The Adulteration of Food : Conferences by the Institute of Chemistry

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Adulteration of Food : Conferences by the Institute of Chemistry LIBRARY M 72 7^ liUcnutional Health Exhibition^ LONDON, 1884. ADULTERATION OF FOOD. CONFERENCES BY THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTR Y ON MONDAY and TUESDAY, JULY 14th and 15///. FOOD ADULTERATION AND ANALYSIS PRrj^TED AND FTJBT TSHED FOR THE €m\\^\\it Council of tlj^ |itternatioiuil Imlllj Cviyibltiait, aitb for tlje Council of tjje Society of BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS. Limited. INTERNATIONAL HEALTH EXHIBITION, AND 13, CHARING CROSS, S.VV. 1884. LOXIJOX. L PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD SIREET ALU CHARING CROSS. International Health Rxhibition, LONDON, 1884. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY. Conference on Monday, July 14, 1884. Professor W. Odling, M.A., F.R.S., President of the Institute, in the Chair. The Chairman said the Executive Council of the Exhi- bition had invited the Institute of Chemistry to hold a conference on the very important subject of the adultera- tion of food, and the modes of analysing it, and he hoped that having before them a subject of this kind, to which so much attention had been paid by so many eminently qualified, a discussion of considerable interest must arise, and that some good in the way of increase of knowledge and increase of agreement as to the points desirable to attain in future must be arrived at. FOOD ADULTERATION AND ANALYSIS. By Dr. JAMES BeLL, F.R.S. Adulteration, in its widest sense, may be described as the act of debasing articles for pecuniary profit by inten- tionally adding thereto an inferior substance, or by taking therefrom some valuable constituent ; and it may also be said to include the falsification of inferior articles by im- [C. 8.] B 2 Food Adulteration and Analysis. parting to them the known appearance of commodities of superior quality. The evils of adulteration may be viewed either from a sanitary, moral, or pecuniary standpoint, and it is no doubt chiefly in its relation to the health of the people that the subject of Food Adulteration and Analysis has been chosen for a Conference in connection with this Exhibition. Of the sanitary evils of the adulteration of food there cannot be the faintest doubt, and even on this ground alone the practice merits the severest condemnation. This is the case when the substance added merely reduces the nutritive value or characteristic property of the food, but the offence becomes highly criminal when the adulterant also possesses properties injurious to health. The moral aspect of this question should never be lost sight of No man can continuously practise deception without losing self-respect, and, also, when detected and exposed, the respect of his fellow-citizens. Moreover, in such circumstances, a feeling of uncertainty on the part of the buyer is created, and his first idea on the receipt of a commodity of somewhat lower quality than usual is that it must be adulterated. The honest vendor thus shares with the dishonest one the general penalty of suspicion, and the transactions of nearly all dealers in articles of food are viewed with distrust. the question But it is from the pecuniary standpoint that primary is most often viewed by the general public, for the cause of adulteration is a desire for unjust gain to be ob- tained, either at the expense of consumers, or by taking unfair advantage of competitors in trade. If the adulterated article is sold at the ordinary price of the genuine commodity, the consumer is robbed of the value whereas, if it amount represented by the diminished ; be sold as genuine, though at a proportionate reduction in price, the unfair competition tends either to seriously injure their honestly-disposed rivals in trade, or, what is but too often the case, to drive them into a similar course. At- tempts have sometimes been made to estimate roughly the Food Adulteration and Analysis. amount of pecuniary loss suffered by consumers owing to the adulteration of different articles of food, but, for my part, I have never been able to see that any reliable data were obtainable upon which to form even the rudest ap- proximate estimate. The practice of adulteration is by no means of modern date, but has existed, more or less, from time immemorial. There is evidence that it was practised by the Greeks and Romans, and it has probably been co-existent with the development of commerce. The earliest enactments in this country in reference to food appear to have had a much wider scope than those of recent years, for they embraced the quality as well as the genuineness of the article, and dealers in foods or drinks which, from whatever cause, were considered as unwholesome, were fined once or oftener, and