ahmad Ganie1*, Shoukat Ara1, Mohammad Aneesul Mehmood1 Saakshy Agarwal2, R.K. Jain2 1Division of Environmental Sciences, 2Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute, Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Jaipur 302029, Rajasthan, India. Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India Abstract - The study was carried out to evaluate Datura stalks narcotic effects or to treat asthma [7]. In the Hindu religion, as an alternative raw material for paper production. The the seed of Datura stramonium is believed to be associated proximate analysis of Datura stalks, black and wash liquor with the God Shiva, which can promote on religious analysis and strength properties of paper was characterized. occasions, such as Shivaratri and Swasthani Puja [8]. The results revealed that Ash, Lignin, Hot water solubility, Datura stramonium is native to deserts of the North 10% NaOH solubility, Alcohol-benzene solubility and American Southwest, Central and South America, Europe, Holocellulose content of Datura stalks were of the order of Asia, and Africa. It is mainly distributed in the Himalaya 9.57, 15.81, 15.9, 57.9, 11.75 and 62.51 per cent respectively. region from Kashmir to Sikkim up to 2700 m, in the hilly The values of black liquor include pH, Total solids, Chemical oxygen demand and color were 8.66, 4.68%, 81342 ppm and district of central and south India [9] 66203 PCU respectively, while as for wash liquor the World demand for paper and paperboard is respective values were 8.34, 0.95%, 35739 ppm and 21702 estimated to grow from 300 million tons to over 490 PCU.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Raw Material in Paper Industries Accepted: 30-10-2017
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(6): 2096-2100 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 Paper making potential of Amaranthus hybridus stalks; JPP 2017; 6(6): 2096-2100 Received: 29-09-2017 Sustainable raw material in paper industries Accepted: 30-10-2017 Sartaj A Ganie Sartaj A Ganie, Shoukat Ara, Saakshy Agarwal, Mohamad Aneesul Division of Environmental Sciences, Shere-Kashmir Mehmood, Imtiyaz Murtaza Giri and Shakeel A Mir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Abstract Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Stalks of non-wood herbaceous species Amaranthus hybridus was investigated by soda pulping to Kashmir, India investigate the future of Amaranthus hybridus species stalks as a auspicious renewable cradle in pulp and Shoukat Ara paper industry, which is profusely accessible in Kashmir (India) along road sides, foot paths, wastelands, Division of Environmental pastures, hilly areas as unwanted weed. In the opportunity of current study, the element characterization Sciences, Shere-Kashmir of Amaranthus hybridus stalk dust, chemical characterization of liquor analysis and paper properties were University of Agricultural carried out. The elemental analysis of test species bared that Ash%, Lignin%, Hot water solubility%, Sciences & Technology of 10% NaOH solubility, Alcohol-benzene solubility% and Holocellulose % content were detected in the Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and array of 11.03, 17.55, 20.25, 40.40, 6.64 and 62.41 respectively. Liquors obtained after digestion of test Kashmir, India species results what is called as black liquor and the chemical analysis of the liquor includes pH, total solids, chemical oxygen demand and color which were chronicled 8.84, 6.82%, 226240 ppm and 115505 Saakshy Agarwal PCU respectively and for wash liquor the corresponding values were recorded 8.45, 1.90%, 113100 Kumarappa National Handmade ppm and 31684 PCU.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aging of Archival Storage Boxes As Indicated by Ph
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 424 868 IR 057 234 AUTHOR Nawalaniec, Theresa M. TITLE The Aging of Archival Storage Boxes as Indicated by pH. PUB DATE 1998-04-00 NOTE 29p.; Master's Research Paper, Kent State University. PUB TYPE Dissertations/Theses (040) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Libraries; Acids; *Age; *Archives; Change; *Chemical Analysis; Correlation; Higher Education; *Information Storage; Tables (Data) IDENTIFIERS Acid Free Paper; *pH ABSTRACT In order to determine if the pH of archival storage boxes decreases over time, experimental research was performed by sampling 25 Hollinger, one cubic foot, archival storage boxes from the Kent State University (Ohio) Archives. Boxes chosen for testing were new,5, 10, 15, and 20 years old. Each box was tested for pH value using pH pens and a cold extraction method, both in duplicate, to see if there was a relationship between pH value and age of archival box. Most of the 10 to 20-year-old boxes increased in acidity in comparison to their original pH values. A few of the 10 to 20-year-old boxes were still acid-free. All new and 5-year-old boxes were found to be acid-free. The average cold extraction pH value is 9.4 for new boxes, 9.0 for 5-year-old boxes, 6.5 for 10-year-old boxes, 6.9 for 15-year-old boxes, and 6.5 for 20-year-old boxes. A correlation was done using the cold extraction pH results from the 10 to 20-year-old boxes, which produced an r-value of -0.436, showing a negative correlation between time (age of storage box) and pH value.
