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Masterthesis Cisu Simon Jann Urban Liveability Enhancement: A study on reclaiming car space Source: (Ohurtsov 2015) AALBORG UNIVERSITY Department of Planning MSc.Urban Energy and Environmental planning Simon Torp Agersnap - 20155030 Freek van den Ende - 20181311 Janne Juliana Goos - 20145193 Source: (Ohurtsov 2015) Preface This Master Thesis is part of the Cities and Sustainability master program at Aalborg University. The research has been conducted in a group of three in order to have time to delve into the concept of liveability and its relation to the complex matter of car dependency. This report serves as inspiration as well as a design guideline for municipal planners and private parties. A planning tool is presented in the end, which combines all the main points from the analysis and can therefore be used as a standalone feature. A complementary appendix report is referred to for elaborations on the content that is presented in this report. That appendix also contains the created planning tool. This document is written by three people but developed in consultation with several people. Firstly, we want to thank Lars Bodum of Aalborg University. He has supervised this thesis work and gave helpful input to increase the quality of this report. Secondly, we want to thank the municipalities of Fredrikshavn, Hjørring, Randers and Skanderborg for participating in the research by having interviews and providing feedback. We wish you a lot of reading pleasure, Simon Torp Agersnap Freek van den Ende Janne Juliana Goos Aalborg, 4 – June – 2020 Table of Contents 1. SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF LIVEABILITY ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2 THE RISE OF THE CAR AND LIVEABILITY ISSUES .................................................................................... 8 2.3 THE CAR IN DAILY LIFE .................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 THE NEXT STEP .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.5 RECLAIMING SPACE FROM THE CAR ................................................................................................ 14 2.6 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................................................................. 17 3. RESEARCH DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 19 3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 RESEARCH QUESTION .................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 RESEARCH PROCESS ...................................................................................................................... 20 3.4 ARGUMENTATION FOR SUB-QUESTIONS ......................................................................................... 21 4. METHODS AND THEORIES ............................................................................................. 23 4.1 METHODS AND THEORIES OF SCIENCE ........................................................................................... 23 4.1.1 Literature review & Document analysis .............................................................................. 24 4.1.2 Case study ............................................................................................................................. 24 4.1.3 Interview ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.1.4 Graphs and Tables ................................................................................................................ 28 4.2 USED THEORIES ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.1 Liveability Concept ............................................................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Drivers for Car Use ................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.3 Behavioural Change ............................................................................................................. 29 5. CAR USE IN DENMARK ................................................................................................... 31 5.1 PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS FOR CAR USE ...................................................................................... 32 5.1.1 Summary of Chapter 5.1 ...................................................................................................... 35 5.2 BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE ................................................................................................................. 36 5.2.1 Human habits explained ...................................................................................................... 36 5.2.2 Changing Habits of Travel Behaviour ................................................................................. 37 5.2.3 Implications for New Mobility Initiatives ............................................................................ 38 5.2.4 Summary of Chapter 5.2 ...................................................................................................... 39 5.3 MOBILITY IN DENMARK .................................................................................................................. 40 5.3.1 Danish Travel Behaviour ...................................................................................................... 40 5.3.2 Cars in Denmark ................................................................................................................... 42 5.3.3 Cycling in Denmark .............................................................................................................. 44 5.3.4 Walking in Denmark ............................................................................................................. 45 5.3.5 Active Mobility and Public Health ....................................................................................... 46 5.3.6 Public Transport in Denmark ............................................................................................... 48 5.3.7 Car-sharing in Denmark ....................................................................................................... 49 5.3.8 Summary of Chapter 5.3 ...................................................................................................... 50 5.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 51 6. LIVEABLE URBAN SPACE ................................................................................................ 52 6.1 INTERNATIONAL LIVEABILITY EFFORTS ............................................................................................ 53 6.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals ......................................................................................... 53 6.1.2 New Urban Agenda .............................................................................................................. 57 6.1.3 Summary of Chapter 6.1 ...................................................................................................... 59 6.2 LOCAL LIVEABILITY ......................................................................................................................... 60 6.2.1 A Brief History on Urban Life ............................................................................................... 60 6.2.2 People-Centric Urban Space ............................................................................................... 60 6.2.3 Creating Liveable Urban Space .......................................................................................... 62 6.2.4 Liveability Indexes ................................................................................................................. 64 6.2.5 Liveable City Utopia ............................................................................................................. 65 6.2.6 Summary of Chapter 6.2 ...................................................................................................... 67 6.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................. 68 6.3.1 Overall Design Considerations ........................................................................................... 68 6.3.2 Design Considerations for Pedestrians .............................................................................. 69 6.3.3 Design Considerations for Cycling ..................................................................................... 70 6.3.4 Design Considerations for Public transport ....................................................................... 71 6.3.5 Design Considerations for Cars .......................................................................................... 71 6.3.6 Design Considerations for Transport
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