then, if found incorrigible, were condemned to bodily punishment. The first enactment on the Statute Book is the 56 Henry III., cap. passed in 6, 1266. Under this and subsequent statutes or "Assizes," the baker was to be punished if he sold bread light in weight, or made from unsound wheat, or at too high a price in relation to that of wheat ; the brewer if he was not sufficiently liberal with his malt in proportion to the price of barley ; the beer-retailer if he sold ale drugged or short in measure the ; vintner, if his wine was drugged, corrupted or unwholesome ; and the butcher, if he sold diseased meat. When we consider the difficulty which at the present time we experience even with increased knowledge and appliances in suppressing adulteration, it is not to be wondered at that the machinery of those days failed to put an end to the evils complained of With the exception of one or two Acts relating to the adulteration of bread, all the legislation upon articles of food from the time of George I. to the year i860, had reference to the protection of the revenue, and therefore only mdirectly guarded the health or pocket of the con- sumer. The Acts within this period related principally to B 2 4 Food Adulteration and Analysis. and, if we are to place any tea, coffee, beer and porter ; reliance upon the words of an Act of Parliament, the adulteration of tea a hundred years ago must have attained very alarming proportions. The Act, 17 Geo. III., cap. 11, of states that great quantities of sloe leaves, and leaves ash, elder, and other trees and shrubs were then being manufactured and sold in imitation of tea, to the injury and destruction of great quantities of timber, woods, and underwoods. agitation In the year 185 1 there was considerable amongst planters and others interested in the production the and sale of coffee, in consequence of the falling off in consumption of that article caused by its wholesale admix- Peti- ture, as permitted by Treasury Minute, with chicory. the tions were presented to both Houses of Parliament on attention directed subject, and it was perhaps the general proprietors of at that time to this matter which induced the the Lancet to perform a public service of the highest value. years, at their own expense, In 1 85 1 and several following they instituted an extensive inquiry into the character of drugs sold in London, and engaged . the food, drink, and chemical and microscopical analysts for that purpose. The alarming results showed that adulteration prevailed to an of a extent, and that in many cases the adulterants were nature highly injurious to health. The Editor of the Lancet pub- showed his confidence in the analysts employed by whether lishing in that journal the results of the analyses, favourable or otherwise, together with the name and ad- thus dress of the vendor. The increased public attention the caused, resulted in an inquiry by a Select Committee of House of Commons, in 1855, which reported that adultera- prevalent, and that tion of food, drink, and drugs was very poisonous nature. some of the adulterants used were of a Following upon that report, and as a consequence thereof, country was passed in the year the first general Act in this to some extent a i860. This Act may have exercised of it deterrent effect, but beyond this the practical outcome was but small, for the appointment of analysts was permis- Food Adulteration and Analysis. 5 sive, and the obtaining of samples for analysis was left to private purchasers. Another Act was passed in 1872, ex- tending the right of appointing analysts to boroughs having separate police establishments, but still left such appoint- ments optional. A most important provision, however, was made for the purchase of samples by local officials, and the right was given to private purchasers to have samples analysed on payment of a small fee. The adoption of the Acts of i860 and 1872 was by no means general, but was principally confined to London and the large towns ; and even where adopted, the action taken was often of a very restricted character. The prosecutions which ensued, however, were sufficiently numerous to cause a general outcry from tradesmen about alleged miscarriages of justice ; and in answer to petitions from most of the large towns, the Government decided to appoint another Select Committee of the House of Commons to enquire into the working of these Acts. This Committee reported that while the Acts had done much good, they had likewise done considerable injury, as many heavy and undeserved penalties had been inflicted upon respectable tradesmen, and that such injury had arisen partly from the want of a clear understanding as to what constitutes adulteration, and partly from the conflicting opinions and inexperience of the analysts employed, some of whom appeared to have evinced a great want of discretion.