    [Show full text]
  • Ref. 676.03 SMO 2Nd
    INDEX Refer to Chapter Refer to Chapter Refer to Chapter A test 14 acid pretreatment 10 acetate 4 acidproof brick 8 abaca 3 acetate laminating 18 acid pulping 8 abatement 20 acetate pulp 4 acid rain 21 odor 21 acetic acid 4 acid-refined tall oil 6 pollution 20 acetic anhydride 4 acid-resistant 14 abatement device 21 acetone 4 acid size 5 abietic acid 6 acetylated starch 5 acid-stable size 5 abrasion 24 acetyl radical 4 acid sulfite process 8 abrasion debarker I acetylating agent 4 acid tower 8 abrasion resistance 14 acid(s) 4, 8 acid treatment 10 abrasion test 14 abietic 6 acidulating 4 abrasive 7 acetic 4 acidulating agent 4 abrasive backing papers 16 accumulator 8 acidulation 6 abrasiveness 14 carbonic 20 acoustical board 16 abrasive segment 7 Caro's 10 acoustical testing 14 abrasivity (of mineral fillers) 13 cooking 8 acoustic leak detector 9 absorbency 11,14 digester 8 acre-foot 20 relative II fatty 6 acrylamide resins 5 water II formamidine sulfinic 10 acrylic binders 17 absorbent 14,24 formic 4 acrylic fiber 3 absorbent capacity II glucuronic 4 activatable chemical 9 absorbent grades 16 humic 20 activated carbon 20 absorption 5 hydroxy 4 activated sludge 20 capillary 13 hypochlorous 10 activated sludge loading 20 ink 14 lignosulfonic 8 activated sludge process 20 light 14 linoleic 6 activation 4 mechanical 13 mineral 4 surface II tensile energy 14 oleic 6 activation energy 8 vapor 13 pectic 4 Arrhenius 4 absorption coefficient 14 peracetic 10 activator 5 accelerated aging 14 raw 8 active alkali 8 accelerated aging test 14 resin
    [Show full text]
  • Single Fiber Lignin Distributions Based on the Density Gradient Column Method
    Single Fiber Lignin Distributions Based on the Density Gradient Column Method Brian Boyer Patent Attorney 3676 Highland Avenue Redwood City, CA 94062 [email protected] Alan Rudie USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison, WI 53726 [email protected] ABSTRACT The density gradient column method was used to determine the effects of uniform and non-uniform pulping processes on variation in individual fiber lignin concentrations of the resulting pulps. A density gradient column uses solvents of different densities and a mixing process to produce a column of liquid with a smooth transition from higher density at the bottom to lower density at the top. Properly prepared pulp fibers float in the column, stabilizing at the level where the mixed solvent density equals the density of the fiber. Because lignin is the lowest density component of pulp fibers and has the largest influence on fiber density, the column effectively separates fibers by lignin concentration and allows them to be counted and the distribution of lignin concentrations determined. Ten experimental kraft pulps and three commercial pulps were evaluated. The laboratory pulps were produced from a single loblolly pine tree using 2.5-mm and 10-mm chips. All cooks used a 24% effective alkali (EA) charge on wood, 6-to-1 liquor-to-wood ratio, and 30% sulfidity. The cooking schedule was constant at 60 min rise to temperature and 240 min at temperature. The maximum cooking temperature was varied from 150°C to 170°C to provide a kappa number variation from about 60 to approximately 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Ecf Bleaching and Refining of Kraft Pulping from Olive Tree Pruning