Recommended publications
  • Watergore Trial Orchard
    NACM Short Report 5.5 Liz Copas 2005 WATERGORE TRIAL ORCHARD NOTE This trial site no longer exists and unfortunately some of the LA Disease Resistant seedling were grubbed out. Propagating material is still available of most of the other cultivars mentioned. SUMMARY Planted 1990 Main orchard planted to double rows N/S of Major, Ashton Bitter, Ellis Bitter and White Jersey at 18 x 8 on M25. This rootctock has proved rather too vigorous for the good soil on this site. In retrospect more effort was needed to control the early growth of these trees and induce cropping. The pruning trial [NACM 95/5/1] demonstrated some response to belated pruning to centre leader and bending or tying down strong lateral branches. This has served as a useful model for other orchards of these varieties. Planted 1995 Selected early harvesting seedlings from the Long Ashton [LA 1978] breeding program; 2 bittersweet, 4 sharps and 1 sweet, planted E/W on MM 106. Poor tree shape and excessively early flowering has ruled out many of these. The best are LA 13/2 and LA 13/7, Tremletts crosses with a strong resemblance to the parent but with some resistance to scab and mildew. Both need some initial tree training but could be kept annual. Planted 1996 Selected old varieties with some potential for bush orchards were planted on MM 106 . Of these the most promising are Broxwood Foxwhelp and possibly the other Foxwhelps [all bittersharps], also Don's Seedling [bittersweet] and Crimson King [sharp] as early harvesting varieties. Both Severn Banks [sharp] and Black Dabinett [bittersweet] could make useful late harvesting varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Marcher Apple Network Rhwydwaith Afalau'r Gororau
    MARCHER APPLE NETWORK RHWYDWAITH AFALAU’R GORORAU ..........................................................................................................................……………………… Newsletter No 12 Non-Members £2 Summer 2006 ..........................................................................................................................……………………… CHAIRMAN’S REVIEW OF THE YEAR As I survey the MAN year I begin to realise that I could fill most of the Newsletter with just the Chairman’s Report. I will, however, spare members. Fortunately other contributors lighten the burden and I will try to summarise just some of our activities. Between the Committee and its sub-committees and our many contacts, much happens over the course of a year and it is this that makes MAN a successful and much respected group. Also the support we receive from members, from ‘hands-on’ to a few words of encouragement, is much appreciated. The series of Forward Planning seminars continue. One outcome this year was the realisation of the need for a secretary/events organiser to support the ever widening work of the Committee. I am delighted to announce that we have appointed Mrs Marie Ward to the post and she attended her first meeting in May. Marie will be working part-time with the Committee and its officers and she has computer-based skills that will be much used in the future. We continue to develop our research and publication activities. Members will be aware of our first CD, ‘The Herefordshire Pomona’ which has received considerable praise and is now available (thanks to our Webmaster) on e-Bay! The CD was followed by a pack of postcards based on the Pomona. The production of CD2, as it is referred to, or ‘Vintage Fruit’, is now well under way thanks to Richard Wheeler.
    [Show full text]
  • Handling of Apple Transport Techniques and Efficiency Vibration, Damage and Bruising Texture, Firmness and Quality
    Centre of Excellence AGROPHYSICS for Applied Physics in Sustainable Agriculture Handling of Apple transport techniques and efficiency vibration, damage and bruising texture, firmness and quality Bohdan Dobrzañski, jr. Jacek Rabcewicz Rafa³ Rybczyñski B. Dobrzañski Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence AGROPHYSICS for Applied Physics in Sustainable Agriculture Handling of Apple transport techniques and efficiency vibration, damage and bruising texture, firmness and quality Bohdan Dobrzañski, jr. Jacek Rabcewicz Rafa³ Rybczyñski B. Dobrzañski Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences PUBLISHED BY: B. DOBRZAŃSKI INSTITUTE OF AGROPHYSICS OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ACTIVITIES OF WP9 IN THE CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE AGROPHYSICS CONTRACT NO: QLAM-2001-00428 CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR APPLIED PHYSICS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE WITH THE th ACRONYM AGROPHYSICS IS FOUNDED UNDER 5 EU FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES GENERAL SUPERVISOR OF THE CENTRE: PROF. DR. RYSZARD T. WALCZAK, MEMBER OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROJECT COORDINATOR: DR. ENG. ANDRZEJ STĘPNIEWSKI WP9: PHYSICAL METHODS OF EVALUATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE QUALITY LEADER OF WP9: PROF. DR. ENG. BOHDAN DOBRZAŃSKI, JR. REVIEWED BY PROF. DR. ENG. JÓZEF KOWALCZUK TRANSLATED (EXCEPT CHAPTERS: 1, 2, 6-9) BY M.SC. TOMASZ BYLICA THE RESULTS OF STUDY PRESENTED IN THE MONOGRAPH ARE SUPPORTED BY: THE STATE COMMITTEE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNDER GRANT NO. 5 P06F 012 19 AND ORDERED PROJECT NO. PBZ-51-02 RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY AND FLORICULTURE B. DOBRZAŃSKI INSTITUTE OF AGROPHYSICS OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ©Copyright by BOHDAN DOBRZAŃSKI INSTITUTE OF AGROPHYSICS OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LUBLIN 2006 ISBN 83-89969-55-6 ST 1 EDITION - ISBN 83-89969-55-6 (IN ENGLISH) 180 COPIES, PRINTED SHEETS (16.8) PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER IN POLAND BY: ALF-GRAF, UL.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzymes in Fruit Juice Production
    Background information enzymes in fruit juice production Jam-makers have valued it for hundreds of years, wine-makers endeavour to destroy it and food technologists are variously trying to block or improve the enzymes that attack it. After cellulose, pectin is one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Yet despite its importance in the production of food and drink, pectin and the enzymes that break it down seldom receive the attention they deserve. This article describes the rôle of pectin, pectinases and other enzymes in fruit juice production. Structure of fruit microfibrils are arranged at random rather than in the stronger regular pattern seen in the secondary The structure of plant cells and the way they are wall. Degradation of the cellulose microfibrils leads built into tissues is complex. Only a simplified to breakdown of the cell walls and their eventual description will be given here, including sufficient disintegration. Table 1 shows the proportions of detail for the reader to appreciate the action of various materials found in the cell walls of some enzymes in fruit juice production. important fruit crops. Fruits are comprised mostly of parenchyma cells. These are relatively simple ‘general purpose’ plant Changes to fruit during ripening cells, with thin walls made of two layers. The outermost of these, the primary cell wall, is made There are two main stages in the formation of fruit. from cellulose fibres called microfibrils surrounded Soon after fertilisation the cells of the ovary (and by a matrix of pectins, hemicelluloses and proteins. in fruit like apples, those of the surrounding tissue The inner, or secondary, cell wall is similar but as well) divide rapidly.
    [Show full text]
  • Classic Apple Pie Recipe from Paula Haney's the Hoosier Mama
    Classic Apple Pie Recipe from Paula Haney’s The Hoosier Mama Book of Pie: Recipes, Techniques, and Wisdom from the Hoosier Mama Pie Company Yield: Makes one 9-inch (22.5 cm) pie What You Need: 1 double-crust pie dough shell 8 cups apples, peeled and chopped into bite-sized pieces (roughly 1 inch long by ¾ inch thick {2.5 cm by 19 mm]) 1 tablespoon lemon juice ¾ cup granulated sugar 3 tablespoons dark brown sugar 1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon tapioca starch 1 tablespoon cornstarch 1 teaspoon Chinese five-spice powder ½ teaspoon kosher salt Crust dust (recipe follows) for sprinkling 1 tablespoon unsalted butter, cut into small pieces Pie wash (recipe follows) for brushing on the top of the pie What You Do: 1. Place the apples in a medium bowl. Add the lemon juice and toss with a spatula until the apples are well coated. 2. Place the granulated sugar, brown sugar, tapioca starch, cornstarch, Chinese five-spice powder, and salt in a small bowl and whisk to combine. Pour the dry ingredients into the bowl of apples and mix until the apples are again well coated. Set aside to macerate for at least 25 minutes. 3. Place a colander over a medium bowl and transfer the macerated apples to the colander, making sure to scrape down the side of the bowl to get all the juices, sugars, and starches. Let the apples drain for 25 minutes. 4. Pour the drained juice into a small saucepan, scraping down the side and bottom of the bowl to get every drop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Craft Cider Revival – Some Technical Considerations Andrew Lea 28/2/2007 1
    The Craft Cider Revival – Some Technical Considerations Andrew Lea 28/2/2007 1 THE CRAFT CIDER REVIVAL ~ Some Technical Considerations Presentation to SWECA 28th February 2007 Andrew Lea SOME THINGS TO THINK ABOUT Orcharding and fruit selection Full juice or high gravity fermentations Yeast and sulphiting Keeving Malo-lactic maturation Style of finished product What is your overall USP? How are you differentiated? CRAFT CIDER IS NOW SPREADING Cidermaking was once widespread over the whole of Southern England There are signs that it may be returning eg Kent, Sussex and East Anglia So regional styles may be back in favour eg higher acid /less tannic in the East CHOICE OF CIDER FRUIT The traditional classification (Barker, LARS, 1905) Acid % ‘Tannin’ % Sweet < 0.45 < 0.2 Sharp > 0.45 < 0.2 Bittersharp > 0.45 > 0.2 Bittersweet < 0.45 > 0.2 Finished ~ 0.45 ~ 0.2 Cider CHOICE OF “VINTAGE QUALITY” FRUIT Term devised by Hogg 1886 Adopted by Barker 1910 to embrace superior qualities that could not be determined by analysis This is still true today! The Craft Cider Revival – Some Technical Considerations Andrew Lea 28/2/2007 2 “VINTAGE QUALITY” LIST (1988) Sharps / Bittersharps Dymock Red Kingston Black Stoke Red Foxwhelp Browns Apple Frederick Backwell Red Bittersweets Ashton Brown Jersey Harry Masters Jersey Dabinett Major White Jersey Yarlington Mill Medaille d’Or Pure Sweets Northwood Sweet Alford Sweet Coppin BLENDING OR SINGLE VARIETALS? Blending before fermentation can ensure good pH control (< 3.8) High pH (bittersweet) juices prone to infection Single varietals may be sensorially unbalanced unless ameliorated with dilution or added acid RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN pH AND TITRATABLE ACID IS NOT EXACT Most bittersweet juices are > pH 3.8 or < 0.4% titratable acidity.