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com OPTIMIZATION OF ECF BLEACHING AND REFINING OF KRAFT PULPING FROM OLIVE TREE PRUNING Ana Requejo,a,* Alejandro Rodríguez,a Jorge L. Colodette,b José L. Gomide,b and Luis Jiménez a The aim of the present work was to find an optimum kraft pulping process for olive tree pruning (OTP) in order to produce a bleachable grade pulp of Kappa number about 17. The kraft pulp produced under optimized conditions showed a viscosity of 31.5 mPa.s and good physical, mechanical, and optical properties, which are acceptable for paper grade production. The strength and optical properties were measured on pulps unrefined and refined in a PFI mill with up to 2000 revolutions before and after bleaching. The OTP pulp was bleached to 90% ISO brightness (kappa < 1); however the process demanded a long sequence of stages, OD(EP)D(EP)D, and a higher than usual total chemical dosage (24.78 kg/odt pulp). Overall, OTP is suggested as an interesting raw material for cellulosic pulp production because its properties are comparable to those of other agricultural residues currently used in the paper industry. Keywords: Kraft pulping; Olea europaea; Agricultural wastes; Refining, ECF bleaching Contact information: a: Chemical Engineering Department, Campus de Rabanales, Building Marie Curie (C-3), University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain; b: Laboratory of pulp and paper, Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus UFV, 36570, MG, Brazil. * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Pulp production in Europe amounts to 36.9 million tons per year, which represents 21.6% of the world’s production; the production of paper and cardboard accounts for 25.3% of the total with 88.7 million tons.
    [Show full text]
  • Tensile Strength Increases Slightly to a Maximum at 30-35% Relative Humidity and Then Decreases Quite Rapidly at Higher Relative Humidities
    S~h Cess /Iraininq fProoramme on "Calibration & Testing Methods" at CPPRI, Saharanpur July 22 - 26, 2006 Sponsored by Development Council For Pulp Ministry of commerce & Industry Paper & Allied Industry Govt. of India Sixth Cess Training Programme on Calibration & Testing Methods At CPPRI , Saharanpur July 22- 26, 2006 Organised by cPatfm ~ uci CPLdLut ~ ?ll:~ CENTRAL PULP & PAPER RESEARCH INSTITUTE AN ISO 9001 :2000 INSTITUTION In pursuit of cleaner production, resource conservation & quality excellence m~ ~~ .m Cl>ldl\Jl 3I<?XRrnoIRmroI Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute AN ISO 9001 :2~00 INSTITUTION Accred.ited by~ •• : ~ Mcm~of~ n /11pursuit of cleaner production, resource conservation & qllali~l' excellence IAF MLA for ,. ~ An autonomous organisation registered under societies Act under the administrative QMS * ~ control of the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (Govt. of India) c' Dr. A. G. KULKARNI Director PREFACE Under the present scenario of trade liberalization in the country, Indian paper Industry is required to be globally competitive. There is a need to explore innovative means to reduce costs while improving environmental performance, safety and efficiency of mills and ultimately of quality of products. Today, quality of the end product has become one of the most important factors. Evaluation of quality is closely linked with the proper calibration of the testing equipments/ instruments. In Europe, organizations/ institutes like Finish Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Helsinki & PIRA in UK, etc. have been providing calibration service to the pulp and paper mills in their countries for quite long time. The calibration service helps the pulp and paper mills to check the performance of the testing equipments/ instruments so that the desired quality parameters of the raw materials and end products are ensured.
    [Show full text]