    [Show full text]
  • Tests of Achievement Tests of Achievement Nancy Mather • Barbara J
    IV ® Nancy Mather • Barbara J. Wendling J. Nancy Mather • Barbara Examiner’s ManualExaminer’s Batteries & Extended Standard Woodcock-Johnson of Achievement Tests Woodcock-Johnson® IV Tests of Achievement | Examiner’s Manual Mather • Wendling Woodcock-Johnson® IV Tests of Achievement Examiner’s Manual Nancy Mather ◆ Barbara J. Wendling Reference Citations ■■ To cite the entire WJ IV battery, use: Schrank, F. A., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson IV. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing. ■■ To cite the WJ IV Tests of Achievement, use: Schrank, F. A., Mather, N., & McGrew, K. S. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing. ■■ To cite this manual, use: Mather, N., & Wendling, B. J. (2014). Examiner’s Manual. Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing. ■■ To cite the online scoring and reporting program, use: Schrank, F. A., & Dailey, D. (2014). Woodcock-Johnson Online Scoring and Reporting [Online format]. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing. Copyright © 2014 by Riverside Assessments, LLC. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Riverside Assessments, LLC, unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to Riverside Insights, Attention: Permissions, One Pierce Place, Suite 900W, Itasca, Illinois 60143. Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz, WJ III, WJ-R, Woodcock-Johnson, the Woodcock-Johnson IV logo, and Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey are registered trademarks of Riverside Assessments, LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Copy of Rosh Hashanah Recipe Booklet 2
    VEGAN ROSH HASHANAH RECIPES From JEWISH VEG JewishVeg.org @JewishVeg Roasted Butternut Squash & Apple Soup BY MADDIE - @thejewishvegan Ingredients Roasted Squash & Apples Butternut squash, deseeded and chopped into 1- inch pieces 6 Gala apples, chopped into 1-inch pieces 2 Tbsp olive oil Dash of salt and sprinkle of pepper Soup Ingredients 4 cups water 1 tsp onion powder 1 tsp garlic powder ¼ tsp cayenne pepper, to taste Cashew Cream 1 cup cashews ½ cup water 2 Tbsp nutritional yeast 2 Tbsp olive oil 4 Tbsp vegetable broth (or sub additional water) ½ Tbsp apple cider vinegar Salt & pepper to taste Directions Preheat the oven to 425°F. Mix the butternut squash, apples, olive oil, salt, and pepper together. Add the apples and butternut squash to a parchment paper-lined tray in a single layer (use 2 trays if needed). Place in the oven for 55 minutes, flipping the squash and apples after 20 minutes. If using 2 trays, switch which rack the trays are on after flipping. While the apples and squash are roasting, boil the cashews in water for 15 minutes. Drain and add to a blender with the rest of the ingredients. Blend until smooth and creamy. Set aside. Once the squash and apples finish roasting, add them to a blender in batches. Blend until smooth and fully combined. After each batch, pour into a pot until everything is blended. In the pot, add the rest of the soup ingredients. Heat over medium heat to bring to a simmer. Let simmer uncovered for 10 minutes. Serve hot with cashew cream poured on top as desired.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Recipe Book
    © SOUTHERN PLATE 2020 CONTENTS Apple Dapple Cake The perfect blend of fresh apples and buttery brown sugar, this might be the the most moist cake you'll ever bake. Caramel Apple Dump Cake Bring your love of caramel into play with this perfect fall dessert. Simply "dump" all the ingredients in and bake! Mama's Apple Spice Muffins Mama’s Apple Spice Muffins are made just Freezer Apple Pie about every week in our kitchen. You won't find This special recipe is unlike any other, anyone who does not absolutely love these creating a perfect classic apple pie to muffins! celebrate and share with those I love the most. Cinnamon Apple Loaded Bread Take full advantage of fresh local apples with Apple Butter this recipe - this Cinnamon Apple Bread Loaded The complex taste of the spices are easy to with Crunch is a showstopper. achieve with one of the easiest recipes I’ve brought you so far! Apple Snack Cake Caramel Apple Cheesecake Combine the flavor of graham cracker crumbs, Bring your caramel apples memories to life fresh apples, butter, and sugar — perfect for with this recipe and enjoy watching your breakfast, with a cup of coffee while visiting family devour every crumb on their plate. friends, or any other time of day. Fried Apples Baked Apples Add this easy and delicious plate to your Keep the whole family happy with this recipe, special birthday menus as a treat, or as an and if there is any leftover, add to a hot bowl of excellent Thanksgiving side! oatmeal at breakfast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Delightful Book That Answers the Questions
    The delightful book that answers the questions... • Why is my home being invaded by bats? And how can I make them find somewhere else to live? • Why is the great horned owl one of the few predators to regularly dine on skunk? I What are the three reasons you may have weasels around your house but never see them? I What event in the middle of winter will bring possums out in full force? • Wliat common Michigan animal has been dubbed "the most feared mammal on the North American continent"? I Why would we be wise to shun the cute little mouse and welcome a big black snake? I Why should you be very careful where you stack the firewood? NATURE FROM YOUR BACK DOOR MSU is an Affirmative-Action Equal HOpportunity Institution. Cooperative Extension Service programs are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, sex or handicap. I Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8, and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gail L. Imig, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, Ml 48824. Produced by Outreach Communications MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Extension Bulletin E-2323 ISBN 1-56525-000-1 ©1991 Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University Illustrations ©1991 Brenda Shear 7VATURE ^-^ from YOUR BACK DOOR/ By Glenn R. Dudderar Extension Wildlife Specialist Michigan State University Leslie Johnson Outreach Communications Michigan State University ?f Illustrations by Brenda Shear FIRST EDITION — AUTUMN 1991 NATURE FROM YOUR BACK DOOR INTRODUCTION WHEN I CAME TO MICHIGAN IN THE MID-1970S, I WAS SURPRISED at the prevailing attitude that nature and wildlife were things to see and enjoy if you went "up north".
    [Show full text]
  • Apples: Akane Amere De Berthcourt (Cider) Ashmead Kernal Belle De
    Christianson’s Fruit Tree List 2019 Apples: Red Jonagold Akane Scarlet Sentinal Amere de Berthcourt (cider) Scarlet Surprise (red flesh) Ashmead Kernal Spartan Belle De Bogkoop (M-111) Whitney (crab) Beni Shogun Fuji Williams Pride Braeburn Yellow Transparent Brown Snout (cider) Centennial (crab) All semi-dwarf 106 rootstock (unless Chehalis otherwise noted). Semi-dwarf Cosmic Crisp rootstock (MM106) grows between Cortland (4-year old) 14’-18’ tall and wide. Space 20’ Cox’s Orange Pippen apart. Dwarf rootstock (M26), Early Pink Lady grows 12-16’ tall. Mini-dwarf (M27) Enterprise grows 6-8’ tall. Era (red flesh) Fameuse (M-111) European Pears: Firecracker (red flesh, 3-year old) Gold Sentinal Anjou Granvenstein Bartlett Gravenstein (dwarf) Bose Graventstein (mini-dwarf) Comice Honeycrisp Conference Honeycrisp (mini-dwarf) Flemish Beauty Hudson’s Golden Gem (M-111) Harrow Delight Jonagold Orcas Jonagold (dwarf) Red Bartlett Jonagold (mini-dwarf) Rescue Karmijn (4-year old) Seckel King Ubileen King (dwarf) Kingston Black (cider) Eurasian Pears: Liberty Liberty (mini-dwarf, 3-year old)) Maxie Melrose Reddy Robin Melrose (mini-dwarf) Mountain Rose (red flesh, 3-year old) Asian Pears: Northpole Pink Pearl Chojuro Red Gravenstien (dwarf) Hosui Nijisseiki Christianson’s Fruit Tree List 2019 Shinglo European Plums: Shinko Shinseiki Blue Damson Brooks All Semi-dwarf, Old Home x Green Gage Farmingdale 333 rootstock, grows Imperial Epeneuse 15-16’ tall. Italian Italian (dwarf St. Julien A) Fruiting Quince: Nadia (plum x cherry) Seneca Aromathaya Stanley Orange (3-year old) Yellow Egg Pineapple (3-year old) Smyra (3-year old) All Semi-dwarf Marianna rootstock, grows 14-16’ tall and wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Steps to a Big Future for Massachusetts Cider
    Small Steps to a Big Future for Massachusetts Cider Apples Elizabeth Garofalo and Jon Clements University of Massachusetts In Massachusetts, our love aff air with cider has a long and illustrious -- if sometimes notorious -- history dĂďůĞϭ͘ůĞǀĞŶĐƵůƚŝǀĂƌƐŐƌĂĨƚĞĚŽŶƚŽŽůĚĞƌƚƌĞĞƐĂƚƚŚĞ that predates even John Chapman (AKA Johnny Ap- hDĂƐƐŽůĚ^ƉƌŝŶŐKƌĐŚĂƌĚŝŶĞůĐŚĞƌƚŽǁŶ͕D͘ pleseed). In recent decades, there has been a growing ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂů͘ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨĞĂĐŚ nationwide passion for the fermented beverage enjoyed ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJǁŝůůďĞĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĨŽƌDƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ by our forebears. Unfortunately, there is a dearth in ƵůƚŝǀĂƌ &ůĂǀŽƌWƌŽĨŝůĞ production of desirable apples for traditional hard cider. ůŬŵĞŶĞ;ĂŬĂĂƌůLJtŝŶĚƐŽƌͿ ^ǁĞĞƚͲƐŚĂƌƉ (Re ferred to as just cider from here on, as it should ƐŚŵĞĂĚ͛Ɛ<ĞƌŶĞů ^ǁĞĞƚͲƐŚĂƌƉ be). This has led to a market fl ooded with a bevy of ŽƵƌƚWĞŶĚƵWůĂƚ ^ǁĞĞƚͲƚĂƌƚ apple-based adult cider beverages possessing less than ŐƌĞŵŽŶƚZƵƐƐĞƚƚ ^ǁĞĞƚͲƐŚĂƌƉ ůůŝƐŝƚƚĞƌ ŝƚƚĞƌƐǁĞĞƚ traditional qualities. There are some orchards in the &ŽdžǁŚĞůƉ ŝƚƚĞƌƐŚĂƌƉ Northeast that have been making positive headway in <ŝŶŐƐƚŽŶůĂĐŬ ŝƚƚĞƌƐŚĂƌƉ increasing traditional cider apple plantings. There re- DĞĚĂŝůůĞΖKƌ ŝƚƚĞƌƐǁĞĞƚ mains, however, a chronic shortage of traditional cider DŝĐŚĞůŝŶ ŝƚƚĞƌƐǁĞĞƚ apples (Fabien-Ouellet & Conner, 2017). This project ZĞĚĨŝĞůĚ ŝƚƚĞƌƐǁĞĞƚ aims to provide Massachusetts growers with informa- ^ƚ͘ĚŵƵŶĚ͛ƐZƵƐƐĞƚ ^ǁĞĞƚ tion specifi c to Massachusetts cider apple varieties that contribute to a quality top-shelf cider. Not all apple varieties are created equally. Some susceptibility. But, with craft cideries attempting to apples are far better suited for fresh eating and baking. distinguish themselves from mass-produced sweet- The supermarket is fi lled with varieties we all know tasting ciders often made from apple juice concentrate, and love: McIntosh, Honeycrisp, Fuji, and Gala. These there is an opportunity for local growers to fi nd a new varieties do not possess the characteristics necessary and exciting niche for their apples (Raboin, 2017).
    [Show full text]